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}}Paramythia () is a town and a former municipality in Thesprotia, Epirus, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Souli, of which it is the seat and a municipal unit.WEB,weblink ΦΕΚ B 1292/2010, Kallikratis reform municipalities, el, Government Gazette (Greece), Government Gazette, The municipal unit has an area of 342.197 km2.WEB,weblink National Statistical Service of Greece, Population & housing census 2001 (incl. area and average elevation), el, The town's population is 2,608 as of the 2021 census.Paramythia acts as a regional hub for several small villages in the Valley of Paramythia and features shops, schools, a gym, a stadium and a medical center. Primary aspects of the economy are agriculture and trade. The town is built on the slopes of Mount Gorilla and overlooks the valley, below. The Castle of Paramythia was built on a hill in one of the highest points of the town during the Byzantine period and today is open to tourists.The modern Egnatia Highway which links Igoumenitsa with Ioannina, goes through the valley, north of the town of Paramythia.

Name

During the Byzantine and much of the Ottoman era the town was known in Greek as Agios Donatos (),Epirus, 4000 years of Greek history and civilization M. V. Sakellariou. Ekdotike Athenon, 1997. {{ISBN|978-960-213-371-2}}, p. 183 "modern Paramythia bore the Saint's name for many centuries..." (c. from 7th to 15th centuries) after the town's patron saint Saint Donatus of Evorea.Duka, Ferit; Society and Economy in Ottoman Çameria: Kazas of Ajdonat and Mazrak (Second Half of the 16th Century) p.3, periodic Historical Studies (Studime historike) issue: 34 / 2004Evliya Çelebi Seyahatnamesi, Hazırlayanlar: Seyit Ali Kahraman, Yücel Dağlı, YKY Yayınları, Istanbul 2002, pp. 107. {{in lang|tr}} This is the basis of the Albanian (Ajdonat or Ajdhonat) and the Turkish name (Aydonat).JOURNAL, Elsie, Robert, The Christian Saints of Albania, Balkanistica, 13, American Association for South Slavic Studies, 2000, 36,weblink The name "Paramythia" derives from one of the Virgin Mary's names in Greek ("Paramythia" in Greeks means comforter).paramythia.gr {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20020609043055weblink |date=2002-06-09 }} One of the neighbourhoods of the town was named after its church which was dedicated to Virgin Mary (Paramythia) and the toponym replaced the previous name most likely in the 18th century, as in the 17th century in Ottoman official documents, the town and the corresponding kaza (district) still appear as Aydonat.{{sfn|Balta|Oğuz|Yaşar|2011|p=353|ps=:The neighbourhood of Paramythia owed its name to the church of the Panagia of Paramythia (known as the Paregoretria, or Comforter).30 From the name of this ‘great church’ the kaza’s capital later took its name, most likely in the eighteenth century, because throughout the seventeenth century the city continued to be known as Aydonat, as is shown in the head tax registers (Fig. 2).3}} In Aromanian, it is known as or .

Geography

The Paramythia municipal unit consists of 23 communities. The total population of the municipal unit is 7,459 (2011). The town of Paramythia itself has a population of 2,730 and lies in an amphitheatre at an altitude of 750 m, at the foot of Mount Gorilla, between the Acheron and the Kalamas rivers. The Gorilla range (altitude 1,658 m) lies on the eastern side of the city and the Chionistra (1,644 m) to the Northeast. At the city limits is the Kokytos (Cocytus) River, one of the rivers of the underworld in Greek mythology. Paramythia's valley is one of the largest in Thesprotia and is one of the major agricultural areas in Epirus.

History

Antiquity

The earliest known inhabitants of the area were the Greek tribe of the Chaonians. Late bronze antiquities have been found in the "Tsardakia" area were a Mycenean settlement probably existed.Papadopoulos Thanasis J. The Late Bronze Age Daggers of the Aegean I: The Greek Mainland, Franz Steiner Verlag, 1998, pp. 22, 23L'habitat égéen préhistorique: actes de la Table Ronde internationale organisé par le Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, France, 1987, p. 361Paramythia originated with the ancient Chaonian city of Photike (), named after Photios, a leader of the Chaonians.An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis: An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation by Mogens Herman Hansen, 2005, page 340. A famous hoard of bronzes dating from the mid 2nd Century AD, nineteen bronze sculptures were discovered during the 1790s, near the village of Paramythia. Soon after their discovery, the hoard was dispatched to St Petersburg, to become part of Catherine the Great's collection. After her death, the original hoard was dispersed to various European collections. Eventually, fourteen of the statuettes reached the British Museum.British Museum Collection

Medieval era

(File:Paramythia.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Paramythia seen from the upper street during the dusk)( File:Part of Paramythia.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Paramythia as seen from the Byzantine castle)Photike, as with the rest of Epirus, became part of the Roman and subsequently Byzantine Empires. In the late Roman era it was the seat of a Bishopric and was renamed after Saint Donatus of Evorea.Following the fall of Constantinople to the Fourth Crusade in 1204, Photike became part of the Despotate of Epirus. The Despotate remained independent for the next two centuries, maintaining the Greek Byzantine traditions. In 1359 the Greek notables of the region together with those of nearby Ioannina sent a delegation to the Serb ruler Symeon to support their independence against possible attacks by Albanian tribesmen. The town remained part of the Despotate of Epirus but during the reign of despot Thomas II Preljubović the Greek commanders of Photike/Agios Donatos refused to accept them as their ruler. The town fell to the Ottomans in 1449.Epirus, as an Independent State: The Despotate of Epirus (in "4000 years of Greek history and civilization" Nicol D. Ekdotike Athenon, 1997. {{ISBN|978-960-213-371-2}}, pp. 214, 219. Paramythia was part of the Ottoman Sanjak of Ioannina.BOOK, H. Karpat, Kemal, Ottoman population, 1830-1914: demographic and social characteristics, 1985,weblink 22 September 2011, 146, 9780299091606, BOOK, Motika, Raoul, Türkische Wirtschafts- und Sozialgeschichte (1071-1920), 1995,weblink 22 September 2011, 297, Sancaks Yanya (Kazas: Yanya, Aydonat (Paramythia), Filat (Philiates), Meçova (Metsovo), Leskovik (war kurzzeitig Sancak) und Koniçe (Konitsa), 9783447036832,

Ottoman

In 1572 Paramythia came under the short term control of a Greek rebellion. According to Venetian reports Greek revolutionary leader Petros Lantzas killed the Ottoman commander of Paramythia BOOK, Χασιωτης, Ιωαννης Κ, Οι Ελληνες στις παραμονες της ναυμαχιας της Ναυπακτου: ηκκλησεις, επαναστατικες κινησεις και εξεγερσεις στην Ελληνικη χερσονησο απο τις παραμονες ως το τελος του Κυπριακου πολεμου (1568-1571), 1970, Hetaireia Makedonikōn Spoudōn, 152, 215,weblink el, Το 1572 ο Πέτρος Λάντζας, που είχε παίξει πρωτεύοντα ρόλο στην κατάλυση της τουρκικής εξουσιάς στα μέρη αυτά, ζήτησε από τη βενετική κυβέρνηση να του αναθύση τη διοίκηση όλης της περιοχής που είχε επαναστατήσει, δηλαδή από τη Σαγιάδα ως τα σύνορα της Πρέβεζας και σε βάθος που έφτανε στην Παραμυθιά... ...Alvive Zorzi αναφέρει ότι ο Λάντζας είχε επιτύχει σε μιαν από τις παράτολμες επιχειρήσεις του στην Ήπειρο να σκοτώση τον Τούρκο διοικητή της Παραμηθιάς, Up to the late 16th century and early 17th century, most of the population of Paramythia was Christian. In the 1583 defter, many of the names of household heads are typical Christian Albanian names (Gjon, Lekë, Pal). Most inhabitants possibly spoke Albanian within their household, but there were also Greek-speakers and bilingualism between Albanian and Greek was likely in the area.{{sfn|Malcolm|2020|p=94}} In the Ottoman period, much of the economic and political life of Paramythia was controlled by the feudal landholding families which emerged in the region. One of the most significant of these in Paramythia was the Albanian Proniari family which had firmly established itself by the late 18th century.{{sfn|Balta|Oğuz|Yaşar|2011|p=361|ps=:The Venetian archive contains an interesting account of the conversion of a man who was in all likelihood a Christian sipahi by the name of Ahmet Proniari of Agia, who organized in June 1558 incursions against Parga undertaken with the help of other men from the same village.77 It is worth noting that Proniariswas the name of a large family of Albanian notables and agas with a strong presence in Paramythia at the end of the eighteenth century.}} Cham Albanian landlords of Paramythia and Margariti were in conflict with Ali Pasha of Yannina during much of the Pashalik of Yanina era.{{sfn|Malcolm|2020|p=163}} These families by the end of the Ottoman era would hold almost 90% of the arable land of the plain of Paramythia. This economic division between mostly Muslim landlords and Christian peasants contributed strongly to a political shift of a part of the population towards the Kingdom of Greece since the late 19th century.{{sfn|Tsoutsoumpis|2015|p=122|ps=:The majority of the arable land in the region was owned by a handful of absentee Muslim landlords who owned approximately 90% of the arable land in the areas of Fanari and Paramithia, and more than 60% in Filiates. (..) Land disputes created fertile ground for irredentist propaganda and the sympathies of the area’s population had been shifting towards the newly-created Greek Kingdom since the late 19th century}}A Greek language school, had been attested since 1682. It declined and closed in the mid-18th century,WEB, Σχολή Παραμυθίας. [School of Paramythia],weblink 2010-10-30, Κάτοπρον Ελληνικής Επιστήμης και Φιλοσοφίας (University of Athens), el, however, another Greek school was continuously operating from the late 17th century and at 1842 was expanded with additional classes.BOOK, Sakellariou, M. V., Epirus, 4000 years of Greek history and civilization, Ekdotike Athenon, 1997, 978-960-213-371-2,weblink 306, In 1854 a major revolt took place in Epirus and the town came briefly under the control of guerilla Souliote forces that demanded the union of Epirus with Greece.M. V. Sakellariou. Epirus, 4000 years of Greek history and civilization. Ekdotike Athenon, 1997. {{ISBN|978-960-213-371-2}}, p. 288

Contemporary

During the early 20th century, although the majority of local Muslims were Albanian-speaking, there were considerable communities Greek-speaking and Romani Muslim communities, which had emigrated to the area from southern Greece after 1821. The Christian Orthodox community in the lowland area in Paramythia was mainly Albanian-speaking.{{sfn|Tsoutsoumpis|2015|p=121|ps=:quote=While the majority of local Muslims were Albanian-speakers, there was a significant presence of Roma and Greek-speaking Muslims in the towns of Parga and Paramithia, many of whom had emigrated from southern Greece after the 1821 revolution. The «Greek» community was also highly fragmented. The majority of Christians in the highlands of Mourgana and Souli were Greek speakers, while in the lowland areas of Margariti, Igoumenitsa and Paramithia, Albanian speakers comprised the majority}} After the end of the Balkan Wars (1912–1913) the town became part of the Greek state, as with the rest of Epirus region. In the interwar period, Paramythia was a centre of the Albanian speaking area of Chameria and mainly an Albanian speaking market town that after 1939 increasingly became Greek-speaking.BOOK, Hammond, Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière, Epirus: the Geography, the Ancient Remains, the History and Topography of Epirus and Adjacent Areas, 1967, Oxford, Clarendon Press,weblink 9780198142539, 27, "The market towns of Filiates and Paramythia were mainly Albanian in speech before 1939, but Greek speech was beginning to flow back to them."; p. 50. "and it is the most southerly of the villages of Tsamouria, the Albanian speaking area of which Margariti and Paramythia are centres." During the Greek-Italian War the town was burned by Cham Albanian bands (October 28-November 14, 1940) and Greek notables were killed.Georgia Kretsi. Verfolgung und Gedächtnis in Albanien: eine Analyse postsozialistischer Erinnerungsstrategien. Harrassowitz, 2007. {{ISBN|978-3-447-05544-4}}, p. 283. In the following Axis occupation of Greece (1941-1944) the town had a population of 6,000 inhabitants; 3,000 Greeks and 3,000 Cham Albanians.Meyer 2008: 464 In 1928, representatives from the Cham Albanian communities in Paramythia, Karvounari and Filiates, requested the opening of two Muslim schools which they would fund themselves. The Greek authorities officially rejected the request, fearing that these Muslim schools would serve Albanian state propaganda by promoting an anti-Greek sentiment among the Chams of Greece. Regardless, the Greek government allowed their operation unofficially because it could close them as illegal at any time, and could also claim that their function fulfilled demands for Albanian schools in Chameria.BOOK, Fortna, Benjamin, Katsikas, Stefanos, Kamouzis, Dimitris, Konortas, Paraskevas, State-Nationalisms in the Ottoman Empire, Greece and Turkey: Orthodox and Muslims, 1830-1945, 2012, Routledge, 978-1136220524, 161,weblink Paramythia first fell under Italian control and then under German rule after Italy's capitulation (September 1943). As Italy entered its phase of capitulation throughout 1943, EDES tried to approach the Cham community unsuccessfully in May 1943, but they reached a brief ceasefire in July 1943 in the area of Paramythia.{{sfn|Tsoutsoumpis|2015|p=133|ps=:Furthermore, EDES approached the Cham community in May 1943. This tactic failed, but talks were rekindled during July 1943 and resulted in a brief ceasefire between EDES and the Chams in the area of Paramithia.}} Italian collapse in the region was followed by the entry of the German army. In Paramythia, as the Italian units were disbanding, the Cham militia clashed with left wing ELAS which tried to disarm them. ELAS controlled part of the town briefly, but was quickly routed by the German advance. Members of the Geheime Feldpolizei were also sent to Paramythia to organize and use the Cham groups.BOOK, Muñoz, Antonio, The German Secret Field Police in Greece, 1941-1944, 2018, McFarland, 978-1476667843,weblink 79=80, In an operation which followed by the 1st Mountain Division with the assistance of the Cham militia during the week of September 20–29 up to 200 Greeks in and around Paramythia were killed and 19 municipalities were destroyed.Meyer 2008: 476 In one incident, on the night of 27 September 1943, Cham militias arrested 53 Greek civilians in Paramythia and executed 49 of them two days later. This action was orchestrated by the brothers Nuri and Mazar Dino (an officer of the Cham militia) in order to get rid of the town's Greek representatives and intellectuals. According to German reports, Cham militias were also part of the firing squad.Meyer 2008: 469-471 On September 30, the Swiss representative of the International Red Cross, Hans-Jakob Bickel, visited the area and confirmed the attacks committed by the Cham militia in collaboration with the Axis forces.Meyer 2008: 498On June 26–27, 1944, under orders from the Allied headquarters the town was taken by the National Republican Greek League (EDES). There are competing timelines about the events of the surrender of the town. Some sources mention that EDES possibly negotiated their entry in Paramythia with the German army which was about to retreat together with the Cham units. The Cham militia then tried unsuccessfully to capture the town. Others mention that EDES took the town after defeating the Nazi German-Cham defence. The Germans retreated without significant losses, while the remaining armed Albanian units were disarmed.JOURNAL, Manta, Eleftheria, 2009, The Cams of Albania and the Greek State (1923 - 1945), Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 4, 9,weblink 2 February 2016, 9, Cham militia and German Wehrmacht then tried unsuccessfully to recapture the town.Kallivretakis, Leonidas (1995). "Η ελληνική κοινότητα της Αλβανίας υπό το πρίσμα της ιστορικής γεωγραφίας και δημογραφίας [The Greek Community of Albania in terms of historical geography and demography." In Nikolakopoulos, Ilias, Kouloubis Theodoros A. & Thanos M. Veremis (eds). Ο Ελληνισμός της Αλβανίας [The Greeks of Albania]. University of Athens. p. 39: "Επανειλημμένες απόπειρες των γερμανικών και τσάμικων τμημάτων να ανακαταλάβουν την Παραμυθιά τους επόμενους μήνες απέτυχαν." EDES issued a proclamation which guaranteed the safety of the Cham community and their property, but soon after it established itself in the town the expulsion of Cham Albanians began.JOURNAL, Kretsi, Georgia, The 'Secret' Past of the Greek-Albanian Borderlands, Cham Muslim Albanians: Perspectives on a Conflict over Historical Accountability and Current Rights, Ethnologia Balkanica, 2002, 6, 182,weblink On the night of June 26/27, 1944, the EDES 10th division advanced towards the city of Paramithia. By some accounts they even negotiated with the German forces whose retreat was imminent. (..) The EDES issued a proclamation alleging that all Muslims would be free and that their properties would be secure. After Paramithia was captured, however, the signal for the ultimate expulsion of the Muslims was given., According to an estimate, 600 Albanians were killed in Paramythia,JOURNAL, Petrov, Bisser, National Republican Greek League EDES, Études balkaniques, 2009, 45, 3–4, 30,weblink Academy of Sciences of Bulgaria, On June 27, 1944, EDES units overran the town of Paramythia and killed about 600 Albanians. On the next day, another EDES battalion reached Parga and killed another 52., while other accounts limit this number to 300.BOOK, Kretsi, Georgia, Verfolgung und Gedächtnis in Albanien: eine Analyse postsozialistischer Erinnerungsstrategien, 2007, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 978-3-447-05544-4, 284,weblink de, in die griechische Stadt Paramithia ein... Allein hier verloren um die 300 Camen ihr Leben., Almost all buildings inhabited by Muslim Albanians in the town were destroyed during World War II warfare.BOOK, Kiel, Machiel, Ottoman architecture in Albania, 1385-1912,weblink 1 November 2010, 1990, Research Centre for Islamic History, Art and Culture, 978-92-9063-330-3, 3,

Notable inhabitants

• Sotirios Voulgaris, the notable Greek WEB,weblink Bulgari, 2009-06-03,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20090815053416weblink">weblink 2009-08-15, dead, who founded the jewelry and luxury goods company Bulgari. His jewelry store in Paramythia survives. Following his wish, his sons funded the building of the elementary school of the town.
• Dionysius the Philosopher (1560–1611), Greek monk and revolutionary.
• Alexios Pallis (1803–1885), Greek writer.
• Azis Tahir Ajdonati, an Albanian from Paramythia, representative of Chameria in the Vlora Congress, signatory of Albanian Declaration of Independence.

Subdivisions

The municipal unit Paramythia is subdivided into the following communities (constituent villages in brackets):

• Agia Kyriaki
• Ampelia (Ampelia, Agios Panteleimonas, Rapi)
• Chrysavgi
• Elataria
• Grika
• Kallithea (Kallithea, Avaritsa, Vrysopoula)
• Karioti
• Karvounari (Karvounari, Kyra Panagia)
• Krystallopigi (Krystallopigi, Kefalovryso)
• Neochori (Neochori, Agios Georgios, Neraida)
• Pagkrates
• Paramythia (Paramythia, Agios Georgios, Agios Donatos)
• Pente Ekklisies
• Petousi
• Petrovitsa
• Plakoti
• Polydroso
• Prodromi (Prodromi, Dafnoula)
• Psaka (Psaka, Nounesati)
• Saloniki
• Sevasto
• Xirolofos (Xirolofos, Rachouli)
• Zervochori (Zervochori, Asfaka, Kamini)

See also

• List of cities in ancient Epirus
• Axis-Cham Albanian collaboration
• Paramythia executions
• Paramythia Hoard
• Metropolis of Paramythia, Filiates, Giromeri and Parga

Gallery

File:Old town paramythia.jpg|Old part of ParamythiaFile:Byzantine Castle of Paramythia.jpg|The Byzantine castle seen from the streets of ParamythiaFile:Byzantine church paramythia.jpg|Byzantine church of the Koimesis (13th century AD)File:Byzantine Baths of Paramythia (15th Century).jpg|Byzantine baths of Paramythia (early 15th century AD) File:Paramythia, Thesprotia-Tower Koulia-Jul2014.jpg|Ottoman tower (Koulia, 17th century AD)File:Ο κήπος του «Αρχοντικού Ρίγγα 1872», στην Παραμυθιά - panoramio.jpg|Rigas mansion (1872)File:Paramythia`s marketplace 1915.jpg|The marketplace of Paramythia (1915)

References

{{Reflist|2}}

Sources

• BOOK, Balta, Evangelia, OÄŸuz, Mustafa, YaÅŸar, Filiz, Forsén, Björn, Tikkala, Esko, Thesprotia Expedition II. Environment and Settlement Patterns, 2011, Foundation of the Finnish Institute at Athens, 978-952-67211-2-5,weblink Εthnic and Religious Composition of Ottoman Thesprotia in the 15th to 17th centuries,
• BOOK, Malcolm, Noel, Rebels, Believers, Survivors: Studies in the History of the Albanians, 2020, Oxford University Press, 978-0192599223,weblink
• BOOK, Meyer, Hermann Frank, Blutiges Edelweiß: Die 1. Gebirgs-division im zweiten Weltkrieg [Bloodstained Edelweiss. The 1st Mountain-Division in WWII], Ch. Links Verlag, de, 2008, Meyer, 978-3-86153-447-1,weblink
• JOURNAL, Tsoutsoumpis, Spiros, Violence, resistance and collaboration in a Greek borderland: the case of the Muslim Chams of Epirus "Qualestoria" n. 2, dicembre 2015, Qualestoria, 2015, 2,weblink 16 January 2018, en,

External links

• Official website

{{Paramythia}}{{Cham Albanians}}{{Authority control}}