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{{Short description|Indian philosopher}}{{Hindu philosophy}}Vijñānabhikṣu (also spelled Vijnanabhikshu) was a Hindu philosopher from Bihar, variously dated to the 15th or 16th century,T. S. Rukmani (1978), VIJÑĀNABHIKṢU ON BHAVA-PRATYAYA AND UPĀYA-PRATYAYA YOGĪS IN YOGA-SUTRAS, Journal of Indian Philosophy, Vol. 5, No. 4 (August 1978), pages 311-317Andrew O. Fort (2006), Vijñānabhikṣu on Two Forms of "Samādhi", International Journal of Hindu Studies, Vol. 10, No. 3 (Dec., 2006), pages 271-294 known for his commentary on various schools of Hindu philosophy, particularly the Yoga text of Patanjali.T. S. Rukmani (1988), VIJÑĀNABHIKṢU'S DOUBLE REFLECTION THEORY OF KNOWLEDGE IN THE YOGA SYSTEM, Journal of Indian Philosophy, Vol. 16, No. 4 (DECEMBER 1988), pages 367-375 His scholarship stated that there is a unity between Vedānta, Yoga, and Samkhya philosophies, and he is considered a significant influence on Neo-Vedanta movement of the modern era.{{sfn|Nicholson|2010}}

Philosophy

Vijnanabhiksu wrote commentaries in the 15th century on three different schools of Indian philosophy: Vedānta, Sāṃkhya, and Yoga. He integrated them into a nondualism platform that belongs to both the Bhedabheda and Advaita (nondualism) sub-schools of Vedanta.{{harvnb|Nicholson | 2007}}JOURNAL, Borelli, John, Vijnanabhiksu and the Re-Assertion of Difference-in-Identity Vedanta, Philosophy East and West, 28, 4, 1978, 425–437, 10.2307/1398647, 1398647, According to Andrew Nicholson, this became the basis of Neo-Vedanta.{{sfn|Nicholson|2010}} His integration is known as Avibhaga Advaita ("indistinguishable non-dualism"). His sub-commentary on the Yoga Sutras, the Yogavarttika, has been an influential work.BOOK, Jeaneane D. Fowler, Perspectives of Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Hinduism,weblink 2002, Sussex Academic Press, 978-1-898723-93-6, 202, According to Andrew Fort, Vijnanabhiksu's commentary is Yogic Advaita, since his commentary is suffused with Advaita-influenced Samkhya-Yoga. Vijnanabhiksu discusses, adds Fort, a spiritually liberated person as a yogic jivanmukta''.BOOK, Edwin Francis Bryant, Patañjali, The Yoga sūtras of Patañjali: a new edition, translation, and commentary with insights from the traditional commentators,weblink registration, 2009, North Point Press, 978-0-86547-736-0, 190, 239, BOOK, Andrew O. Fort, Jivanmukti in Transformation: Embodied Liberation in Advaita and Neo-Vedanta,weblink 1998, State University of New York Press, 978-0-7914-3904-3, 125,

Influence

Nicholson mentions Vijnanabhiksu as a prime influence on 19th century Indology and the formation of Neo-Vedanta.{{sfn|Nicholson|2010}} According to Nicholson, already between the twelfth and the sixteenth century,}}The tendency of "a blurring of philosophical distinctions" has also been noted by Mikel Burley.{{sfn|Burley|2007|p=34}} Lorenzen locates the origins of a distinct Hindu identity in the interaction between Muslims and Hindus,{{sfn|Lorenzen|2006|p=24-33}} and a process of "mutual self-definition with a contrasting Muslim other",{{sfn|Lorenzen|2006|p=27}} which started well before 1800.{{sfn|Lorenzen|2006|p=26-27}} Both the Indian and the European thinkers who developed the term "Hinduism" in the 19th century were influenced by these philosophers.{{sfn|Nicholson|2010|p=2}}

Works

Little good work has been written in English on Vijñānabhikṣu, and most of the texts in his large corpus have yet to be edited and published in Sanskrit, let alone translated into English.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}}

Major works

Some major texts attributed to Vijnanabhiksu include:JOURNAL, Sato, Hiroyuki, Vijñanabhiksu's Theory of Mutual Projection, Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies, Japanese Association of Indian and Buddhist Studies, 37, 2, 1989, 945–943, 10.4259/ibk.37.945, free,

• Vijnanamritabhashya ("The Nectar of Knowledge Commentary", commentary on Badarayana's Brahma Sutras)
• Ishvaragitabhashya ("Commentary on the Ishvara Gita")
• Sankhyasara ("Quintessence of the Sankhya")
• Sankhyasutrabhashya ("Commentary on the Sankhya Sutras" of Kapila)
• Yogasarasamgraha ("Compendium on the Quintessence of Yoga")
• Yogabhashyavarttika ("Explanation of the Commentary on the Yoga Sutras" of Vyasa)

English translations

• Ganganatha Jha, Yogasarasamgraha of Vijnanabhiksu, New Delhi: Parimal Publications, 1995.
• José Pereira, Hindu Theology: A Reader, Garden City: Doubleday, 1976. Includes translated excerpts from Vijnanamritabhashya and Sankhyasutrabhashya.
• T. S. Rukmani, Yogavarttika of Vijnanabhiksu, New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal, 1981.
• Nandalal Sinha, The Samkhya Philosophy, New Delhi: Oriental Books Reprint Corporation, 1979. Contains a complete translation of Vijnanabhikshu's Sankhyasutrabhashya.
• Shiv Kumar, Samkhyasara of Vijnanabhiksu, Delhi: Eastern Book Linkers, 1988.

See also

• Unifying Hinduism (book)

References

{{Reflist|2}}

Sources

• {{Citation |last =Burley | first =Mikel |author-link=Mikel Burley | year =2007 | title =Classical Samkhya and Yoga: An Indian Metaphysics of Experience | publisher =Taylor & Francis}}
• {{Citation | last =Lorenzen | first =David N. | year =2006 | title =Who Invented Hinduism: Essays on Religion in History | publisher =Yoda Press | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=SO-YmMWpcVEC&q=origins+of+hinduism| isbn =9788190227261 }}
• {{Citation | last =Nicholson | first =Andrew | year =2007 | title =Reconciling Dualism and Non-Dualism: Three Arguments in Vijñānabhiká¹£u's Bhedābheda Vedānta | journal =Journal of Indian Philosophy |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=2007, pp 371–403 | doi=10.1007/s10781-007-9016-6| s2cid =170439037 }}
• {{Citation | last =Nicholson | first =Andrew J. | year =2010 | title =Unifying Hinduism: Philosophy and Identity in Indian Intellectual History | publisher =Columbia University Press| title-link =Unifying Hinduism: Philosophy and Identity in Indian Intellectual History }}
• Daniel P. Sheridan, "Vijnanabhikshu", in Great Thinkers of the Eastern World, Ian McGready, ed., New York: Harper Collins, 1995, pp. 248–251.

External links

• A General Idea of {{IAST|Vijñāna Bhiká¹£u’s}} Philosophy, Surendranath Dasgupta, 1940
• Chapter one of Vijnanabhiksu's Ishvaragitabhashya (Sanskrit only; PDF Format).

{{Hindudharma}}{{Authority control}}