GetWiki

{{Short description|A traditional bull fighting sport in Tamil Nadu}}{{other uses}}{{redirect|Manju virattu|the 1994 film|Manju Virattu (film)}}{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}

factoids

Jallikattu (or Sallikkattu), also known as Eru Taḻuvuá¹­al and Manju-virattu,NEWS,www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Governor-clears-ordinance-on-%E2%80%98jallikattu%E2%80%99/article17074093.ece, Governor clears ordinance on ‘jallikattu’, Ramakrishnan, T., The Hindu, 2017-02-26, en, is a traditional event in which a zebu bull (Bos indicus), such as the PulikulamBOOK,books.google.com/books?id=2UEJDAAAQBAJ&q=jallikattu+pulikulam&pg=PA275author1=Valerie Porter author3=Stephen J.G. Hall date=9 March 2016 page=275Kangayam cattle>Kangayam breeds,RAMESH, C. >AUTHOR2=MARIAYYAH, P. AUTHOR4=RAJENDRAN, K.JOURNAL=JOURNAL OF RECENT RESEARCH AND APPLIED STUDIES ISSUE=7TITLE=A STUDY OF SPORTS AND RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES OF PURA VILLAGE PEOPLE AND THEIR ATTITUDE TOWARDS THESE ACTIVITIES, is released into a crowd of people, and many human participants attempt to grab the large hump on the bull’s back with both arms and hang on to it while the bull attempts to escape. Participants hold the hump for as long as possible, attempting to bring the bull to a stop. In some cases, participants must ride long enough to remove flags on the bull’s horns.HTTPS://THEWIRE.IN/19157/BANNING-JALLIKATTU-WILL-DECIMATE-INDIAS-INDIGENOUS-CATTLE-BREEDS/>TITLE=BANNING JALLIKATTU WILL DECIMATE INDIA’S INDIGENOUS CATTLE BREEDS – THE WIRELAST=ANUGULAACCESS-DATE=17 JANUARY 2017, Jallikattu is typically practised in some regions of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu (peculiarly in Southern and Western Tamil Nadu) as a part of Pongal celebrations on Mattu Pongal day, which occurs annually in January.Because of incidents of injury and death associated with the sport, both to the participants and to the animals forced into it, animal rights organizations have called for a ban on the sport, resulting in the Supreme Court of India banning it several times over the past years. However, with protests from the people against the ban, a new ordinance was made in 2017 to continue the sport.NEWS, Safi, Michael,www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jan/23/tamil-nadu-passes-order-lift-jallikattu-bull-taming-ban-india-protests, Tamil Nadu passes order to lift bull-taming ban after angry protests, 2017-01-23, The Guardian, 2020-03-26, en-GB, 0261-3077,

Etymology

Ancient Tamil Sangams described the practice as (), literally ‘bull embracing’. The modern term () or () is derived from (’coins’) and (’package’), which refers to a prize of coins that is tied to the bull’s horns and that participants attempt to retrieve.WEB,www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/politics-of-pongal-outrage-over-jallikattu-but-not-over-drought/story-7KOJUrvB0J3SwOnHXnPbjL.html, Politics of Pongal: Outrage over Jallikattu but not over drought in Tamil Nadu, 14 January 2017, ({{Script|Taml|மஞ்சு விரட்டு}}) literally means ‘bull chasing’.

History

(File:A Bull baiting inscription 1.JPG|thumb|An inscription on at government museum in Tamil Nadu) (File:Jallikattu seal - Mohenjo-Daro.jpg|thumb|Indus Valley seal depicting Eru Thazhuvuthal)A cave painting in white kaolin discovered near Madurai depicting a lone man trying to control a bull is estimated to be about 1,500 years old.WEB,www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/bull-chasing-an-ancient-tamil-tradition/article1179359.ece, Bull chasing, an ancient Tamil tradition, The Hindu, 13 January 2013, 14 January 2014,www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/bull-chasing-an-ancient-tamil-tradition/article1179359.ece," title="web.archive.org/web/20140114121512www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/bull-chasing-an-ancient-tamil-tradition/article1179359.ece,">web.archive.org/web/20140114121512www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/bull-chasing-an-ancient-tamil-tradition/article1179359.ece, dead, An ancient tin coin discovered by a numismatist could be a fresh evidence of Jallikattu. R.Krishnamurthy, president of the South Indian Numismatic Society, estimated that the coin belongs to third or fourth century BC. Since the coin was made on tin, which was then available only in South-East Asian countries.WEB,www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2015/Aug/06/ancient-tin-coin-suggests-existence-of-jallikattu-in-the-sangam-era-795381.html, Ancient Tin coin Suggests Existence of Jallikattu in the Sangam Era, 6 August 2015, Jallikattu venues“>

Jallikattu venues

{{Animal rights sidebar}}File:Jallikattu in Tamil Nadu.jpg|thumb|left| at Tamil NaduTamil NaduWell-known jallikattu venues include the following:{| class=“wikitable“|+!Venue!DistrictAlanganallurPOPULAR PLACES TO VISIT IN TAMILNADU FOR JALLIKATTU? – TAMILNADU TOURISMURL=HTTPS://WWW.TAMILNADUTOURISM.COM/BLOG/POPULAR-PLACES-TO-VISIT-IN-TAMILNADU-FOR-JALLIKATTU/LANGUAGE=EN-US, |MaduraiAvaniapuram>AvaniyapuramMadurai district>Madurai|Palamedu Madurai district>Madurai|ThammampattiSalem district>Salem|Vanniyan ViduthyPudukkottai district>Pudukkottai|ThiruvapurPudukkottai district>Pudukkottai|SiravayalSivaganga district>Sivagangai|KandupattiSivaganga district>Sivagangai|VendanpattiPudukkottai district>Pudukkottai|PallavarayanpattyTheni district>Theni|Neikarapatti Dindigul district>Dindigal|Malayadipatty Trichy district>Trichy|SooriyurTrichy district>Trichy|AllithuraiTrichy district>Trichy|Madhakottai|Thanjavur|Thirukkanurpatti|Thanjavur

Variants and rules

Some variants include:NEWS,www.hindu.com/2008/01/15/stories/2008011553700400.htm, An ancient tradition sport, The Hindu, 13 January 2013,www.hindu.com/2008/01/15/stories/2008011553700400.htm," title="web.archive.org/web/20140626112519www.hindu.com/2008/01/15/stories/2008011553700400.htm,">web.archive.org/web/20140626112519www.hindu.com/2008/01/15/stories/2008011553700400.htm, 26 June 2014, dead,

• : This is the most common category of . The bull is released from a closed space () and the contestants attempt to wrap their arms or hands around the hump of the bull and hold on to it to win the award. Only one person is allowed to attempt at a time. This variant is most common in the districts of Madurai, Theni, Thanjavur, and Salem.
• : In this variant the approach is slightly different as the bull is directly released into open ground. The rules are the same as that of vadi majuviraá¹­á¹­u. This is a popular variant in the districts of Sivagangai and Madurai.
• : In this variant, the bull is tied with a {{convert|15|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} rope ( means ‘circle’ in Tamil). There are no other physical restrictions for the bull and hence it can move freely anywhere. The maximum time period given is 30 minutes. A team of seven to nine members can attempt to untie the gift token that is tied on the bull’s horn.

Bulls enter the competition area through a gate called the . Typically, participants must only hold onto the bull’s hump. In some variations, they are disqualified if they hold onto the bull’s neck, horns or tail. There may be several goals to the game depending on the region. In some versions, contestants must either hold the bull’s hump for 30 seconds or for {{Convert|15|m|ft}}.WEB,newsable.asianetnews.tv/south/rules-of-jallikattu-ban-supreme-court-pongal-without-bull-taming-tamil-nadu-jallikattu, ‘Bulls cannot be hurt’ is the golden rule of Jallikattu, but who follows it?, asianetnews.tv, 16 March 2018, If the contestant is thrown by the bull or falls, they lose. Some variations only allow for one contestant. If two people grab the hump, then neither person wins.WEB,www.outlookindia.com/videos/jallikattu:-what-are-the-rules-of-the-game/393, Jallikattu: What are the rules of the game, 20 January 2017, Outlook,

Breeding

Bos indicus bulls are bred specifically by people of the village for the event. Bulls that are able to participate successfully in the event are used as studs for breeding. These bulls also fetch higher prices in the markets.NEWS,www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-36798500, Jallikattu: Why India bullfighting ban ‘threatens native breeds’, Natarajan, Swaminathan, 19 July 2016, BBC News, en-GB, 17 January 2017,

Training and preparation

(File:ஏறுதழுவும் விழா.JPG|thumb|200px|A bull being prepared for )

Training

Kabaddi was played as a warm up sport before the players enter the arena for Jallikattu.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}

Preparation

With the introduction of the Regulation of Jallikattu Act, 2009,WEB,www.lawsofindia.org/statelaw/7702/TheTamilNaduRegulationofJallikattuAct2009.html, Laws of India: The Tamil Nadu Regulation of Jallikattu Act, 2009, www.lawsofindia.org, 20 January 2017, by the Tamil Nadu legislature, the following activities were done in preparation of the event:

1. A written permission is obtained from the respective collector, thirty days prior to conduct of event along with notification of the event location.
2. The arena and the way through which the bulls pass through is double-barricaded, in order to avoid injuries to the spectators and by-standers who may be permitted to remain within the barricades.
3. The necessary gallery areas are built up along the double barricades.
4. The necessary permissions are obtained from the collector for the participants and the bulls fifteen days prior.
5. Final preparation before the event include a complete testing by the authorities of the Animal Husbandry Department, to ensure that performance enhancement drugs, liquor or other irritants are not used on the bulls.

Animal rights concerns

Between 2008 and 2014, 43 humans and 4 bulls were killed in the events. In 2017, there were 23 deaths in addition to about 2,500 human injuries and several instances of injury to the bulls.NEWS, 23 died in jallikattu in last one year, The Hindu, Chennai, Kasturi & Sons, 8 February 2018,www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/23-died-in-jallikattu-in-last-one-year/article22683470.ece, 11 February 2018, Year 2020 saw 5 deaths from participation in the event.WEB,www.dailypioneer.com/2020/page1/5-die-still-jallikattu-all-the-rage-in-tn.html, 5 die still Jallikattu all the rage in TN, Pioneer, The, The Pioneer, en, 2020-03-26, Animal welfare concerns are related to the handling of the bulls before they are released and also during competitor’s attempts to subdue the bull. Practices before the bull is released include prodding the bull with sharp sticks or scythes, extreme bending of the tail which can fracture the vertebrae, and biting of the bull’s tail. There are also reports of the bulls being forced to drink alcohol to disorient them, or chilli peppers being rubbed in their eyes to aggravate the bull.NEWS, Jallikattu cheat sheet: 10 things you should know about the bull-taming sport, Ray, A., Economic Times, 19 Jan 2017, 23 January 2017,economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/jallikattu-cheat-sheet-10-things-you-should-know-about-the-bull-taming-sport/articleshow/56664079.cms, During attempts to subdue the bull, they are stabbed by various implements such as knives or sticks, punched, jumped on and dragged to the ground. In variants in which the bull is not enclosed, they may run into traffic or other dangerous places, sometimes resulting in broken bones or death.NEWS, Jallikattu: Why India bullfighting ban ‘threatens native breeds’, Natarajan, S., BBC News, 19 July 2016, 20 January 2017,www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-36798500, WEB, Jallikattu debate: Animal rights experts expose ‘cruelty’ of Indian bullfighting tradition, Mogul, P., 12 January 2016,www.ibtimes.co.uk/jallikattu-debate-animal-rights-experts-expose-cruelty-indian-bullfighting-tradition-1537536, 3 February 2017, International Business Times, Protestors claim that is promoted as bull taming, however, others suggest it exploits the bull’s natural nervousness as prey animals by deliberately placing them in a terrifying situation in which they are forced to run away from the competitors which they perceive as predators and the practice effectively involves catching a terrified animal.NEWS,www.thequint.com/india/2017/01/11/jallikattu-is-not-barbaric-banning-it-destroys-local-breeds-a-cattle-market-reveals-all-meat-market-cows-bulls, The Quint, Jallikattu Ban: ‘Send Them to the Butchers’ is now the only option, 11 January 2017, Along with human injuries and fatalities, bulls themselves sometimes sustain injuries or die, which people may interpret as a bad omen for the village.In his 2012 book Animal Rights Without Liberation, which analyses the use of animals in cultural practices and concerns about hypocrisy, political theorist Alasdair Cochrane argues that culture cannot outweigh animal rights{{sfn|Cochrane|2012|pp=184–186}} or outweigh animal interests in not being killed,{{sfn|Cochrane|2012|pp=188–190}} even if this entails the destruction of cultures “defined entirely by the grave harm [they cause] to animals“{{sfn|Cochrane|2012|pp=190–192}} and cites as an example to argue that culture or human interests cannot outweigh animal interests in not suffering.{{sfn|Cochrane|2012|pp=186–188}} An investigation by the Animal Welfare Board of India concluded that ” is inherently cruel to animals”.NEWS, Jallikattu: Bull taming is cruelty at its best, TN parties using it for political gains, Maulekhi, G., 13 January 2017, 25 January 2017, FirstPost,www.firstpost.com/india/jallikattu-bull-taming-is-cruelty-at-its-best-tn-parties-using-it-for-political-gains-2564184.html, NEWS, Rajagopol, Krishnadas, 22 September 2016, SC to hear Animal Welfare Board’s petition challenging jallikattu order, The Hindu,www.thehindu.com/news/national/SC-to-hear-Animal-Welfare-Board%E2%80%99s-petition-challenging-jallikattu-order/article13994379.ece, Animal welfare organisations such as the Federation of Indian Animal Protection Organisations (FIAPO)WEB,www.fiapo.org/our-campaigns/save-the-bulls-support-the-ban/, Save the bulls, support the ban, FIAPO, 15 January 2016,www.fiapo.org/our-campaigns/save-the-bulls-support-the-ban/," title="web.archive.org/web/20170117203915www.fiapo.org/our-campaigns/save-the-bulls-support-the-ban/,">web.archive.org/web/20170117203915www.fiapo.org/our-campaigns/save-the-bulls-support-the-ban/, 17 January 2017, dead, and PETA India have protested against the practice.NEWS,www.thehindu.com/news/national/PETA-Jallikattu-stay-%E2%80%98partial-victory%E2%80%99-for-bulls/article13995899.ece, PETA: Jallikattu stay ‘partial victory’ for bulls, PTI, The Hindu, 2017-02-26, en, NEWS,www.reuters.com/article/us-india-peta-bulls-idUSSP19914020080118, Reuters, PETA founder held in India over bullfight protest, 8 January 2016, The Indian Minister of Women and Child Development Maneka Gandhi denied the claim by aficionados that the sport is only to demonstrate the “Tamil love for the bull”, citing that the Tirukkural does not sanction cruelty to animals.NEWS, Gandhi, Maneka, Justifying jallikattu by citing Thirukkural is self-defeating: The Tamil text didn’t condone animal cruelty, Firstpost, New Delhi, 7 March 2017,www.firstpost.com/india/justify-jallikattu-by-citing-thirukkural-is-self-defeating-the-tamil-text-didnt-condone-animal-cruelty-3319034.html, 11 February 2022, NEWS, Knowing the truth of Thirukkural, Business Economics, Kolkata, 16 March 2017,businesseconomics.in/knowing-truth-thirukkural, 11 February 2022,

Ban, protests and authorization

{{See also|2017 pro-Jallikattu protests}}{{World bullfighting bans}}(File:Protesters at Marina.jpg|thumb|Anti-ban protesters at Marina beach, January 2017)The Animal Welfare Board of India filed a case in the Supreme Court of India for an outright ban on because of the cruelty to animals and the threat to public safety involved.On 27 November 2010, the Supreme Court permitted the Government of Tamil Nadu to allow for five months in a year and directed the District Collectors to make sure that the animals that participate in are registered to the Animal Welfare Board and in return the Board would send its representative to monitor the event. The Government of Tamil Nadu ordered that {{INRConvert|2|L}} be deposited by the organizers in case of an accident or injury during the event and enacted a rule to allow a team of veterinarians be present at the venue for certifying the bulls for participation in the event and to provide treatment for bulls that get injured.NEWS,www.sify.com/news/1-killed-30-injured-in-jallikattu-news-national-lbqxadbecdbsi.html,www.sify.com/news/1-killed-30-injured-in-jallikattu-news-national-lbqxadbecdbsi.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20160128100152www.sify.com/news/1-killed-30-injured-in-jallikattu-news-national-lbqxadbecdbsi.html,">web.archive.org/web/20160128100152www.sify.com/news/1-killed-30-injured-in-jallikattu-news-national-lbqxadbecdbsi.html, dead, 28 January 2016, 1 killed in Jalikattu, Sify, 16 January 2011, The Ministry of Environment and Forests issued a notification in 2011 that banned the use of bulls as performing animals, thereby banning the eventWEB,onelawstreet.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Animal-Welfare-Board-of-India-v.-A-Nagraja-Jallikattu.pdf, Animal Welfare Board of India vs. Nagaraja, 7 May 2014, WEB,www.petaindia.com/blog/sc-bans-jallikattu-bull-races-fights/, SC bans Jalikattu, 7 May 2014, PETA, 8 January 2016, But the practice continued to be held under Tamil Nadu Regulation of Jallikattu Act No 27 of 2009.WEB,www.tniuscbe.org/download/gg/gg190.pdf, Tamil Nadu Regulation of Jallikattu Act, 21 July 2009, The Wire, On 7 May 2014, the Supreme Court of India struck down the State law and banned altogether.NEWS, J.Venkatesan,www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/supreme-court-bans-jallikattu-in-tamil-nadu/article5986025.ece, Supreme Court bans Jallikattu in Tamil Nadu, The Hindu, 8 May 2014, The Supreme Court noted that any flouting of the ban should result in penalties for cruelty to animals under The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960.NEWS,timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/SC-bans-Jallikattu-bull-fights-in-Tamil-Nadu/articleshow/34778562.cms, SC bans Jallikattu bull fights in-Tamil-Nadu, The Times of India, 7 May 2014, The court also asked the Government of India to amend the law on preventing cruelty to animals to bring bulls within its ambit. The Supreme Court also ruled that cruelty is inherent in these events, as bulls are not anatomically suited for such activities and making them participate is subjecting them to unnecessary pain and suffering, so such events were outlawed.NEWS,www.firstpost.com/india/jallikattu-is-an-abuse-not-a-sport-sc-to-hear-pleas-against-centre-notification-lifting-ban-on-jallikattu-2579990.html, ‘Jallikattu is an abuse, not a sport’: SC to hear pleas against Centre notification lifting ban on Jallikattu, First Post, 12 January 2016, NEWS,www.thecitizen.in/NewsDetail.aspx?Id=6507&Jallikattu:/Red/Rag/For/the/Law, Jallikattu: Red Rag For the Law, The Citizen, 14 January 2016, On 8 January 2016, the Ministry of Environment and Forests permitted the continuation of the tradition under certain conditions, effectively ending the ban.NEWS,indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/centre-lifts-ban-on-jallikattu-tn-politicians-welcome-move/, Centre lifts ban, The Indian Express, 8 January 2016, NEWS,onelawstreet.com/2016/01/httponelawstreet-comwp-contentuploads201601moef-allows-use-of-bulls-in-jallikattu-in-tamilnadu-pdf/, Ministry of Environment and Forest allows use of bulls in Jallikattu in Tamil Nadu, 7 January 2016, One Law Street, NEWS,www.thehindu.com/news/national/centre-allows-tn-to-conduct-jallikattu/article8081472.ece, Centre allows Jalikattu, The Hindu, 8 January 2016, However, on 14 January 2016, the Supreme Court of India issued a stay on this order, upholding the ban, after a petition filed by the Animal Welfare Board of India and PETA India, leading to protests all over Tamil Nadu.NEWS,www.thehindu.com/news/national/supreme-court-refuses-to-vacate-stay-on-jallikattu-order/article8102180.ece, Supreme Court refuses to vacate stay on Jallikattu order, The Hindu, 13 January 2016, The Supreme Court refused to review its decision on 26 July 2016.NEWS,timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/supreme-court-turns-down-plea-to-allow-bull-taming-sport-jallikattu-before-pongal/articleshow/56494779.cms, Supreme Court turns down plea to allow bull-taming sport Jallikattu before Pongal, The Times of India, 17 January 2017, On 16 January 2016, the World Youth Organization (WYO) protested at Chennai against the stay on the order overturning ban on conducting in Tamil Nadu. The WYO also demanded a ban on PETA in India.WEB, PETA Should be Banned in India : World Youth Organization â€“ Thanthi TV,www.yarloosai.com/watch/9dsVZ5KSYe8/UU-JFyL0zDFOsPMpuWu39rPA/peta-should-be-banned-in-india-world-youth-organization-thanthi-tv.html, yarloosai.com, 16 January 2016, 6 June 2016, WEB, World Youth Organization demands ban on PETA in India,www.thenewsminute.com/article/tit-tat-tn-youth-organization-demands-ban-peta-india-37788, The News Minute, 16 January 2016, 16 January 2016, On 8 January 2017, several hundreds of protesters conducted a rally at the Marina in Chennai opposing the ban on .NEWS,www.firstpost.com/india/jallikattu-supporters-organise-rally-in-chennai-for-seeking-permission-to-hold-bull-taming-sport-3194152.html, Jallikattu: Supporters organise rally in Chennai for seeking permission to hold bull-taming sport, 8 January 2017, Firstpost, en-US, 11 January 2017, The participants walked from the lighthouse to the labour statue bearing posters saying “save ”.NEWS,www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/Thousands-hit-the-streets-for-jallikattu/article17012110.ece, Thousands hit the streets for jallikattu, Staff Reporter, The Hindu, 11 January 2017, NEWS, Hindu, The, Protest on Marina brings traffic to a standstill,www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Protest-on-Marina-brings-traffic-to-a-standstill/article17052122.ece, 19 January 2017, The Hindu, 18 January 2017, A few churches openly conducted prayer mass and rally against the Supreme Court ruling.NEWS, Hindu, The, Protests, rallies for jallikattu,www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Protests-rallies-for-jallikattu/article17029320.ece, 19 January 2017, Staff Reporter, The Hindu, 12 January 2017, Following the protests at Chennai, many students started rallies in various towns of Tamil Nadu.After hearing the petitions which were led by the Animal Welfare Board of India challenging central government’s notification,NEWS,www.thehindu.com/news/national/supreme-court-to-hear-awbis-petition-challenging-jallikattu-order/article8092045.ece, SC to hear AWBI’s petition challenging jallikattu order, The Hindu, 11 January 2016, the Supreme Court of India on 12 January ordered a stay, issued notices to the central government and the Tamil Nadu governmentNEWS,onelawstreet.com/2016/01/supreme-court-stays-bull-taming-game-jallikattu-jayalalitha-asks-pm-for-an-ordinance/, Supreme Court stays bull taming game Jallikattu; Jaya asks PM for an ordinance [Read Order], 12 January 2016, One Law Street, NEWS,www.thehindu.com/news/national/no-jallikattu-in-tamil-nadu-this-year/article8097633.ece?homepage=true, No Jallikattu in Tamil Nadu this year, The Hindu, 12 January 2016, NEWS,www.hindustantimes.com/india/jallikattu-on-hold-sc-stays-govt-notification-to-allow-bull-taming/story-9PZbbVrnmohJf9tC5oaUxK.html, Jallikattu on hold: SC stays govt notification to allow bull taming, Hindustan Times, 12 January 2016, and later refused to lift the stay.NEWS,www.thehindu.com/news/national/supreme-court-refuses-to-vacate-stay-on-jallikattu-order/article8102180.ece, Supreme Court refuses to vacate stay on jallikattu order, The Hindu, 13 January 2016, Numerous events were held across Tamil Nadu in protest of the ban,WEB, Thousands Protest Across Tamil Nadu In Support Of Jallikattu,www.ndtv.com/tamil-nadu-news/thousands-protest-across-tamil-nadu-in-support-of-jallikattu-1650142, 2020-11-21, NDTV.com, and hundreds of participants were detained by police in response.WEB,www.financialexpress.com/india-news/jallikattu-ban-over-500-detained-for-protesting-sc-ban-in-tamil-nadus-alanganallur/510869/, Jallikattu ban: Over 500 detained for protesting SC ban in Tamil Nadu’s Alanganallur, 17 January 2017, 18 January 2017, WEB,www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/jallikattu-ban-200-held-in-madurai-as-protests-continue-across-tamil-nadu/story-JxJwDLx5y4XVrxFGcRQZ5L.html, Jallikattu ban: 200 held in Madurai as protests continue across Tamil Nadu, 17 January 2017, 17 January 2017, The Supreme Court has agreed to delay its verdict on for a week following the centre’s request that doing so would avoid unrest.Due to these protests, on 21 January 2017, the governor of Tamil Nadu issued a new ordinance that authorized the continuation of events.NEWS, Mariappan, Julie, 21 January 2017, Tamil Nadu Governor signs ordinance for jallikattu, The Times of India,timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tamil-nadu-governor-signs-ordinance-for-jallikattu/articleshow/56703340.cms,timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tamil-nadu-governor-signs-ordinance-for-jallikattu/articleshow/56703340.cms," title="web.archive.org/web/20170124034249timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tamil-nadu-governor-signs-ordinance-for-jallikattu/articleshow/56703340.cms,">web.archive.org/web/20170124034249timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tamil-nadu-governor-signs-ordinance-for-jallikattu/articleshow/56703340.cms, 24 January 2017, live, dmy, On 23 January 2017 the Tamil Nadu legislature passed a bipartisan bill, with the accession of the Prime Minister, exempting from the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act (1960).NEWS,www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Tamil-Nadu-government-to-issue-ordinance-on-Jallikattu/article17066685.ece, Tamil Nadu to take ordinance route for conducting Jallikattu, Jesudasan, Dennis S., The Hindu, 2017-02-26, en, NEWS, Sivakumar, B., 23 January 2017, Jallikattu: Tamil Nadu assembly passes bill to amend PCA Act, The Times of India,timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/jallikattu-tamil-nadu-assembly-passes-bill-to-amend-pca-act/articleshow/56738068.cms,timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/jallikattu-tamil-nadu-assembly-passes-bill-to-amend-pca-act/articleshow/56738068.cms," title="web.archive.org/web/20170124035945timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/jallikattu-tamil-nadu-assembly-passes-bill-to-amend-pca-act/articleshow/56738068.cms,">web.archive.org/web/20170124035945timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/jallikattu-tamil-nadu-assembly-passes-bill-to-amend-pca-act/articleshow/56738068.cms, 24 January 2017, live, dmy, The first legal under this exemption took place on 1 February in Alanganallur, Madurai district.NEWS, 23 January 2017, Jallikattu legalised in Tamil Nadu: State Assembly passes bill without any opposition, FirstPost,www.firstpost.com/india/jallikattu-legalised-in-tamil-nadu-state-assembly-passes-bill-without-any-opposition-2-3217098.html, 24 January 2017, The legal situation surrounding is as yet not clearly resolved. Some, such as ex Ministry of External Affairs cabinet minister Salman Khurshid, have stated that the matter will only be truly resolved if the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act is amended as local ordinances and state laws cannot trump Indian federal law.NEWS,www.financialexpress.com/india-news/jallikattu-row-matter-could-still-go-to-supreme-court-and-we-could-get-adverse-decision-says-salman-khurshid/516973/, Jallikattu Row: Matter could still go to Supreme Court and we could get adverse decision, says Salman Khurshid, 2017-01-21, The Financial Express, en-US, 2017-01-21, According to The Hindu, many other Indian legal experts agreed with Khurshid’s view, as federal laws such as the PCA are always more powerful than state laws, and in that respect the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (Tamil Nadu Amendment) Act of 2017 is not much different from the state law overturned in 2009.NEWS,www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/jallikattu-protesters-demand-permanent-solution/article9496334.ece, Jallikattu protesters demand permanent solution, 2017-01-22, The Hindu Business Line, en, 2017-01-25, For its part, PETA India has said that it will “study” the new ordinance, and has not ruled out a challenge to the new law on the same grounds as it challenged the 2009 law.NEWS,www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/cruelty-to-animals-is-anti-india-says-peta-india-ceo-amid-jallikattu-protests/story-kJgbed7mmFiMPoq9vB8oSO.html, Jallikattu reflects poorly on India: PETA India CEO after ‘bullying’, 2017-01-23, The Hindustan Times, en, 2017-01-25, On Jan 25, the Animal Welfare Board of India (AWBI) started the legal process towards another ban by formally challenging the new law before the Supreme Court,NEWS,www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/jan/25/jallikattu-challenged-again-in-supreme-court-by-animal-rights-body-1563367.html,www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/jan/25/jallikattu-challenged-again-in-supreme-court-by-animal-rights-body-1563367.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20170125075800www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/jan/25/jallikattu-challenged-again-in-supreme-court-by-animal-rights-body-1563367.html,">web.archive.org/web/20170125075800www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/jan/25/jallikattu-challenged-again-in-supreme-court-by-animal-rights-body-1563367.html, dead, 25 January 2017, Jallikattu challenged again in Supreme Court by animal rights body, 2017-01-25, The New Indian Express, 2017-01-27, but they withdrew the petition on Jan 26.NEWS,newstodaynet.com/chennai/awbi-withdraw-plea-against-tn-jallikattu-law, AWBI to withdraw plea against TN Jallikattu law, 2017-01-26, News Today, en, 2017-01-28, dead,newstodaynet.com/chennai/awbi-withdraw-plea-against-tn-jallikattu-law," title="web.archive.org/web/20170126115359newstodaynet.com/chennai/awbi-withdraw-plea-against-tn-jallikattu-law,">web.archive.org/web/20170126115359newstodaynet.com/chennai/awbi-withdraw-plea-against-tn-jallikattu-law, 26 January 2017, dmy-all, According to the AWBI’s acting chairperson, AWBI does not plan to re-file the petition, but he claimed no knowledge of what other organizations, such as PETA, may do.

Timeline of the legal battle against the performance

{{more citations needed|section|date=January 2020}}

• 29 March 2006: While hearing a petition filed by K. Muniasamy Thevar seeking permission to conduct a bullock cart race, the Madras High Court’s Madurai Bench bans the sport of .
• 10 January 2007: organisers file an appeal and the Single Bench Order is stayed by a Division Bench, paving the way to conduct the event again.
• 9 March 2007: The Division Bench sets aside Single Bench Order and gives suggestions to the State to introduce a regulatory mechanism.
• 27 July 2007: The Madras High Court’s order is stayed by the Supreme Court after hearing an appeal by AWBI.
• 11 January 2008: The Supreme Court vacates stay, refusing to allow the sport.
• 15 January 2008: The Supreme Court allows a revision petition of the State, thereby permitting the event.
• 21 July 2009: The ruling DMK government passes the Tamil Nadu Regulation of Jallikattu Act, 2009.
• 8 April 2011: The Tamil Nadu Regulation of Jallikattu Act, 2009 is challenged by PETA before the Supreme Court.
• 11 July 2011: Ministry of Environment and Forests issues notification banning the use of bulls as performing animals.
• 7 May 2014: The Supreme Court bans and strikes down the State law on the basis of a plea by the AWBI and PETA.
• 7 January 2016: Ministry of Environment and Forests modifies its earlier notification to permit the sport.
• 12 January 2016: The Supreme Court stays the centre’s notification after hearing pleas by the AWBI and PETA.
• 16 November 2016: The State government’s review petition seeking permission to conduct the event in 2017 is dismissed by the Supreme Court.
• 12 January 2017: The Supreme Court refuses to give a hurried judgement on a government notification to accommodate the sport in 2017.
• 21 January 2017: The Centre clears the ordinance proposed by the AIADMK government to bring a State amendment to the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960. The State had earlier urged the centre to consider the plea following massive protests.
• 23 January 2017: The State passes the Jallikattu Bill bringing into effect the Preventionof Cruelty to Animals (Tamil Nadu Amendment) Act, 2017, thereby allowing the conduct of .
• 24 January 2017: The AWBI and PETA challenges the Tamil Nadu Amendment Act, 2017.
• 31 January 2017: The Supreme Court refuses to stay the Tamil Nadu Amendment Act, 2017.
• 6 November 2017: The Supreme Court seeks the State government’s response to the plea filed by PETA questioning the Amendment Act.
• 2 February 2018: The Supreme Court refers all petitions filed against the sport to a Constitution Bench.NEWS, B. Tilak Chandar, S. Annamalai, Scarred yet untamed, The Hindu, Chennai, Kasturi & Sons, 20 January 2019,www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/scarred-yet-untamed/article26039527.ece, 3 February 2019,
• 18 May 2023: A five judge Constitution Bench dismissed petitions challenging constitutionality of Jallikattu and upheld the validity Tamil Nadu laws protecting the sport,

Jallikattu Premier League

The Jallikattu Premier League is a professional league in Tamil Nadu for . The league was announced on 24 February 2018, to be organized in Chennai by the Tamil Nadu Jallikattu Peravai and the Chennai Jallikattu Amaippu.WEB,www.indiatoday.in/india/story/jallikattu-premier-league-chennai-tamil-nadu-1107922-2017-12-15, Get ready. Jallikattu Premier League in Chennai from January 7, 15 December 2017, India Today, 16 March 2018, WEB,www.deccanchronicle.com/videos/jallikattu-premier-league-to-start-in-chennai-from-january-7.html, Jallikattu Premier League To Start In Chennai From January 7, 15 December 2017, deccanchronicle.com, 16 March 2018,

In popular culture

• AravaanWEB,indiatoday.intoday.in/story/murattu-kaalai-to-virumaandi-best-jallikattu-scenes-tamil-films/1/861116.html, 5 best jallikattu scenes from Tamil films, from Murattu Kaalai to Virumaandi,
• Cheran Pandiyan
• IlamiWEB,www.thenewsminute.com/article/taming-bull-jallikattu-occupies-prominent-place-tamil-cinema-55460date=9 January 2017,
• Kanni Paruvathile
• Mann Vasanai
• Mirugam - The movie was released after cutting the scene due to objections by the Censor BoardNEWS,www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news/dec-07-03/16-12-07-mirugam.html, Mirugam movie, Behindwoods, 8 January 2016, WEB,newsable.asianetnews.tv/entertainment/five-films-that-showed-jallikattu-extensively, Five films that showed Jallikattu extensively,
• Murattu Kaalai
• Rajakumaran
• Thaikku pin Tharam
• Vilaiyaattu PillaiNEWS,www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/Catching-a-sport-by-its-horns/article17069540.ece, Catching a sport by its horns, The Hindu, 20 January 2017,
• Virumaandi

See also

{{Commons category}}

• 2017 pro-jallikattu protests
• Kabaddi
• Bull-leaping
• Savika

References

{{Reflist}}

Works cited

• BOOK, Cochrane, Alasdair, 2, 2012, Animal Rights Without Liberation, New York, NY, Columbia University Press,

External links

• Video from 2013 Animal Welfare Board investigation into animal cruelty at Jallikattu events
• Video of a Jallikattu event
• Jallikattu Premier League
• Continuation of the sport of Jallikattu

{{Clear}}{{Bullfighting}}{{Animal rights}}{{Abuse}}