Colony of Western Australia}}The Swan River Colony, also known as the Swan River Settlement,{{citation|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:A_Plan_of_Swan_River_Settlement_and_Surrounding_Country.jpg|title=A Plan of Swan River Settlement and Surrounding Country |year=1831}}NEWS,trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/37999809, The Swan River Settlement, The Western Mail, 25 December 1926, 27, Horace, Stirling, 7 December 2019, or just Swan River, was a British colony established in 1829 on the Swan River, in Western Australia. This initial settlement place on the Swan River was soon named Perth, and it became the capital city of Western Australia.The name was a pars pro toto for Western Australia. On 6 February 1832, the colony was renamed the Colony of Western Australia,WEB,poi-australia.com.au/swan-river-colony-proclaimed/, Swan River Colony Proclaimed, 2 May 1829, POI Australia, English, 13 February 2021, WEB,statelibrarynsw.tumblr.com/post/156855938896/on-this-day-6th-february-1832-the-swan-river, On this day, 6th February 1832, State Library of New South Wales, English, 13 February 2021, when the colony’s founding lieutenant-governor, Captain James Stirling, belatedly received his commission. However, the name “Swan River Colony” remained in informal use for many years.

European exploration

{{History_of Australia/Cities}}File:Vlamingh ships at the Swan River, Keulen 1796.jpg|thumb|left|Willem de Vlamingh’s ships, with black swan black swanThe first recorded Europeans to sight land where the city of Perth is now located were Dutch sailors. Most likely the first visitor to the Swan River area was Frederick de Houtman on 19 July 1619, travelling on the ships {{ship||Dordrecht|1618|2}} and {{ship||Amsterdam|1618|2}}. His records indicate he first reached the Western Australian coast at latitude 32Â°20’, which is approximately at Warnbro Sound.WEB,www.transport.wa.gov.au/imarine/coastaldata/nauticalcharts/pdfs/WA913_cape_peron_to_dawesville.pdf, Cape Peron to Dawesville, 2016, Department of Transport, Government of Western Australia, 2020-02-15, He did not land because of heavy surf, and so proceeded northwards without much investigation.BOOK, Appleyard, Reginald T., Manford, Toby, 1979, The Beginning: European Discovery and Early Settlement of Swan River, Western Australia, University of Western Australia Press, Nedlands, Western Australia, 0-85564-146-0, 6423026, On 28 April 1656, {{ship||Vergulde Draeck||2}} en route to Batavia (now Jakarta) was shipwrecked {{cvt|107|km}} north of the Swan River near Ledge Point. Of the 193 on board, only 75 made it to shore. A small boat that survived the wreckage then sailed to Batavia for help, but a subsequent search party found none of the survivors. The wreck was rediscovered in 1963.WEB,www.abc.net.au/backyard/shipwrecks/wa/transcript_vergulde.htm, ABC online, Shipwrecks Audio Transcript : Gilt Dragins & Elephant Tusks, 2003, 14 February 2009, In 1658, three Dutch Republic ships, also partially searching for Vergulde Draeck visited the area. Waekende Boey under Captain S. Volckertszoon, Elburg under Captain J. Peereboom and Emeloort under Captain A. Joncke sighted Rottnest but did not proceed any closer to the mainland because of the many reefs. They then travelled north and subsequently found the wreck of Vergulde Draeck (but still no survivors). They gave an unfavourable opinion of the area partly due to the dangerous reefs.
missing image!
- Battye freycinet swanriver lg.jpg -
The first detailed map of the Swan River, drawn by the French in 1801
The Dutch captain Willem de Vlamingh was the next European in the area. Commanding three ships, Geelvinck, Nijptangh and Weseltje,Q, Q110529184, 2022-01-12, {{rp|42}} he arrived at and named Rottnest on 29 December 1696, and on 10 January 1697 visited and named the Swan River. His ships could not sail up the river because of a sand bar at its mouth, so he sent out a sloop which even then required some dragging over the sand bar. They sailed until reaching mud flats probably near Heirisson Island. They saw some Aboriginal people but were not able to meet any close up. Vlamingh was also not impressed with the area, and this was probably the reason for a lack of Dutch exploration from then on.In 1801, the French ships GÃ©ographe captained by Nicolas Baudin and Naturaliste captained by Emmanuel Hamelin visited the area from the south. While GÃ©ographe continued northwards, Naturaliste remained for a few weeks. A small expedition dragged longboats over the sand bar and explored the Swan River. They also gave unfavourable descriptions regarding any potential settlement due to many mud flats upstream and the sand bar (the sand bar wasn’t removed until the 1890s when {{thinspace|C.|Y.}} O’Connor built Fremantle harbour).Later in March 1803, GÃ©ographe, with another ship Casuarina, passed by Rottnest on their way eventually back to France, but did not stop longer than a day or two.WEB,www.multicultural.online.wa.gov.au/wppuser/owamc/onlinenews_3_04/page8.html, The Baudin Expedition of 1800â€“1804, Kate, Pratt, Terra Australis 2001 WA Association Inc, 14 February 2009, dead,www.multicultural.online.wa.gov.au/wppuser/owamc/onlinenews_3_04/page8.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20090116051501www.multicultural.online.wa.gov.au/wppuser/owamc/onlinenews_3_04/page8.html,">web.archive.org/web/20090116051501www.multicultural.online.wa.gov.au/wppuser/owamc/onlinenews_3_04/page8.html, 16 January 2009, dmy-all, WEB,www.abc.net.au/navigators/captains/baudin.htm, The Captains: Nicholas Baudin, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, 14 February 2009,www.abc.net.au/navigators/captains/baudin.htm," title="web.archive.org/web/20090104075905www.abc.net.au/navigators/captains/baudin.htm,">web.archive.org/web/20090104075905www.abc.net.au/navigators/captains/baudin.htm, 4 January 2009, dead, dmy-all, The next visit to the area was the first Australian-born maritime explorer, Phillip Parker King in 1822 on Bathurst. King was also the son of former Governor Philip Gidley King of New South Wales. However, King also was not impressed with the area.
Background to the settlement
{{unref|section|date=April 2020}}
missing image!
- Jamesstirling.jpg -
Admiral Sir James Stirling
(File:A Plan of Swan River Settlement and Surrounding Country.jpg|thumb|left|The Swan River Settlement and the surrounding country (1831))The founding father of Western Australia was Captain James Stirling who, in 1827, explored the Swan River area in {{HMS|Success|1825|6}} which first anchored off Rottnest, and later in Cockburn Sound. He was accompanied by Charles Fraser, the New South Wales botanist.Their initial exploration began on 8 March in a cutter and gig with parties continuing on foot from 13 March. In late March, {{HMS|Success|1825|2}} moved to Sydney, arriving there on 15 April. Stirling arrived back in England in July 1828, promoting in glowing terms the agricultural potential of the area. His lobbying was for the establishment of a “free” settlement{{snd}}unlike penal colonies at New South Wales, Port Arthur and Norfolk Island{{snd}}in the Swan River area with himself as its governor. As a result of these reports, and a rumour in London that the French were about to establish a penal colony in the western part of Australia, possibly at Shark Bay, the Colonial Office assented to the proposal in mid-October 1828.In December 1828, a Secretary of State for Colonies despatch reserved land for the Crown, as well as for the clergy, and for education, and specified that water frontage was to be rationed. The most cursory exploration had preceded the British decision to found a settlement at the Swan River; the most makeshift arrangements were to govern its initial establishment and the granting of land; and the most sketchy surveys were to be made before the grants were actually occupied. A set of regulations were worked out for distributing land to settlers based on land grants. Negotiations for a privately run settlement were also started with a consortium of four gentlemen headed by Potter McQueen, a member of Parliament who had already acquired a large tract of land in New South Wales. The consortium withdrew after the Colonial Office refused to give it preference over independent settlers in selecting land, but one member, Thomas Peel, accepted the terms and proceeded alone. Peel was allocated {{convert|500,000|acres|km2}}, conditional on his arrival at the settlement before 1 November 1829 with 400 settlers. Peel arrived after this date with only 300 settlers, but was still granted {{convert|250,000|acres|km2}}.{{Clear}}
Events of the settlement{| classwikitable alignright style@font-size: 85%; margin-left: 10pt;”
! bgcolor=“#efefef” colspan=2|Swan River Colonyship arrivals in 1829WEB,membership.wags.org.au/1829-ships/78-1829-shipping-arrivals, WA 1829 Passenger Ship Arrivals, Western Australian Genealogical Society, 4 December 2013, 23 December 2016, 23 December 2016,membership.wags.org.au/1829-ships/78-1829-shipping-arrivals," title="web.archive.org/web/20161223132739membership.wags.org.au/1829-ships/78-1829-shipping-arrivals,">web.archive.org/web/20161223132739membership.wags.org.au/1829-ships/78-1829-shipping-arrivals, dead,
Challenger 6}}(Fremantle)
Parmelia (barque)>Parmelia(Stirling)
Sulphur 6}}
1825|2}}
|Saint Leonard
1815 ship|2}}
|Thompson
brig|2}}
|Georgiana
|Ephemina
|Orelia
1827 ship|2}}
1825 ship|2}}
|Governor Phillip
1827 ship|2}}
1826 ship|2}}John Summerson
ship|2}}
|Lion (Lyon)
|Dragon
Success 6}}
1824 ship Thomas Peel>(Peel)
{{See also|Western Australia Day}}The first ship to reach the Swan River was {{HMS|Challenger|1826|6}}. After she anchored off Garden Island on 25 April 1829, Captain Charles Fremantle declared the Swan River Colony for Britain on 2 May 1829.{{ship||Parmelia|barque|2}} arrived on 31 May carrying Stirling and his party and {{HMS|Sulphur|1826|6}} arrived on 8 June carrying members of the 63rd Regiment and families. Three merchant ships arrived shortly after: Calista on 5 August, St Leonard on 6 August and {{ship||Marquis of Anglesea|1815 ship|2}} on 23 August.A series of accidents followed the arrivals which probably nearly caused the abandonment of the expedition. Challenger and Sulphur both struck rocks while entering Cockburn Sound and were fortunate to escape with only minor damage. Parmelia however, under Stirling’s “over confident pilotage”, also ran aground, lost her rudder and damaged her keel, which necessitated extensive repairs. With winter now set in, the settlers were obliged to land on Garden Island. Bad weather and the required repairs meant that Stirling did not manage to reach the mainland until 18 June, and the remaining settlers on Parmelia finally arrived in early August. In early September a major disaster occurred: Marquis of Anglesea was driven ashore during a gale and wrecked beyond repair. The ship did not break up, as had been expected, but instead survived to become Western Australia’s first prison hulk.BOOK, Goulding, Dot, 2007, Recapturing Freedom: Issues Relating to the Release of Long-term Prisoners Into the Community, Hawkins Press, 978-1876067182, 14, The first reports of the new colony arrived back in England in late January 1830. They described the poor conditions and the starving state of the colonists, deemed the land totally unfit for agriculture, and reported (incorrectly) that the settlers had abandoned the colony. As a result of these reports, many people cancelled their migration plans or diverted to Cape Town in South Africa, or to the more well-established New South Wales colony.Nevertheless, a few settlers arrived and additional stores were dispatched. By 1832 the population of the colony had reached about 1,500. Aboriginal people were not counted at that time, but in the south west have been estimated to number 15,000. The difficulty of clearing land to grow crops was so great that by 1850 the population of settlers had increased only to 5,886. This population had settled mainly around the southwestern coastline at Bunbury, Augusta and Albany.Karl Marx, in Das Kapital, used the Swan River Colony to illustrate a point about the necessity of a dependent workforce for capitalist production and colonization.WIKISOURCE, Chapter 33, Das Kapital (Moore, 1906), Capital, Marx, Karl, Karl Marx, Friedrich, Engels, Friedrich Engels, 1906, Random House, New York,
See also
{{Wikisourcepar|Category:Swan River Colony}}

General view of the botany of the vicinity of Swan River, an 1831 scientific paper by Scottish botanist Robert Brown
History of Perth, Western Australia
History of Western Australia
Convict era of Western Australia

References
{{reflist}}
Further reading

Fornasiero, Jean; Monteath, Peter and West-Sooby, John. Encountering Terra Australis: the Australian voyages of Nicholas Baudin and Matthew Flinders, Kent Town, South Australia,Wakefield Press, 2004. {{ISBN|1-86254-625-8}}
Marchant, Leslie R. France Australe : the French search for the Southland and subsequent explorations and plans to found a penal colony and strategic base in south western Australia 1503â€“1826 Perth : Scott Four Colour Print, c1998. {{ISBN|0-9588487-1-8}}
Marchant, Leslie R. French Napoleonic Placenames of the South West Coast, Greenwood, WA. R.I.C. Publications, 2004. {{ISBN|1-74126-094-9}}
Niendorf, Matthew J. “’A Land Not Exactly Flowing with Milk & Honey’: Swan River Mania in the British Isles and Western Australia 1827â€“1832,” Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects, 2016.
Straw, Leigh S.L. A Semblance of Scotland: Scottish Identity in Colonial Western Australia, The Grimsay Press, 2006. {{ISBN|9781845300326}}
Toft, Klaus The Navigators â€“ Flinders vs Baudin, Sydney, Duffy and Snellgrove, 2002. {{ISBN|1-876631-60-0}}

{{British overseas territories}}{{Convicts in Australia}}

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