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Pedanius Dioscorides

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Pedanius Dioscorides
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{{short description|Greco-Roman physician and pharmacologist, prominent writer on plant drugs (AD c.40–90)}}{{redirect|Dioscorides}}







factoids
) Greek Juliana Anicia Codex
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Circa|40 AD}}ENCYCLOPEDIA, Encyclopaedia Britannica, September 27, 2013, Pedanius Dioscorides,weblink britannica.com, July 4, 2020,
| birth_place = Anazarbus, Cilicia, Asia Minor
| death_date = {{Circa|90 AD}}
| death_place =
| nationality =
| other_names = Dioscurides
| known_for = De Materia Medica
| occupation = Army physician, pharmacologist, botanist
}}Pedanius Dioscorides (, ; {{c.}} 40–90 AD), "the father of pharmacognosy", was a Greek physician, pharmacologist, botanist, and author of (, On Medical Material), a 5-volume Greek encyclopedia about herbal medicine and related medicinal substances (a pharmacopeia), that was widely read for more than 1,500 years. For almost two millennia Dioscorides was regarded as the most prominent writer on plants and plant drugs.JOURNAL, Bauer Petrovska, Biljana, Historical review of medicinal plants' usage, Pharmacognosy Reviews, 2012, 6, 11, 1–5, 10.4103/0973-7847.95849, 22654398, 3358962, free, WEB, Osbaldeston, Tess Anne, De Materia Medica - Pedanius Dioscorides -,weblink 11 November 2022, 2008,

Life

A native of Anazarbus, Cilicia, Asia Minor, Dioscorides likely studied medicine nearby at the school in Tarsus, which had a pharmacological emphasis, and he dedicated his medical books to Laecanius Arius, a medical practitioner there.{{efn|The dedication, translated by Scarborough and Nutton,Scarborough and Nutton, 1982 began "At your insistence I have assembled my material into five books, and I dedicate my compendium to you in fulfilment of a debt of gratitude for your sentiments towards me".}}BOOK, Stobart, Anne, Critical Approaches to the History of Western Herbal Medicine: From Classical Antiquity to the Early Modern Period,weblink 2014, A&C Black, 978-1-4411-8418-4, 193, BOOK, Principles and methods of toxicology, Andrew Wallace, Hayes, 13, Borzelleca, Joseph F., Lane, Richard W., The Art, the Science, and the Seduction of Toxicology: an Evolutionary Development, 5th, 2008, Taylor & Francis, Though he writes he lived a "soldier's life" or "soldier-like life", his pharmacopeia refers almost solely to plants found in the Greek-speaking eastern Mediterranean, making it likely that he served in campaigns, or travelled in a civilian capacity, less widely as supposed.Nutton, Vivian. Ancient medicine. Routledge, 2012. p. 178 The name Pedanius is Roman, suggesting that an aristocrat of that name sponsored him to become a Roman citizen.BOOK, The Western Herbal Tradition: 2000 Years of Medicinal Plant Knowledge, Tobyn, Graeme, Denham, Alison, Whitelegg, Midge, illustrated, Singing Dragon, 2016, 9780857012593, 4,

De materia medica

File:ViennaDioscoridesPlant.jpg|right|thumb|upright|Blackberry from the 6th-century Vienna DioscuridesVienna DioscuridesBetween AD 50 and 70 WEB,weblink Greek Medicine, National Institutes of Health, USA, 16 September 2002, 1 July 2013, Dioscorides wrote a five-volume book in his native Greek, (Perì hylēs íatrikēs), known in Western Europe more often by its Latin title ("On Medical Material"), which became the precursor to all modern pharmacopeias.BOOK, The History of Medicine, Rooney, Anne, The Rosen Publishing Group, 2012, 9781448873708, 121, File:1554Arnoullet.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Cover of an early printed version of , LyonLyonIn contrast to many classical authors, Dioscorides' works were not "rediscovered" in the Renaissance, because his book had never left circulation; indeed, with regard to Western materia medica through the early modern period, Dioscorides' text eclipsed the Hippocratic corpus.De Vos (2010) "European Materia Medica in Historical Texts: Longevity of a Tradition and Implications for Future Use", Journal of Ethnopharmacology 132(1):28–47 In the medieval period, was circulated in Greek, as well as Latin and Arabic translation.Some detail about medieval manuscripts of De Materia Medica at pages xxix–xxxi in Introduction to Dioscorides Materia Medica by TA Osbaldeston, year 2000. While being reproduced in manuscript form through the centuries, it was often supplemented with commentary and minor additions from Arabic and Indian sources. Ibn al-Baitar's commentary on Dioscorides' , entitled : , has been used by scholars to identify many of the flora mentioned by Dioscorides.Zohar Amar, Agricultural Produce in the Land of Israel in the Middle Ages (Hebrew title: גידולי ארץ-ישראל בימי הביניים), Ben-Zvi Institute: Jerusalem 2000, p. 270 {{ISBN|965-217-174-3}} (Hebrew); Tafsīr Kitāb Diāsqūrīdūs - commentaire de la "Materia Medica" de Dioscoride de Abū Muḥammad ʻAbdallāh ibn Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad ibn al-Bayṭār de Malaga (ed. Ibrahim Ben Mrad), Beirut 1989 (Arabic title: تفسير كتاب دياسقوريدوس) A number of illustrated manuscripts of survive. The most famous of these is the lavishly illustrated Vienna Dioscurides, produced in Constantinople in 512/513 AD. Densely illustrated Arabic copies survive from the 12th and 13th centuries, while Greek manuscripts survive today in the monasteries of Mount Athos.BOOK,weblink Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures, Springer, Selin, Helaine, 2008, 1077, 9781402045592,
is the prime historical source of information about the medicines used by the Greeks, Romans, and other cultures of antiquity. The work also records the Dacian,BOOK, Nutton, Vivian, Ancient Medicine, Routledge, 2004, . Page 177. Thracian,BOOK, Murray, J., The Academy, Alexander and Shephrard, 1884, . Page 68. Roman, ancient Egyptian and North African (Carthaginian) names for some plants, which otherwise would have been lost. The work presents about 600 plants in all,BOOK, Krebs, Robert E., Carolyn A., Krebs, Groundbreaking Scientific Experiments, Inventions, and Discoveries of the Ancient World, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2003, CITEREFKrebs2003, . Pages 75–76. although the descriptions are sometimes obscurely phrased, leading to comments such as: "Numerous individuals from the Middle Ages on have struggled with the identity of the recondite kinds",Isely, Duane (1994). One hundred and one botanists. Iowa State University Press. while some of the botanical identifications of Dioscorides' plants remain merely guesses.
John Goodyer translated the work into English in 1655, and bequeathed it to Magdalen College, Oxford; it was published by the Oxford University Press in 1934.WEB, The Greek Herbal of Dioscorides,weblink Nature, 231–233, en, 10.1038/133231a0, February 1934, WEB, The John Goodyer Collection of Botanical Books,weblink Magdalen College,
formed the core of the European pharmacopeia through the 19th century, suggesting that "the timelessness of Dioscorides' work resulted from an empirical tradition based on trial and error; that it worked for generation after generation despite social and cultural changes and changes in medical theory".
The plant genus Dioscorea, which includes the yam, was named after him by Linnaeus. A butterfly, the bush hopper, Ampittia dioscorides which is found from India southeast towards Indonesia and east towards China, is named after him.BOOK, Florida Ethnobotany, Austin, Daniel F., illustrated, CRC Press, 2004, 9780203491881, 267,

Gallery

File:Uc2.ark 13960 t8rb76g72-seq 449 (cropped Dioscorides).jpg|Portrait of an old man; perhaps the physician Dioscorides, whose name is cut in front of it. Antique pasteFile:Dioscorides01.jpg|Later representation of DioscoridesFile:Portrait of Dioscorides from De Materia Medica cropped.jpg|Dioscorides as depicted in a 1240 Arabic edition of File:Dioscorides De Materia Medica Spain 12th 13th century.jpg| in Arabic, Spain, 12th–13th centuryFile:Arabic herbal medicine guidebook.jpeg|Cumin and dill from an Arabic book of simples (c. 1334) after Dioscorides (British Museum)File:Dioscorides De Materia Medica Byzantium 15th century.jpg|Byzantine , 15th centuryFile:Arabischer Maler des Kräuterbuchs des Dioskurides 004.jpg|Folio from an Arabic manuscript of Dioscorides, , 1229

Translations

  • BOOK,weblink De Materia Medica: Being an Herbal with many other medicinal materials, Translated by Tess Anne Osbaldeston; based on the 1655 translation of John Goodyer, 2000, Ibidis Press, Johannesburg, cancerlynx.com,
  • BOOK, De Materia Medica, Translated by Lily Y. Beck, 2005, Hildesheim, Olms-Weidmann,
  • BOOK, The Greek Herbal of Dioscorides, Translated by John Goodyer, 1655, R. W. T., Gunther, Robert Gunther, 1933,
  • BOOK, De Materia Medica : libri V Eiusdem de Venenis Libri duo, Translated by Iano Antonio Saraceno Lugdunaeo (Janus Antonius Saracenus), 1598,weblink digitale-sammlungen.de,

See also

Notes

{{notelist}}

References

{{Reflist|30em}}

Sources

  • BOOK, Allbutt, T. Clifford, Greek medicine in Rome,weblink 1921, Macmillan, London, 1-57898-631-1,
  • Bruins: Codex Constantinopolitanus: Palatii Veteris NO. 1 [3 volume set] Part 1: Reproduction of the Manuscript; Part 2: Greek Text; Part 3: Translation and Commentary Bruins, E. M. (Ed.)
  • Forbes, Andrew; Henley, Daniel; Henley, David (2013). 'Pedanius Dioscorides' in: Health and Well Being: A Medieval Guide. Chiang Mai: Cognoscenti Books.
  • JOURNAL, Hamilton, J. S., Scribonius Largus on the medical profession, Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 1986, 60, 2, 209–216, 3521772,
  • JOURNAL, Lazris, J., Stavros, V., L'image paradigmatique: des Schémas anatomiques d'Aristote au De materia medica de Dioscoride, Pallas, 2013, 93, 93, 131–164, 10.4000/pallas.1400,weblink free,
  • JOURNAL, Lazris, J., Stavros, V., The medical illustration in Antiquity, Reality Through Image, 18–23 (abstract),weblink
  • JOURNAL, Riddle, John, Dioscorides, Catalogus Translationum et Commentariorum, 1980, 4, 1,weblink 25 August 2015,
  • BOOK, Riddle, John M., Dioscorides on pharmacy and medicine, 1985, University of Texas Press, Austin, 0-292-71544-7,
  • BOOK, Sadek, M. M., The Arabic materia medica of Dioscorides, 1983, Les Éditions du sphinx, Québec, Canada, 2-920123-02-5,
  • JOURNAL, Scarborough, J., Nutton, V., The Preface of Dioscorides' Materia Medica: introduction, translation, and commentary, Transactions & Studies of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia, 1982, 4, 3, 187–227, 6753260,

External links

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