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{{distinguish|text=the Cyrillic letter Koppa}}{{Short description|Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ʕ⟩ in IPA}}{{for|consonants followed by superscript ˤ|Pharyngealization}}

factoids

factoids

The voiced pharyngeal approximant or fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is {{angbr IPA|ʕ}}, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is ?. Epiglottals and epiglotto-pharyngeals are often mistakenly taken to be pharyngeal.Although traditionally placed in the fricative row of the IPA chart, {{IPA|[ʕ]}} is usually an approximant. The IPA symbol itself is ambiguous, but no language is known to make a phonemic distinction between fricatives and approximants at this place of articulation.The IPA letter {{angbr IPA|ʕ}} is caseless. Capital {{angbr|꟎}} and lower-case {{angbr|꟏}} are pending at Unicode U+A7CE and U+A7CF.

Features

Features of the voiced pharyngeal approximant fricative:{{approximant-fricative}}{{pharyngeal}}{{voiced}}{{oral}}{{central articulation}}{{pulmonic}}

Occurrence

{{multiple image }}Pharyngeal consonants are not widespread. Sometimes, a pharyngeal approximant develops from a uvular approximant. Many languages that have been described as having pharyngeal fricatives or approximants turn out on closer inspection to have epiglottal consonants instead. For example, the candidate {{IPA|/ʕ/}} sound in Arabic and standard Hebrew (not modern Hebrew – Israelis generally pronounce this as a glottal stop) has been variously described as a voiced epiglottal fricative, an epiglottal approximant,{{Harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|pp=167–168}} or a pharyngealized glottal stop.{{Harvcoltxt|Thelwall|1990}}{| class="wikitable"! colspan="2" | Language !! Word !! IPA !! Meaning !! Notes

Abaza language		>		g{{`}}apynkh"amyz}}	{{IPA		|

Arabic		/{{transl>ar	ʽarabiyya}}>	[alʕaraˈbijːa]}}	'Arabic'	See Arabic phonology

Aramaic	>	Assyrian Neo-Aramaic>Eastern	rowspan=2		täroa}}	{{IPA		'door'	The majority of the speakers will pronounce the word as {{IPA|[tʌrɑ]}}.

Turoyo language>Western	{{IPA	|

Avar language		>		g{{`}}ork{{`}}}}	{{IPA		|

Chechen language		>		{{Audio-IPA	[Ê•an]}}	'winter'

Coeur d'Alene language		DOAK	YEAR=1997	TYPE=PHD DISSERTATION	PUBLISHER=UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS,		[stʕin]}}|'antelope'|

Danish language>Danish	Standard{{Harvcoltxt	Maddieson	p=323}}		{{IPA			ʁ}}.{{Harvcoltxt	2005|p=62}} See Danish phonology

Dhao language		GRIMES	YEAR=1999	EDITOR-FIRST=SOENJONO	EDITOR2-FIRST=YASSIR	PAGE=	URL=HTTP://E-UBB.ORG/WP-CONTENT/UPLOADS/2018/02/1998-C-GRIMES-PELBBA-ORTHOGRAPHY.PDF	LANGUAGE=INDONESIAN	PUBLISHER=KANISIUS, 173–197,	{{IPA|[ʕaa]}}|'and'|Phonetic status is not clear, but it has "extremely limited distribution". It may not be pronounced at all or be realized as a glottal stop.

Dutch language>Dutch	Limburg{{Harvcoltxt	Mees	p=201}}		{{IPA			/r/}}. Realization of {{IPA|/r/}} varies considerably among dialects. See Dutch phonology

German language	>	Dudenredaktion	Knöbl	p=51}}		{{IPA		| An approximant; occurs in East Central Germany, Southwestern Germany, parts of Switzerland and in Tyrol. See Standard German phonology

Swabian German>Swabian dialectPHARYNGEALS AND 'LAX' VOWEL QUALITY >FIRST=MARKUS	PUBLISHER=INSTITUT FüR DEUTSCHE SPRACHE	URL=HTTP://WWW.NCL.AC.UK/LINGUISTICS/ASSETS/DOCUMENTS/MARCUSHILLER.PDF	ARCHIVE-URL=HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20140528010540/HTTP://WWW.NCL.AC.UK/LINGUISTICS/ASSETS/DOCUMENTS/MARCUSHILLER.PDF	URL-STATUS=DEAD,		{{IPA			/ʁ/}} in Syllable#Nucleus	and Syllable#Coda>coda positions; pronounced as a uvular approximant in onsets.

Hebrew language	>		/{{transl	ʿivrît}}	{{IPA		'Hebrew language'	rowspan="3" | See Modern Hebrew phonology

Sephardi Hebrew>Sephardi	{{IPA|[ʕivˈɾit]}}

Yemenite Hebrew>Yemenite	{{Audio-IPA	[ʕivˈriːθ]}}

Ingush

Kabyle language		{{Harvcoltxt>Bonafont	p=9}}	>	[ʕəmːi]}}	'my (paternal) uncle'

Kurdish language>Kurdish |Kurmanji		[Ê•Éœwr]}}|'cloud'	'}} can be used.

Luwati language		>		{{IPA		| Used in Arabic loanwords

Malay language>Malay	Kedah Malay>Kedah		[ba.kaʕ]}}|'burn'	/r/}} as word-final coda. Could be voiced velar fricative [{{IPA link		DATE=JUNE 2009	JOURNAL=JOURNAL OF THE MALAYSIAN BRANCH OF THE ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY	ISSUE=1 (296)	JSTOR=41493734,

Occitan language>Occitan	Southern Auvergnat dialect	{{citation needed>date=October 2023}}		{{IPA		| See Occitan phonology

Somali language		>		[Ê•untÉ”]}}	'food'	See Somali phonology

Sioux language>Sioux	Stoney language	>		[maʕazud]}}	'rain'

Ukrainian language		>		{{IPA			ɦ}}. See Ukrainian phonology

See also

• Guttural
• Index of phonetics articles
• Voiced uvular fricative
• Glottal stop

Citations

{{reflist}}

General references

• {hide}citation|last=Basbøll|first=Hans|author-link=Hans Basbøll|year=2005|title=The Phonology of Danish|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=0-203-97876-5

{edih}

• {{citation|last=Bonafont|first=Door Rosa|year=2006|title=Guia de conversa universitaria amazic-catala/Tamazight-Takatalant amalal usiwel asdawan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cG4F8x62X4EC |publisher=University of Barcelona|isbn=9788447531141

}}

• {{Citation|last1=Collins|first1=Beverley|last2=Mees|first2=Inger M.|year=2003|orig-year=First published 1981|title=The Phonetics of English and Dutch|edition=5th|place=Leiden|publisher=Brill Publishers|isbn=9004103406

}}

• {{citation|last1=Danylenko|first1=Andrii|last2=Vakulenko|first2=Serhii|year=1995|title=Ukrainian|publisher=Lincom Europa|isbn=9783929075083|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WUsbAQAAIAAJ

}}

• {{citation|author1=Dudenredaktion|last2=Kleiner|first2=Stefan|last3=Knöbl|first3=Ralf|year=2015|orig-year=First published 1962|title=Das Aussprachewörterbuch|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T6vWCgAAQBAJ|language=de|edition=7th|location=Berlin|publisher=Dudenverlag|isbn=978-3-411-04067-4

}}

• {{SOWL}}
• JOURNAL, Thelwall, Robin, 1990, Arabic, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 20, 2, 37–41, 10.1017/S0025100300004266, 243640727

,

External links

• {{phoible|Ê•}}

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