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{{Short description|Low-THC cannabis plant}}{{About|industrial uses of cannabis|the genus of plants|Cannabis|therapeutic preparations of the plant|Medical cannabis|the psychoactive preparation|Cannabis (drug)|religious use|Entheogenic use of cannabis|other uses|Hemp (disambiguation)}}{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}{{cs1 config|name-list-style=vanc}}{{Use American English|date=March 2024}}{{Cannabis sidebar}}File:La Roche Jagu chanvre 1.JPG|thumb|A hemp field in Côtes-d’Armor, Brittany, France, which is Europe’s largest hemp producer as of 2022]](File:Drone video of a maze in a hemp field in Kanepi parish, Estonia (August 2022).webm|thumb|Drone video of a hemp themed maze in a hemp (kanep in Estonian) field in Kanepi parish, Estonia (August 2022))Hemp, or industrial hemp, is a plant in the botanical class of Cannabis sativa cultivars grown specifically for industrial and consumable use. It can be used to make a wide range of products.JOURNAL, 4 November 2019, USDA releases hemp production requirements,dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-09743-polcon4, C&EN Global Enterprise, 97, 43, 17, 10.1021/cen-09743-polcon4, 2474-7408, Britt Erickson, 213055550, Along with bamboo, hemp is among the fastest growing plantsBOOK, Robert Deitch, Hemp: American History Revisited: The Plant with a Divided History,archive.org/details/isbn_9780875862064, registration, 2003, Algora Publishing, 978-0-87586-226-2, 219, on Earth. It was also one of the first plants to be spun into usable fiber 50,000 years ago.{{citation|last=Tourangeau|first=Wesley|s2cid=143126182|year=2015|title=Re-defining Environmental Harms: Green Criminology and the State of Canada’s Hemp Industry|journal=Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice|volume=57|issue=4|pages=528–554|doi=10.3138/cjccj.2014.E11}} It can be refined into a variety of commercial items, including paper, rope, textiles, clothing, biodegradable plastics, paint, insulation, biofuel, food, and animal feed.{{citation|title=The Legalization of Industrial Hemp and What it Could Mean for Indiana’s Biofuel Industry|last=Keller|first=NM|year=2013|journal=Indiana International & Comparative Law Review|volume=23|issue=3|page=555|url=http://mckinneylaw.iu.edu/iiclr/pdf/vol23p555.pdf|doi=10.18060/17887|doi-broken-date=31 March 2024|doi-access=free|access-date=18 May 2016|archive-date=3 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103142002mckinneylaw.iu.edu/iiclr/pdf/vol23p555.pdf|url-status=live}}BOOK, Johnson, Renée, Defining Hemp: A Fact Sheet, 22 March 2019, Congressional Research Service, Washington, DC,fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R44742.pdf, 29 March 2019, 29 March 2019,web.archive.org/web/20190329104649/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R44742.pdf, live, Although chemotype I cannabis and hemp (types II, III, IV, V) are both Cannabis sativa and contain the psychoactive component tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), they represent distinct cultivar groups, typically with unique phytochemical compositions and uses.JOURNAL, Toth, Jacob A., Stack, George M., Cala, Ali R., Carlson, Craig H., Wilk, Rebecca L., Crawford, Jamie L., Viands, Donald R., Philippe, Glenn, Smart, Christine D., Rose, Jocelyn K. C., Smart, Lawrence B., 2020, Development and validation of genetic markers for sex and cannabinoid chemotype in Cannabis sativa L., GCB Bioenergy, en, 12, 3, 213–222, 10.1111/gcbb.12667, 1757-1707, free, 2020GCBBi..12..213T, Hemp typically has lower concentrations of total THC and may have higher concentrations of cannabidiol (CBD), which potentially mitigates the psychoactive effects of THC.{{citation |last=Swanson |first=TE |title=Controlled Substances Chaos: The Department of Justice’s New Policy Position on Marijuana and What It Means for Industrial Hemp Farming in North Dakota |year=2015 |journal=North Dakota Law Review |volume=90 |issue=3 |page=602 |url=https://law.und.edu/_files/docs/ndlr/pdf/issues/90/3/90ndlr599.pdf |access-date=18 May 2016 |archive-date=11 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611031852law.und.edu/_files/docs/ndlr/pdf/issues/90/3/90ndlr599.pdf |url-status=dead }} The legality of hemp varies widely among countries. Some governments regulate the concentration of THC and permit only hemp that is bred with an especially low THC content into commercial production.BOOK, Talbot, Geoff, Specialty Oils and Fats in Food and Nutrition: Properties, Processing and Applications,books.google.com/books?id=CGyZBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA39, 2015, Elsevier Science, 978-1-78242-397-3, 39, BOOK, Crime, United Nations Office on Drugs and, Recommended Methods for the Identification and Analysis of Cannabis and Cannabis Products: Manual for Use by National Drug Testing Laboratories,books.google.com/books?id=MLR3bFaUZj0C&pg=PA12, 2009, United Nations Publications, 978-92-1-148242-3, 12, {{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

Etymology

{{further|Etymology of cannabis}}The etymology is uncertain but there appears to be no common Proto-Indo-European source for the various forms of the word; the Greek term ({{transliteration|grc|kánnabis}}) is the oldest attested form, which may have been borrowed from an earlier Scythian or Thracian word.{{citation| first=JP|last=Mallory| title=Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture|editor=JP Mallory |editor2=DQ Adams|year=1997|publisher=Taylor & Francis| page=266| edition=Illustrated| location=London, UK|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tzU3RIV2BWIC&q=Encyclopedia%20of%20Indo-European%20Culture&pg=PA266| isbn=978-1-884964-98-5}}{{citation|first=DQ|last=Adams|title=The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World|editor=JP Mallory|editor2=DQ Adams|year=2006|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=166|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lzilBQAAQBAJ&q=oxford+dictionary+indo-european|isbn=978-0-19-105812-7|access-date=6 October 2020|archive-date=1 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240401151323books.google.com/books?id=lzilBQAAQBAJ&q=oxford+dictionary+indo-european#v=snippet&q=oxford%20dictionary%20indo-european&f=false|url-status=live}} Then it appears to have been borrowed into Latin, and separately into Slavic and from there into Baltic, Finnish, and Germanic languages.{{citation|first=EJW|last=Barber|title=Prehistoric Textiles: The Development of Cloth in the Neolithic and Bronze Ages with Special Reference to the Aegean|year=1991|publisher=Princeton University Press|pages=36–38|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HnSlynSfeEIC&q=hemp|isbn=978-0-691-00224-8|access-date=6 October 2020|archive-date=1 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240401151323books.google.com/books?id=HnSlynSfeEIC&q=hemp#v=snippet&q=hemp&f=false|url-status=live}}In the Germanic languages, following Grimm’s law, the “k” would have changed to “h” with the first Germanic sound shift,{{citation| first1=Patrick| last1=McConvell| first2=Michael| last2=Smith| editor=Henning Andersen| chapter=Millers and Mullers: The archaeo-linguisitic stratigraphy of technological change in holocene Australia|page=181|title=Language Contacts in Prehistory: Studies in Stratigraphy|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing| year=2003| isbn=978-1-58811-379-5| chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UuAIyYdrHJQC&pg=PA181}} giving Proto-Germanic *hanapiz, after which it may have been adapted into the Old English form, , . Barber (1991) however, argued that the spread of the name “kannabis” was due to its historically more recent plant use, starting from the south, around Iran, whereas non-THC varieties of hemp are older and prehistoric. Another possible source of origin is Assyrian , which was the name for a source of oil, fiber, and medicine in the 1st millennium BC.Cognates of hemp in other Germanic languages include Dutch , Danish and Norwegian , Saterland Frisian , German , Icelandic and Swedish . In those languages “hemp” can refer to either industrial fiber hemp or narcotic cannabis strains.

Uses

(File:Hemp bunch-dried out -seeds close up PNr°0063.jpg|thumb|Hemp seed)Hemp is used to make a variety of commercial and industrial products, including rope, textiles, clothing, shoes, food, paper, bioplastics, insulation, and biofuel. The bast fibers can be used to make textiles that are 100% hemp, but they are commonly blended with other fibers, such as flax, cotton or silk, as well as virgin and recycled polyester, to make woven fabrics for apparel and furnishings. The inner two fibers of the plant are woodier and typically have industrial applications, such as mulch, animal bedding, and litter. When oxidized (often erroneously referred to as “drying“), hemp oil from the seeds becomes solid and can be used in the manufacture of oil-based paints, in creams as a moisturizing agent, for cooking, and in plastics. Hemp seeds have been used in bird feed mix as well.WEB,www.erowid.org/plants/cannabis/cannabis_culture2.shtml, Erowid Cannabis Vault : Culture #2, erowid.org, 20 June 2008, 22 June 2008,web.archive.org/web/20080622220114/https://www.erowid.org/plants/cannabis/cannabis_culture2.shtml, live, {{better source needed|date=May 2016|reason=Questionable source—low-quality website that doesn’t publish its editorial policy and doesn’t have a reputation for fact-checking or accuracy (WP:QS)}} A survey in 2003 showed that more than 95% of hemp seed sold in the European Union was used in animal and bird feed.JOURNAL, Michael Karus: European Hemp Industry 2002 Cultivation, Processing and Product Lines, Journal of Industrial Hemp, 9, 2, 2004, Taylor & Francis, London, {{better source needed|date=May 2016|reason=Industry journal that isn’t indexed in any major databases, doesn’t have a reputation for fact-checking or accuracy, isn’t notable and isn’t independent of the subject}}

Food

File:hempseed.jpg|thumb|A macro image of hemp seeds]]{{nutritionalvalue| name=Hemp seed, hulled| water=4.96 g| cholesterol=0 mg| ash=6.06 g| kJ=2451| protein=31.56 g| fat=48.75 g| satfat=4.600 g| transfat=0 g| monofat = 5.400 g| omega9fat=5.023 g| polyfat = 38.100 g| omega3fat=9.301 g| omega6fat=28.698 g| carbs=4.67 g| fiber=4.0 g (around 20 g when whole)| sugars=1.50 g| lactose=0.07 g| calcium_mg=70| copper_mg = 1.600| iron_mg=7.95| magnesium_mg=700| phosphorus_mg=1650| potassium_mg=1200| sodium_mg=5| manganese_mg=7.600| zinc_mg=9.90| vitC_mg=0.5| thiamin_mg=1.275| riboflavin_mg=0.285| niacin_mg=9.200| pantothenic_mg=| vitB6_mg=0.600| folate_ug=110| vitB12_ug = 0| choline_mg=| vitA_ug=1| vitA_iu=11| betacarotene_ug=7| vitE_mg=0.80| vitK_ug=| tryptophan=0.369 g| threonine=1.269 g| isoleucine=1.286 g| leucine=2.163 g| lysine=1.276 g| methionine=0.933 g| cystine=0.672 g| phenylalanine=1.447 g| tyrosine=1.263 g| valine=1.777 g| arginine=4.550 g| histidine=0.969 g| alanine=1.528 g| aspartic acid=3.662 g| glutamic acid=6.269 g| glycine=1.611 g| proline=1.597 g| serine=1.713 g| right=1| note=ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/3614?fgcd=&man=&lfacet=&count=&max=&sort=&qlookup=&offset=&format=Full&new=&measureby=" title="web.archive.org/web/20161221223323ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/3614?fgcd=&man=&lfacet=&count=&max=&sort=&qlookup=&offset=&format=Full&new=&measureby=">Link to Complete USDA Nutrient Database Entry}}Hemp seeds can be eaten raw, ground into hemp meal, sprouted or made into dried sprout powder. Hemp seeds can also be made into a slurry used for baking or for beverages, such as hemp milk and tisanes.NEWS, America’s First Hemp Drink - Chronic Ice - Making a Splash in the Natural Beverage Market,www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/g/a/2011/06/08/prweb8548278.DTL,www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fg%2Fa%2F2011%2F06%2F08%2Fprweb8548278.DTL," title="web.archive.org/web/20111227105313www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fg%2Fa%2F2011%2F06%2F08%2Fprweb8548278.DTL,">web.archive.org/web/20111227105313www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fg%2Fa%2F2011%2F06%2F08%2Fprweb8548278.DTL, 27 December 2011, 19 June 2011, San Francisco Chronicle, 8 June 2011, Vocus (software), Vocus, Los Angeles, dead, Hemp oil is cold-pressed from the seed and is high in unsaturated fatty acids.WEB,www.ers.usda.gov/media/328226/ages001eh_1_.pdf, USDA ERS - Industrial Hemp in the United States: Status and Market Potential, Ers.usda.gov, 9 November 2013,www.ers.usda.gov/media/328226/ages001eh_1_.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20130625174325www.ers.usda.gov/media/328226/ages001eh_1_.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20130625174325www.ers.usda.gov/media/328226/ages001eh_1_.pdf, 25 June 2013, dead, In the UK, the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs treats hemp as a purely non-food crop, but with proper licensing and proof of less than 0.3% THC concentration, hemp seeds can be imported for sowing or for sale as a food or food ingredient.{{citation|title=Industrial fibre crops: business opportunities for farmers|website=gov.uk|publisher=Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs|date=13 June 2013|url=https://www.gov.uk/guidance/industrial-fibre-crops|access-date=18 May 2016|archive-date=8 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308191105www.gov.uk/guidance/industrial-fibre-crops|url-status=live}} In the US, hemp can be used legally in food products and, {{as of|2000|lc=y}}, was typically sold in health food stores or through mail order.File:HempSeed.jpg|Whole hemp seedsFile:Konopne seminko loupane.jpg|Hulled hemp seeds

Nutrition

{{further|Hemp protein}}A {{convert|100|g|oz|abbr=off|adj=on|frac=2}} portion of hulled hemp seeds supplies {{convert|2451|kJ|kcal|abbr=off}} of food energy. They contain 5% water, 5% carbohydrates, 49% total fat, and 31% protein.The share of protein obtained from the hemp seeds can be increased in by processing the seeds, such as by dehulling the seeds, or by using the meal or cake (also called hemp seed flour),JOURNAL, Teterycz D, Sobota A, Przygodzka D, Łysakowska P, Hemp seed (Cannabis sativa L.) enriched pasta: Physicochemical properties and quality evaluation, PLOS ONE, 16, 3, e0248790, 2021, 33735229, 7971538, 10.1371/journal.pone.0248790, free, 2021PLoSO..1648790T, {{Creative Commons text attribution notice|cc=by4|from this source=yes}} that is, the remaining fraction of hemp seed obtained after expelling its oil fraction.JOURNAL, Sun X, Sun Y, Li Y, Wu Q, Wang L, Identification and Characterization of the Seed Storage Proteins and Related Genes of Cannabis sativa L, Front Nutr, 8, 678421, 2021, 34164425, 8215128, 10.3389/fnut.2021.678421, free, JOURNAL, Farinon B, Molinari R, Costantini L, Merendino N, The seed of industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.): Nutritional Quality and Potential Functionality for Human Health and Nutrition, Nutrients, 12, 7, June 2020, 1935, 32610691, 7400098, 10.3390/nu12071935, free, {{Creative Commons text attribution notice|cc=by4|from this source=yes}} The proteins are mostly located in the inner layer of the seed, whereas the hull is poor in proteins, as it mostly contains the fiber.JOURNAL, Montero L, Ballesteros-Vivas D, Gonzalez-Barrios AF, Sánchez-Camargo AD, Hemp seeds: Nutritional value, associated bioactivities and the potential food applications in the Colombian context, Front Nutr, 9, 1039180, 2022, 36712539, 9875026, 10.3389/fnut.2022.1039180, free, {{Creative Commons text attribution notice|cc=by4|from this source=yes}}Hemp seeds are notable in providing 64% of the Daily Value (DV) of protein per 100-gram serving.WEB,nutritiondata.self.com/facts/custom/629104/2, Nutrition Facts for Hemp Seeds (shelled) per 100 g serving, Conde Nast, Custom Analysis, 2014, 19 February 2015, 19 February 2015,nutritiondata.self.com/facts/custom/629104/2," title="web.archive.org/web/20150219194648nutritiondata.self.com/facts/custom/629104/2,">web.archive.org/web/20150219194648nutritiondata.self.com/facts/custom/629104/2, live, The three main proteins in hemp seeds are edestin (83% of total protein content), albumin (13%) and ß-conglycinin (up to 5%).JOURNAL, Yano H, Fu W, Hemp: A Sustainable Plant with High Industrial Value in Food Processing, Foods, 12, 3, February 2023, 651, 36766179, 9913960, 10.3390/foods12030651, free, {{Creative Commons text attribution notice|cc=by4|from this source=yes}} Hemp seed proteins are highly digestible compared to soy proteins when untreated (unheated).JOURNAL, El-Sohaimy SA, Androsova NV, Toshev AD, El Enshasy HA, Nutritional Quality, Chemical, and Functional Characteristics of Hemp (Cannabis sativa ssp. sativa) Protein Isolate, Plants (Basel), 11, 21, October 2022, 2825, 36365277, 9656340, 10.3390/plants11212825, free, The amino acid profile of hemp seeds is comparable to the profiles of other protein-rich foods, such as meat, milk, eggs, and soy.JOURNAL, Burton RA, Andres M, Cole M, Cowley JM, Augustin MA, Industrial hemp seed: from the field to value-added food ingredients, J Cannabis Res, 4, 1, 45, July 2022, 35906681, 9338676, 10.1186/s42238-022-00156-7, free, {{Creative Commons text attribution notice|cc=by4|from this source=yes}}JOURNAL, Callaway, J. C., 43988645, Hempseed as a nutritional resource: An overview, Euphytica, 140, 1–2, 65–72, 1 January 2004, 10.1007/s10681-004-4811-6,www.finola.com/Hempseed%20Nutrition.pdf, 13 March 2013,www.finola.com/Hempseed%20Nutrition.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20131104214440www.finola.com/Hempseed%20Nutrition.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20131104214440www.finola.com/Hempseed%20Nutrition.pdf, 4 November 2013, dead, Protein digestibility-corrected amino acid scores were 0.49–0.53 for whole hemp seed, 0.46–0.51 for hemp seed meal, and 0.63–0.66 for hulled hemp seed.JOURNAL, House JD, Neufeld J, Leson G, Evaluating the quality of protein from hemp seed (Cannabis sativa L.) products through the use of the protein digestibility-corrected amino acid score method, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 58, 22, 11801–7, November 2010, 20977230, 10.1021/jf102636b, The most abundant amino acid in hemp seed is glutamic acid (3.74–4.58% of whole seed) followed by arginine (2.28–3.10% of whole seed). The whole hemp seed can be considered a rich-protein source containing a protein amount higher or similar than other protein-rich products, such as quinoa (13.0%), chia seeds (18.2–19.7%), buckwheat seeds (27.8%) and linseeds (20.9%). Nutritionally, the protein fraction of hemp seed is highly digestible comparing to other plant-based proteins such as soy protein. Hemp seed protein has a good profile of essential amino acids, still, this profile of amino acids is inferior to that of soy or casein.JOURNAL, Rizzo G, Storz MA, Calapai G, The Role of Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) as a Functional Food in Vegetarian Nutrition, Foods, 12, 18, September 2023, 3505, 37761214, 10528039, 10.3390/foods12183505, free, {{Creative Commons text attribution notice|cc=by4|from this source=yes}}Hemp seeds are a rich source of dietary fiber (20% DV), B vitamins, and the dietary minerals manganese (362% DV), phosphorus (236% DV), magnesium (197% DV), zinc (104% DV), and iron (61% DV). About 73% of the energy in hemp seeds is in the form of fats and essential fatty acids, mainly polyunsaturated fatty acids, linoleic, oleic, and alpha-linolenic acids. The ratio of the 38.100 grams of polyunsaturated fats per 100 grams is 9.301 grams of omega-3 to 28.698 grams of omega-6.Seeds, hemp seed,hulled {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403171801fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/?query=ndbNumber:12012 |date=3 April 2019 }} FoodData Central. USDA. Retrieved 3 February 2021. Typically, the portion suggested on packages for an adult is 30 grams, approximately three tablespoons.With its gluten content as low as 4.78 ppm, hemp is attracting attention as a gluten-free (