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Communes of France>Commune|image = France-Saint-Jean-de-Luz-2005-08-05.jpg|caption = Waterfront|image coat of arms = Blason ville fr Saint-Jean-de-Luz (Pyrénées-Atlantiques).svg|arrondissement = Bayonne|canton = Saint-Jean-de-Luz|INSEE = 64483|postal code = 64500PUBLISHER=DATA.GOUV.FR, PLATEFORME OUVERTE DES DONNéES PUBLIQUES FRANçAISESLANGUAGE=FR, |term = 2020–2026Communauté d'agglomération du Pays Basque>CA Pays Basque43.39format=dms|display=inline,title}}|elevation m = 6|elevation min m = 0|elevation max m = 84|area km2 = 19population_total}}population_as_of}}population_footnotes}}}}Saint-Jean-de-Luz ({{IPA|fr|sɛ̃ ʒɑ̃ d(É™) lyz|lang}}; ,Donibane Lohitzune, Auñamendi Eusko Entziklopedia {{in lang|es}} locally {{IPA|eu|doniˈβane lohiˈsÌ»une|}}; {{IPA|oc|sen ˈʒwan de ˈlys|}}; ) is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department, southwestern France.INSEE commune fileSaint-Jean-de-Luz is part of the Basque province of Labourd (Lapurdi).

Geography

Saint-Jean-de-Luz is a fishing port on the Basque coast and now a famous resort, known for its architecture, sandy bay, the quality of the light and the cuisine. The town is located south of Biarritz, on the right bank of the river Nivelle (French for Urdazuri) opposite to Ciboure. The port lies on the estuary just before the river joins the ocean. The summit of Larrun is about {{convert|8|km|abbr=on|0}} south-east of the town. The summit can be reached by the Petit train de la Rhune, which starts from the Col de Saint-Ignace, {{convert|10.5|km|abbr=on}} east of the town on the D4 road to Sare. It is in the traditional province of Lapurdi of the Basque Country.Saint-Jean-de-Luz bay is a natural harbour in the south-east of the Bay of Biscay. It is the only sheltered bay between Arcachon and Spain. Thanks to its strong sea walls or dykes that protect the town from the full savagery of the Atlantic Ocean, it has become a favorite for bathers across the Basque Coast. Although the seaside resort is relatively recent, the port itself is centuries old, with the most prominent point in its history being the marriage in 1660 of Louis XIV and the Spanish princess Maria Teresa.WEB, Miller, Norman, Weekend to remember: St-Jean-de-Luz,weblink The Telegraph, 1 February 2008, (File:Pêcheurs à Saint-Jean-de-Luz, Pyrénées-Atlantiques.jpg|thumb|left|Fishermen from St Jean de Luz)Water from the area flows into the town from the Nivelle{{sandre|id=S52-0400|nom=La Nivelle}} and its smaller tributaries, the Etxeberri, Isaka and Xantako streams. There is also the Basarun, and its smaller tributary the Mendi, which passes directly through Saint-Jean-de-Luz. The river has been made accessible to boats and it joins the sea by the Erromardia beach. A branch of the Uhabia, an emblematic river in the neighbouring Bidart district, and its smaller Amisola tributary, also pass to the sea through St Jean de Luz.{{citation needed|date=September 2012}}

Transportation

{{more citations needed section|date=September 2012}}Saint-Jean-de-Luz straddles Route départementale D810, the old Route nationale 10. The town can be reached from the A63 motorway, Exit 3 (Saint-Jean-de-Luz Nord) and Exit 2 (Saint-Jean-de-Luz Sud). The Saint-Jean-de-Luz-Ciboure station is served by the SNCF Bordeaux–Irun railway.Biarritz Airport is the closest airport to Saint-Jean-de-Luz.

Etymology

Saint-Jean-de-Luz is the French adaptation of the Labourdine Basque – from 'saint', 'John' and 'mud' + 'made of' + 'place of'; thus meaning 'Saint John's swamp'. It is a common misconception that Luz would be (wikt:luz#Spanish|the Spanish word for 'light').The town is named after the frequent floodings which occurred in the area over the centuries.With help from G. Aulestia and L. White: Basque-English English-Basque dictionary, Reno, NV, 1992, Univ. of Nevada Press.

History

{{more citations needed section|date=September 2012}}Saint-Jean-de-Luz is located on the Atlantic coast of France, just a few kilometres from the border with Spain. Its wealth stems from its port and its past, with the town being associated with both fishing, and with the capture of vessels by its own Basque corsaires, or pirates (English sailors used to call Saint-Jean-de-Luz the "Viper's Nest").WEB,weblink St Jean de Luz - Aquitaine: Regions of France, This prosperity reached its height during the 17th Century, which is still considered as the town's "Golden Age." During this period, Saint-Jean-De-Luz became the second largest town in the Labourd region with a population or around 12,000, just behind Bayonne.

Marriage of Louis XIV

Saint-Jean-de-Luz is known for its royal wedding connection. In 1659, Cardinal Mazarin spent several months in Saint-Jean-de-Luz, from where he would embark on almost daily trips to Pheasant Island in the river Bidassoa (near modern-day Hendaye) for Franco-Spanish meetings that resulted in the Treaty of the Pyrenees, one clause of which was the marriage of Louis XIV to Maria Theresa, the Infanta of Spain. Saint-Jean-de-Luz and its church were chosen to host the royal wedding on 9 June 1660. The marriage is one of the most important political marriages in history that brought an end to a bitter war. Today, visitors of the cathedral can see that the main door is bricked off. Two legends circulate this oddity: First, it has been said that the door the couple passed through was later closed to represent the closing of the troubles between France and Spain. A more popular theory among the locals is that the king, Louis XIV, ordered the door to be closed off, so no other couple could walk into the church to be married in his footsteps.WEB, Overview of Saint Jean de Luz, France,weblink Eusko Guide: The Best of Basque Country, 11 October 2016,

Peninsular War

The Duke of Wellington set up his winter headquarters in the town during the Peninsular War, 1813–14.BOOK, Greig, George, The Subaltern, 2001, L. Cooper, 9781783379422, 855024848,

End of the nineteenth century

(File:Donibane_lohizune_1895_inguruan.jpg|thumb|View over the town, and Ciboure (Ziburu) in the foreground, 1895)(File:Saint Jean de Luz Maison Infante.jpg|thumb|180px|Infanta of Spain's House)(File:Saint Jean de Luz Maison Louis XIV.jpg|thumb|St-Jean-de Luz Town Hall)To the end of the nineteenth century, Saint-Jean-de-Luz became a popular beachside resort town for the surrounding high-society. Like Biarritz (called "The queen of the beaches, the beach of kings"), Saint-Jean-de-Luz was particularly appreciated by the French and Spanish aristocracy. By the early 1900s, it turned into the scene of Carlist conspiratorial activities. The composer Maurice Ravel, a native of the nearby town of Ciboure, frequently vacationed at Saint-Jean-de-Luz from Paris, where he was centered for almost his entire life.Following Marshal Pétain's call for an armistice on the outset of World War II, a coastal fringe of the Basque Country fell in the German occupation area. Before the agreement was enforced, a retreating Polish Army was evacuated from the town in mid June 1940.BOOK, "Taffrail" (Henry Taprell Dorling), 1973, Blue Star Line at War, 1939–45, London, W. Foulsham & Company Limited, W. Foulsham & Co, 0-572-00849-X, 43,

Postwar

{{more citations needed section|date=September 2012}}After 1945, some of the traditional fishing-based industries of the Fargeot district gradually disappeared, mainly by overfishing and competition from elsewhere. The change strengthened the transformation of the town towards more luxury and tourism industries. In Saint-Jean-de-Luz over 40% of dwellings of the town are second homes. (File:Saint Jean de Luz 001.jpg|thumb|180px|right| Saint-Jean-de-Luz)In the 1960s, the town expanded northwards (Avenue de l'Ocean) and also southwards in the direction of (the Urdazuri district). Since the 1970s, St Jean de Luz has been connected to Bordeaux to the north and Spain to the south by the motorway, and more recently by the TGV railway. St-Jean-de-Luz boasts extensive and attractive land and scenery, as well as a well-preserved coastline which has so far escaped urbanisation. Indeed, some of the Basque coast has seen a degree of development, but the area between Fort Socoa and the Abbadia nature reserve and castle remains well protected.(File:Saint-Jean-de-Luz (RPS 14-09-2014) staircase.png|thumb|Housing beach.)

Population

{{Historical populations|source = INSEEPopulation en historique depuis 1968, INSEE|percentages = pagr|align = none|graph-pos = right1084111854127691303113247137281299414093}}

Cultural heritage

The town features a large number of residences built in the 17th and 18th centuries along the Quai de L'Infante, Rue Mazarin, Rue Gambetta and at the Place Louis XIV. In some respects this is testament to the families, shipowners and Basque merchants from this period. One of these, built alongside the Quai de L'Infante around 1640, is called the "Maison Joanoenea", and it is here that the Queen Mother, Anne of Austria, stayed before the marriage of Louis XIV to Maria Theresa, the Infanta of Spain on 8 May 1660. The Infanta stayed there on 7 June. Locally this house is referred to as the "Maison de l'Infante", and it has become a popular tourist attraction and museum.A monument in the Verdun Square honours the memory of the fallen soldiers from World War I and World War II, and another monument on the Quai L'Infante is dedicated to the resistance movement Orion. This second plaque commemorates the importance of the work of French escape networks which helped people evade capture in Occupied France during World War II. Finally, there are some bunkers still visible along the coast. These formed part of the infamous Atlantic Wall, German defences against the anticipated Allied invasion of Westen France. Some remains are still visible on the Santa-Barbe promenade.

Tourism

{{multiple image|caption_align=center|header_align=center }}Nowadays, St-Jean-de-Luz depends strongly on tourism with safe clean beaches, notable high quality hotels and a seawater spa, swimming pools, a casino, golf courses and a conference centre that is under construction. The town also benefits from regional tourism, with many attracted by the pedestrian area full of shops open all year round. It also attracts a large number of visitors from Basque Country, Spain, or Gipuzkoa along with many from nearby Bayonne and the rest of southwestern France. The city is particularly attractive to retired people, many of whom come to settle there from other areas across France. (File:Saint jean de luz - église.JPG|thumb|270px|left|Church of St. John the Baptist)Many cultural and sporting events are held throughout the year. There are internships and public concerts of classical music organized by the Académie Ravel, usually in the auditorium of the same name. There is a film festival dedicated to young filmmakers, a surfing film festival and Basque Pelota championships.

The tradition of the Basque ‘Trials of Strength'

{{more citations needed section|date=September 2012}}The origin of Basque Trials of Strength is found in the daily tasks carried out across the region. For centuries, young Basque farmers pitted themselves against each other in physical challenges. Labouring in the forests of the Basque country gave rise to the challenge known as aizkolariak (based on lumberjacks working with an ax or arpanariak), as well as athletic sawing of tree stumps and wood. The construction of buildings, often based on large stones for the cathedrals and monasteries led to the development of the challenge known as arrijasotzaileak – literally those who lift stones.Several events originate from working in the fields, the best known of which is lastoaltxatzea, the lifting of straw bales. This is done either using a pitchfork or a pulley, and is often organized in tandem with joko (cart-lifting), zakulasterka (individual relay or sack races), and untziketariak, a race involving pitchers of milk. Also well-known is soka-shot, or tug-of-war, which is an internationally recognised discipline celebrated in fourteen countries. During the summer, demonstrations of Force Basque are organised by the local Xiste organization, often at the main municipal arena in Saint-Jean-de-Luz.

Carnivals, festivals, and events

{{more citations needed section|date=September 2012}}

• Basque carnival of Ihauteriak held in February
• Weekend Andalusian festival of Pentecost
• Festival of Saint Jean, patron saint of the city, held end of June
• Tuna Festival held second Saturday of July along with the Amateur Tuna Festival
• Sardine Night Festival – end of July and into August
• Since 1953, the local Basque Yacht Club has organised an international Amateur Tuna Fishing Championship in August
• Classical Music of the Basque Coast Festival in September with concerts and free master classes
• Maurice Ravel International Academy of Music holds classes in first half of September
• Rue de la République Festival organised by local merchants, third weekend in September
• Young International Film Directors Festival each October
• International Basque Choral Singing Festival Festival around Halloween (1 November)

Climate

{{Weather box|location = Saint-Jean-de-Luz (Socoa) 1981–2010 averages, records 1921–present|metric first = yes|single line = yes|Jan record high C = 24.6|Feb record high C = 28.4|Mar record high C = 29.8|Apr record high C = 32.5|May record high C = 35.4|Jun record high C = 39.0|Jul record high C = 39.2|Aug record high C = 40.2|Sep record high C = 38.0|Oct record high C = 33.2|Nov record high C = 29.0|Dec record high C = 26.0|year record high C = 40.2|Jan high C = 12.8|Feb high C = 13.4|Mar high C = 15.4|Apr high C = 16.5|May high C = 19.5|Jun high C = 22.0|Jul high C = 24.2|Aug high C = 24.8|Sep high C = 23.4|Oct high C = 20.6|Nov high C = 16.0|Dec high C = 13.4|year high C = 18.5|Jan mean C = 9.3|Feb mean C = 9.6|Mar mean C = 11.4|Apr mean C = 12.6|May mean C = 15.7|Jun mean C = 18.3|Jul mean C = 20.5|Aug mean C = 21.0|Sep mean C = 19.1|Oct mean C = 16.6|Nov mean C = 12.3|Dec mean C = 10.0|year mean C = 14.7|Jan low C = 5.8|Feb low C = 5.9|Mar low C = 7.4|Apr low C = 8.6|May low C = 11.8|Jun low C = 14.7|Jul low C = 16.8|Aug low C = 17.2|Sep low C = 14.9|Oct low C = 12.6|Nov low C = 8.7|Dec low C = 6.5|year low C = 10.9|Jan record low C = −10.8|Feb record low C = −12.0|Mar record low C = −7.2|Apr record low C = −2.4|May record low C = 2.6|Jun record low C = 4.2|Jul record low C = 6.4|Aug record low C = 7.2|Sep record low C = 2.2|Oct record low C = 0.5|Nov record low C = −5.6|Dec record low C = −8.0|year record low C = −12.0|precipitation colour = green|Jan precipitation mm = 139.0|Feb precipitation mm = 116.9|Mar precipitation mm = 110.9|Apr precipitation mm = 137.0|May precipitation mm = 115.1|Jun precipitation mm = 86.4|Jul precipitation mm = 70.1|Aug precipitation mm = 99.6|Sep precipitation mm = 118.0|Oct precipitation mm = 152.6|Nov precipitation mm = 182.0|Dec precipitation mm = 155.4|year precipitation mm = 1483.0|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm|Jan precipitation days = 13.4|Feb precipitation days = 11.9|Mar precipitation days = 12.3|Apr precipitation days = 14.0|May precipitation days = 12.4|Jun precipitation days = 10.5|Jul precipitation days = 8.6|Aug precipitation days = 9.8|Sep precipitation days = 9.7|Oct precipitation days = 12.2|Nov precipitation days = 13.1|Dec precipitation days = 12.5|year precipitation days = 140.4|source 1 = Météo FranceWEB,weblink 6 March 2018,weblink Socoa (64), Fiche Climatologique: Statistiques 1981–2010 et records, Meteo France, fr, 6 March 2018, }}

Well known personalities connected to the town

18th century

• Joachim Labrouche, born 1769 in Hendaye died 1853 in Saint-Jean-de-Luz, French political figure;

19th century

• John O'Byrne, Count O'Byrne, born 1834, died 1905 in Saint-Jean-de-Luz;
• Tirso de Olazábal y Lardizábal, Count of Arbelaiz, born 1842 in Irun, died 1921 in San Sebastián, a Spanish Carlist politician;
• Ernest William Hornung, born 1866 in Middlesbrough (UK) died in 1921 in Saint-Jean-de-Luz, a British writer;
• Feodor Chaliapin, born 1873 in Kazan in Russia died in Paris in 1938, a famous singer who owned a villa in Sainte-Barbe;{{citation needed|date=September 2012}}
• Maurice Ravel, born 1875 in the nearby town of Ciboure, was a world-renowned composer who frequently visited Saint-Jean-de-Luz throughout his life
• Jesús Fernández Duro, born 1878 in La Felguera (Spain), died 1906 in Saint-Jean-de-Luz, noted flyer, received the Chevalier de la Légion d'HonneurWEB, No Mirando a Nuestro Daño,weblink Pilotos Muertos, 29 January 2019,
• Pierre Etchebaster, born 1893 in Saint-Jean-de-Luz died 1980, seven times Real Tennis World Champion;
• Louis Paulhan, born 1883 in Pézenas died 1963 in Saint-Jean-de-Luz, a French aviation pioneer;
• Jean Sébédio, born 1890 in Saint-Jean-de-Luz died 1951 in Carcassonne, French rugby player who played for Tarbes and the French national sideWEB, Jean Sebedio, France,weblink ESPN, 29 January 2019,
• André Pavlovsky, born 1891 in Paris died 1961 in Saint-Jean-de-Luz, was a famous French architect;{{citation needed|date=September 2012}}
• Ramiro Arrue, born 1892 in Bilbao (Spain) died 1971 in Saint-Jean-de-Luz, a painter, illustrator, and ceramic designer whose work celebrated Basque culture;

20th century

• Julio Urquijo Ibarra, born 1871 in Deusto died 1950 in San Sebastián, Basque linguist
• René Lacoste, born 1904 in Paris died 1996 à Saint-Jean-de-Luz, French tennis champion;
• José Antonio Aguirre, born 1904 in Bilbao, died 1960 in Paris buried in Saint-Jean-de-Luz, leading Basque politician and political figure;
• William Biehn, born Metz in 1911 and died in Saint-Jean-de-Luz in 1997 a painter specialising in Orientalist art;{{citation needed|date=September 2012}}
• Michel Etcheverry, born 1919 in Saint-Jean-de-Luz died 1999 in Paris, French actor;
• Jean Diharce, born 1920 in Saint-Jean-de-Luz, a Basque poet with the pseudonym IratzederWEB, Monk and Member of the Basque Academy Jean Diharce, Who Wrote under the Name Xabier Iratzeder, Has Died,weblink Basque Literature, 29 January 2019,
• Marie Sabouret, born 1924 in La Rochelle died 1960 in Saint-Jean-de-Luz, a French actressWEB, Marie Sabouret Biography,weblink Browse Biography, 29 January 2019,
• Franz Duboscq, born 1924 in Saint-Jean-de-Luz, French politicianBOOK, Who's Who in European Politics, 1990, Bauker-Saur, East Grinstead, 192,
• Jacques Pavlovsky, born 1931 in Saint-Jean-de-Luz, a French photographerWEB, Jacques Pavlovsky, Photographe,weblink Euskonews and Media, 29 January 2019,
• Charles Ducasse, born 1932 in Saint-Jean-de-Luz, a French footballer;
• Philippe Ogouz, born 1939 in Saint-Jean-de-Luz, died 2019 in Paris, French actor and directorWEB, Andre Darrieussecq, France,weblink ESPN, 29 January 2019, WEB, Philippe Ogouz,weblink Théâtres Parisiens Associés, 29 January 2019,
• Miguel Boyer, born 1939 in Saint-Jean-de-Luz, economist and Spanish politicianWEB, Miguel Boyer Salvador,weblink 2023-03-21, Real Academia de la Historia, es,
• Michèle Alliot-Marie, born 1946 in Villeneuve-le-Roi, French politician who was Mayor of Saint-Jean-de-Luz from 1995 to 2002;
• André Darrieussecq, born 1947 in Saint-Jean-de-Luz, a French rugby player who played for Saint-Jean-de-Luz Olympique Rugby and the French national side;{{citation needed|date=September 2012}}
• Sophie Audouin-Mamikonian, born 1961 in Saint-Jean-de-Luz, author of the famous French book series about heroine Tara Duncan, followed by young people and translated into many languages;{{citation needed|date=September 2012}}
• Jean-Marie Ecay, born 1962 in Saint-Jean-de-Luz, guitarist;
• Laurence Ostolaza, born 1967 in Saint-Jean-de-Luz, television journalistWEB, Qui est Laurence Ostolaza, la remplaçante de William Leymergie ?,weblink Télé Star, 18 February 2015, 29 January 2019,
• Zacarias Moussaoui (born 1968), terrorist convicted in September 11 attacks
• Bixente Lizarazu, born 1969 in Saint-Jean-de-Luz, French footballer and a winner of a World Cup with the French national side in 1998;
• Anne-Sophie Lapix, born 1972 in Saint-Jean-de-Luz, journalist and French TV presenter;
• Sandrine Mendiburu, born 1973 in Saint-Jean-de-Luz, professional golferWEB, Sandrine Mendiburu,weblink 2007 U.S. Girls' Junior, USGA, 29 January 2019,
• Frédéric Aranzueque-Arrieta, born 1975 in Saint-Jean-de-Luz, author and essayist writing about Franco-Spanish affairs;{{citation needed|date=September 2012}}
• Yoan Anthian, born 1979 in Saint-Jean-de-Luz, a rugby player who has represented the Armenian national side;
• Patxi Garat, born 1981 in Saint-Jean-de-Luz, a French author, writer and performer discovered on the French TV version of Star AcademyWEB, Patxi,weblink Apple Music Preview, Apple, Inc., 29 January 2019,

Points of interest

• Jardin botanique littoral Paul Jovet
• Église Saint-Jean-Baptiste de Saint-Jean-de-Luz

See also

• Communes of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department
• The works of Maxime Real del Sarte

References

{{Reflist}}

External links

{{commons category}}

• Tourist office website
• Webpage about Fort Socoa near Saint-Jean-de-Luz
• Le Festival International des Jeunes Réalisateurs

{{Lapurdi}}{{Pyrénées-Atlantiques communes}}{{Authority control}}