{{Short description|Family of primates}}{{For|an explanation of very similar terms|Homininae|Hominini}}{{distinguish|Ape{{!}}Hominoidea}}{{redirect-multi|2|Great apes|Hominid}}{{redirect-multi|1|Ape-men|other uses|Apeman (disambiguation)}}{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}{{Automatic taxobox! style="background-color:#efefef;” | Species! style="background-color:#efefef;” | Estimatednumber! style="background-color:#efefef;” | Conservationstatus! style="background-color:#efefef;” class=“unsortable” | Refs

pages=181â€“184\|id=12100786}}	Mioceneâ€“Holocene>present, {{Fossil range	0}}\| image = Hominidae (extant species).jpg	humans, Pan (genus)>chimpanzees, gorillas, orangutans)\| taxon = Hominidae\| display_parents = 2	John Edward Gray>Gray, 1825GRAY>FIRST=J. E.	TITLE=AN OUTLINE OF AN ATTEMPT AT THE DISPOSITION OF MAMMALIA INTO TRIBES AND FAMILIES, WITH A LIST OF GENERA APPARENTLY APPERTAINING TO EACH TRIBE.	JOURNAL=ANNALS OF PHILOSOPHY	VOLUME=10, 337â€“334, \| type_genus = Homo\| type_genus_authority = Linnaeus, 1758\| synonyms = * Pongidae Elliot, 1913 Gorillidae Frechkop, 1943 Panidae Ciochon, 1983\| subdivision_ranks = Subfamilies\| subdivision = Ponginae Homininae sister: Hylobatidae\| range_map = Distribution of the Great Apes.png\| range_map_caption = Distribution of great ape species}}The Hominidae ({{IPAc-en\|h\|É’\|Ëˆ\|m\|Éª\|n\|áµ»\|d\|iË}}), whose members are known as the great apes{{NoteTag\|“Great ape” is a common name rather than a taxonomic label, and there are differences in usage, even by the same author. The term may or may not include humans, as when Dawkins writes “Long before people thought in terms of evolution ... great apes were often confused with humans“BOOK, Dawkins, R., Richard Dawkins, 2005, The Ancestor’s Tale: A Pilgrimage to the Dawn of Life, The Ancestor’s Tale, p/b, London, England, Phoenix (Orion Books), 978-0-7538-1996-8, 114, and “gibbons are faithfully monogamous, unlike the great apes which are our closer relatives.“{{sfnp\|Dawkins\|2005\|p=126}}}} or hominids ({{IPAc-en\|Ëˆ\|h\|É’\|m\|áµ»\|n\|Éª\|d\|z}}), are a taxonomic family of primates that includes eight extant species in four genera: Pongo (the Bornean, Sumatran and Tapanuli orangutan); Gorilla (the eastern and western gorilla); Pan (the chimpanzee and the bonobo); and Homo, of which only modern humans (Homo sapiens) remain.Numerous revisions in classifying the great apes have caused the use of the term hominid to change over time. The original meaning of “hominid” referred only to humans (Homo) and their closest extinct relatives. However, by the 1990s humans, apes, and their ancestors were considered to be “hominids”.The earlier restrictive meaning has now been largely assumed by the term hominin, which comprises all members of the human clade after the split from the chimpanzees (Pan). The current meaning of “hominid” includes all the great apes including humans. Usage still varies, however, and some scientists and laypersons still use “hominid” in the original restrictive sense; the scholarly literature generally shows the traditional usage until the turn of the 21st century.WEB, Morton, Mary, Hominid vs. hominin,www.earthmagazine.org/article/hominid-vs-hominin, Earth Magazine, 17 July 2017, Within the taxon Hominidae, a number of extant and extinct genera are grouped with the humans, chimpanzees, and gorillas in the subfamily Homininae; others with orangutans in the subfamily Ponginae (see classification graphic below). The most recent common ancestor of all Hominidae lived roughly 14 million years ago,JOURNAL, 1988, Andrew Hill, Steven Ward, Origin of the Hominidae: The Record of African Large Hominoid Evolution Between 14 My and 4 My, Yearbook of Physical Anthropology, 31, 59, 49â€“83, 10.1002/ajpa.1330310505, free, when the ancestors of the orangutans speciated from the ancestral line of the other three genera.Dawkins R (2004) The Ancestor’s Tale. Those ancestors of the family Hominidae had already speciated from the family Hylobatidae (the gibbons), perhaps 15 to 20 million years ago.WEB, Query: Hominidae/Hylobatidae, Temple University, TimeTree,www.timetree.org/search/pairwise/Hominidae/Hylobatidae, 2015, 28 December 2017, Due to the close genetic relationship between humans and the other great apes, certain animal rights organizations, such as the Great Ape Project, argue that nonhuman great apes are persons and should be given basic human rights. Twenty-nine countries have instituted research bans to protect great apes from any kind of scientific testing.WEB,releasechimps.org/laws/international-bans, International Bans {{!, Laws {{!}} Release & Restitution for Chimpanzees\|website=releasechimps.org\|access-date=2020-12-19}} Evolution {{See also\|Human evolution}}(File:Man of the woods.JPG\|thumb\|left\|Sumatran orangutan (Pongo abelii))In the early Miocene, about 22 million years ago, there were many species of tree-adapted primitive catarrhines from East Africa; the variety suggests a long history of prior diversification. Fossils from 20 million years ago include fragments attributed to Victoriapithecus, the earliest Old World monkey. Among the genera thought to be in the ape lineage leading up to 13 million years ago are Proconsul, Rangwapithecus, Dendropithecus, Limnopithecus, Nacholapithecus, Equatorius, Nyanzapithecus, Afropithecus, Heliopithecus, and Kenyapithecus, all from East Africa.At sites far distant from East Africa, the presence of other generalized non-cercopithecids, that is, non-monkey primates, of middle Miocene ageâ€”Otavipithecus from cave deposits in Namibia, and Pierolapithecus and Dryopithecus from France, Spain and Austriaâ€”is further evidence of a wide diversity of ancestral ape forms across Africa and the Mediterranean basin during the relatively warm and equable climatic regimes of the early and middle Miocene. The most recent of these far-flung Miocene apes (hominoids) is Oreopithecus, from the fossil-rich coal beds in northern Italy and dated to 9 million years ago.Molecular evidence indicates that the lineage of gibbons (family Hylobatidae), the “lesser apes”, diverged from that of the great apes some 18â€“12 million years ago, and that of orangutans (subfamily Ponginae) diverged from the other great apes at about 12 million years. There are no fossils that clearly document the ancestry of gibbons, which may have originated in a still-unknown South East Asian hominoid population; but fossil proto-orangutans, dated to around 10 million years ago, may be represented by Sivapithecus from India and Griphopithecus from Turkey.BOOK, Srivastava, Morphology of the Primates And Human Evolution,books.google.com/books?id=kCerOsM8XMwC&pg=PA87, 6 November 2011, 2009, PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd., 978-81-203-3656-8, 87, Species close to the last common ancestor of gorillas, chimpanzees and humans may be represented by Nakalipithecus fossils found in Kenya and Ouranopithecus fossils found in Greece. Molecular evidence suggests that between 8 and 4 million years ago, first the gorillas (genus Gorilla), and then the chimpanzees (genus Pan) split off from the line leading to humans. Human DNA is approximately 98.4% identical to that of chimpanzees when comparing single nucleotide polymorphisms (see human evolutionary genetics).JOURNAL, Chen, Feng-Chi, Li, Wen-Hsiung, 2001-01-15, Genomic Divergences between Humans and Other Hominoids and the Effective Population Size of the Common Ancestor of Humans and Chimpanzees, American Journal of Human Genetics, 68, 2, 444â€“456, 0002-9297, 1235277, 11170892, 10.1086/318206, The fossil record, however, of gorillas and chimpanzees is limited; both poor preservationâ€”rain forest soils tend to be acidic and dissolve boneâ€”and sampling bias probably contribute most to this problem.Other hominins probably adapted to the drier environments outside the African equatorial belt; and there they encountered antelope, hyenas, elephants and other forms becoming adapted to surviving in the East African savannas, particularly the regions of the Sahel and the Serengeti. The wet equatorial belt contracted after about 8 million years ago, and there is very little fossil evidence for the divergence of the hominin lineage from that of gorillas and chimpanzeesâ€”which split was thought to have occurred around that time. The earliest fossils argued by some to belong to the human lineage are Sahelanthropus tchadensis (7 Ma) and Orrorin tugenensis (6 Ma), followed by Ardipithecus (5.5â€“4.4 Ma), with species Ar. kadabba and Ar. ramidus. Taxonomy {{see\|Human taxonomy}} Terminology File:Akha cropped hires.JPG\|thumb\|upright\|Humans are one of the four extant hominid genera.]]The classification of the great apes has been revised several times in the last few decades; these revisions have led to a varied use of the word “hominid” over time. The original meaning of the term referred to only humans and their closest relativesâ€”what is now the modern meaning of the term “hominin”. The meaning of the taxon Hominidae changed gradually, leading to a modern usage of “hominid” that includes all the great apes including humans.A number of very similar words apply to related classifications: A hominoid, sometimes called an ape, is a member of the superfamily Hominoidea: extant members are the gibbons (lesser apes, family Hylobatidae) and the hominids. A hominid is a member of the family Hominidae, the great apes: orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees and humans. A hominine is a member of the subfamily Homininae: gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans (excludes orangutans). A hominin is a member of the tribe Hominini: chimpanzees and humans.JOURNAL, B. Wood, 2010, Reconstructing human evolution: Achievements, challenges, and opportunities, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107, Suppl 2, 8902â€“8909, 10.1073/pnas.1001649107, 2010PNAS..107.8902W, 20445105, 3024019, free, A homininan, following a suggestion by Wood and Richmond (2000), would be a member of the subtribe Hominina of the tribe Hominini: that is, modern humans and their closest relatives, including Australopithecina, but excluding chimpanzees.JOURNAL, Wood, 2000, Human evolution: taxonomy and paleobiology, Journal of Anatomy, 197, 19â€“60, 10999270, Richmond, B. G., 1468107, 10.1046/j.1469-7580.2000.19710019.x, Pt 1, . In this suggestion, the new subtribe of Hominina was to be designated as including the genus Homo exclusively, so that Hominini would have two subtribes, Australopithecina and Hominina, with the only known genus in Hominina being Homo. Orrorin (2001) has been proposed as a possible ancestor of Hominina but not Australopithecina.BOOK,books.google.com/books?id=PrJ1lmjMakoC&pg=PA116, African Genesis: Perspectives on Hominin Evolution, 9781107019959, Reynolds, Sally C., Gallagher, Andrew, 2012-03-29, Cambridge University Press, . Designations alternative to Hominina have been proposed: Australopithecinae (Gregory & Hellman 1939) and Preanthropinae (Cela-Conde & Altaba 2002); JOURNAL, Brunet, M., etal, 2002, A new hominid from the upper Miocene of Chad, central Africa, Nature, 418, 6894, 145â€“151, 10.1038/nature00879, 12110880, 2002Natur.418..145B, 1316969,doc.rero.ch/record/13388/files/PAL_E190.pdf, JOURNAL, Cela-Conde, C.J., Ayala, F.J., 2003, Genera of the human lineage, PNAS, 100, 13, 7684â€“7689, 10.1073/pnas.0832372100, 12794185, 164648, 2003PNAS..100.7684C, free, JOURNAL, Wood, B., Lonergan, N., 2008, The hominin fossil record: taxa, grades and clades,www.gwu.edu/~hogwash/BW_PDFs/RP156.pdf, J. Anat., 212, 4, 354â€“376, 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.00871.x, 18380861, 2409102, WEB,www.geol.umd.edu/~tholtz/G204/lectures/204scatterlings.html, GEOL 204 The Fossil Record: The Scatterlings of Africa: The Origins of Humanity, www.geol.umd.edu, 2019-11-07, A human is a member of the genus Homo, of which Homo sapiens is the only extant species, and within that Homo sapiens sapiens is the only surviving subspecies. A cladogram indicating common names (cf. more detailed cladogram below):{hide}clade\|{{clade \|1=Hylobatidae gibbons \|label2=Hominidae \|sublabel2=hominids, great apes \|2={{clade\|label1=Ponginae \|1={{clade \|label1=Pongo \|sublabel1=orangutans \|1={{clade \|1=Pongo abelii \|label2= \|2={{clade \|1=Pongo tapanuliensis \|2=Pongo pygmaeus {edih} }} }} \|label2=Homininae \|sublabel2=hominines \|2={{clade\|label1=Gorillini \|1={{clade \|label1=Gorilla \|sublabel1=gorillas \|1={{clade \|1=Gorilla gorilla \|2=Gorilla beringei }} }} \|label2=Hominini \|sublabel2=hominins \|2={{clade \|label1=Panina \|1={{clade\|label1=Pan \|sublabel1=chimpanzees\|1={{clade \|1=Pan troglodytes \|2=Pan paniscus }} }} \|2={{clade\|label1=Hominina \|sublabel1=homininans\|1=Homo sapiens humans}} }} }} }} }}\|style1=font-size:80%; line-height:80%\|label1=Hominoidea \|sublabel1=hominoids, apes}} Extant and fossil relatives of humans File:Fossil hominids.jpg\|thumb\|right\|A fossil hominid exhibit at The Museum of Osteology, Oklahoma City Oklahoma CityHominidae was originally the name given to the family of humans and their (extinct) close relatives, with the other great apes (that is, the orangutans, gorillas and chimpanzees) all being placed in a separate family, the Pongidae. However, that definition eventually made Pongidae paraphyletic because at least one great ape species (the chimpanzees) proved to be more closely related to humans than to other great apes. Most taxonomists today encourage monophyletic groupsâ€”this would require, in this case, the use of Pongidae to be restricted to just one closely related grouping. Thus, many biologists now assign Pongo (as the subfamily Ponginae) to the family Hominidae. The taxonomy shown here follows the monophyletic groupings according to the modern understanding of human and great ape relationships.Humans and close relatives including the tribes Hominini and Gorillini form the subfamily Homininae (see classification graphic below). (A few researchers go so far as to refer the chimpanzees and the gorillas to the genus Homo along with humans.)WEB, Pickrell, John, Chimps Belong on Human Branch of Family Tree, Study Says,news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/05/0520_030520_chimpanzees.html,news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/05/0520_030520_chimpanzees.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20030601115459news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/05/0520_030520_chimpanzees.html,">web.archive.org/web/20030601115459news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/05/0520_030520_chimpanzees.html, dead, 1 June 2003, 20 May 2003, 4 August 2007, National Geographic Society, Relationship Humans-Gorillas {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071130023024www.berggorilla.de/english/gjournal/texte/32mensch-gorilla-groves.html \|date=30 November 2007}}.BOOK, Watson, E. E., etal, 2001, Homo genus: a review of the classification of humans and the great apes, 311â€“323, Humanity from African Naissance to Coming Millennia, Tobias, P. V., etal, Florence, Firenze Univ. Press, But, those fossil relatives more closely related to humans than the chimpanzees represent the especially close members of the human family, and without necessarily assigning subfamily or tribal categories.Schwartz, J.H. (1986) Primate systematics and a classification of the order. Comparative primate biology volume 1: Systematics, evolution, and anatomy (ed. by D.R. Swindler, and J. Erwin), pp. 1â€“41, Alan R. Liss, New York.Many extinct hominids have been studied to help understand the relationship between modern humans and the other extant hominids. Some of the extinct members of this family include Gigantopithecus, Orrorin, Ardipithecus, Kenyanthropus, and the australopithecines Australopithecus and Paranthropus.Schwartz, J.H. (2004b) Issues in hominid systematics. Zona ArqueologÃa 4, 360â€“371.The exact criteria for membership in the tribe Hominini under the current understanding of human origins are not clear, but the taxon generally includes those species that share more than 97% of their DNA with the modern human genome, and exhibit a capacity for language or for simple cultures beyond their ‘local family’ or band. The theory of mind conceptâ€”including such faculties as empathy, attribution of mental state, and even empathetic deceptionâ€”is a controversial criterion; it distinguishes the adult human alone among the hominids. Humans acquire this capacity after about four years of age, whereas it has not been proven (nor has it been disproven) that gorillas or chimpanzees ever develop a theory of mind.JOURNAL, Heyes, C. M., 1998, Theory of Mind in Nonhuman Primates, Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1, bbs00000546, 21, 10.1017/S0140525X98000703, 10097012, 101â€“14, 6469633,discovery.ucl.ac.uk/117063/1/download.14pdf.pdf, This is also the case for some New World monkeys outside the family of great apes, as, for example, the capuchin monkeys.However, even without the ability to test whether early members of the Hominini (such as Homo erectus, Homo neanderthalensis, or even the australopithecines) had a theory of mind, it is difficult to ignore similarities seen in their living cousins. Orangutans have shown the development of culture comparable to that of chimpanzees,JOURNAL, Van Schaik C.P., 2003, Orangutan cultures and the evolution of material culture, Science, 299, 5603, 102â€“105, 10.1126/science.1078004, 12511649, Ancrenaz, M, Borgen, G, Galdikas, B, Knott, CD, Singleton, I, Suzuki, A, Utami, SS, Merrill, M, 2003Sci...299..102V, 25139547, and some{{who\|date=September 2012}} say the orangutan may also satisfy those criteria for the theory of mind concept. These scientific debates take on political significance for advocates of great ape personhood. Phylogeny {{more citations needed\|section\|date=July 2019}}{{anchor\|Classification}}Below is a cladogram with extinct species.JOURNAL, Grabowski, Mark, Jungers, William L., 2017, Evidence of a chimpanzee-sized ancestor of humans but a gibbon-sized ancestor of apes, Nature Communications, en, 8, 1, 880, 10.1038/s41467-017-00997-4, 2041-1723, 5638852, 29026075, 2017NatCo...8..880G, JOURNAL, Nengo, Isaiah, Tafforeau, Paul, Gilbert, Christopher C., Fleagle, John G., Miller, Ellen R., Feibel, Craig, Fox, David L., Feinberg, Josh, Pugh, Kelsey D., New infant cranium from the African Miocene sheds light on ape evolution, Nature, 548, 7666, 169â€“174, 10.1038/nature23456, 28796200, 2017,discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1570349/, 2017Natur.548..169N, 4397839, WEB,www.britannica.com/animal/Hominidae, Hominidae {{!, primate family\|website=Encyclopedia Britannica\|language=en\|access-date=2019-07-19}}{{failed verification\|date=July 2019}} It is indicated approximately how many million years ago (Mya) the clades diverged into newer clades.JOURNAL, Malukiewicz, Joanna, Hepp, Crystal M., Guschanski, Katerina, Stone, Anne C., 2017-01-01, Phylogeny of the jacchus group of Callithrix marmosets based on complete mitochondrial genomes, American Journal of Physical Anthropology, en, 162, 1, 157â€“169, 10.1002/ajpa.23105, 27762445, 1096-8644, Fig 2: “Divergence time estimates for the jacchus marmoset group based on the BEAST4 (Di Fiore et al., 2015) calibration scheme for alignment A.[...] Numbers at each node indicate the median divergence time estimate.“{{Clade\|{{Clade \|label1=Ponginae (14) \|1={{Clade \|1=Kenyapithecus (â€ 13 Mya) \|2=Sivapithecus (â€ 9) \|3=Crown Ponginae \|state4=dashed \|4=Ankarapithecus (â€ 9) \|state5=dashed \|5=Giganthopithecus (â€ 0.1) \|state6=dashed \|6=Khoratpithecus (â€ 7) }} \|label2=(13) \|2={{Clade \|label1=(12) \|1={{Clade \|1=Pierolapithecus (â€ 11) \|2=Hispanopithecus (â€ 10) }} \|2={{Clade \|1=Lufengpithecus (â€ 7) \|2=Khoratpithecus (â€ 9) }} }} \|label3=Homininae (13) \|3={{Clade \|label2=Crown Homininae (10) \|1={{Clade \|label1=Hominini (7)\|1={{clade \|1={{clade \|1=Ardipithecus (incl. Homo)\|2=Pan}} \|2=Graecopithecus (â€ 8) }} \|2= Ouranopithecus (â€ 7) \|label3=Gorillini \|3={{Clade \|1=Crown Gorillini \|2=Chororapithecus (â€ ) }} }} \|3=Nakalipithecus (â€ 10) \|state4=dashed \|4=Samburupithecus (â€ 9) }} }}\|label1=Hominidae (18)}}{{anchor\|Homgraph}}{{multiple image \| width = 415 \|align=center \| image1 = Hominidae chart inverted.svg \| caption1 = Taxonomy of Hominoidea (emphasis on family Hominidae): After an initial separation from the main line by the Hylobatidae (gibbons) some 18 million years ago, the line of Ponginae broke away, leading to the orangutan; later, the Homininae split into the tribes Hominini (led to humans and chimpanzees) and Gorillini (led to gorillas). \| image2 = \| caption2 = \| footer = }}{{anchor\|Foo}} Extant {{see also\|List of hominoids}}There are eight living species of great ape which are classified in four genera. The following classification is commonly accepted: Family Hominidae: humans and other great apes; extinct genera and species excluded Subfamily Ponginae Tribe Pongini Genus Pongo* Bornean orangutan, Pongo pygmaeus** Northwest Bornean orangutan, Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus** Northeast Bornean orangutan, Pongo pygmaeus morio** Central Bornean orangutan, Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii* Sumatran orangutan, Pongo abelii* Tapanuli orangutan, Pongo tapanuliensisJOURNAL, 3, Nater, Alexander, Mattle-Greminger, Maja P., Nurcahyo, Anton, Nowak, Matthew G., de Manuel, Marc, Desai, Tariq, Groves, Colin, Pybus, Marc, Sonay, Tugce Bilgin, Roos, Christian, Lameira, Adriano R., Wich, Serge A., Askew, James, Davila-Ross, Marina, Fredriksson, Gabriella, de Valles, Guillem, Casals, Ferran, Prado-Martinez, Javier, Goossens, Benoit, Verschoor, Ernst J., Warren, Kristin S., Singleton, Ian, Marques, David A., Pamungkas, Joko, Perwitasari-Farajallah, Dyah, Rianti, Puji, Tuuga, Augustine, Gut, Ivo G., Gut, Marta, Orozco-terWengel, Pablo, van Schaik, Carel P., Bertranpetit, Jaume, Anisimova, Maria, Scally, Aylwyn, Marques-Bonet, Tomas, Meijaard, Erik, KrÃ¼tzen, Michael, 2017-11-02, Morphometric, Behavioral, and Genomic Evidence for a New Orangutan Species, Current Biology, 27, 22, 3487â€“3498.e10, 10.1016/j.cub.2017.09.047, 29103940, free, 2017CBio...27E3487N, 10230/34400, free, Subfamily Homininae Tribe Gorillini Genus Gorilla* Western gorilla, Gorilla gorilla** Western lowland gorilla, Gorilla gorilla gorilla** Cross River gorilla, Gorilla gorilla diehli* Eastern gorilla, Gorilla beringei** Mountain gorilla, Gorilla beringei beringei** Eastern lowland gorilla, Gorilla beringei graueri Tribe Hominini Subtribe Panina* Genus Pan** Chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes*** Central chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes troglodytes*** Western chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes verus*** Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes ellioti*** Eastern chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii** Bonobo, Pan paniscus Subtribe Hominina* Genus Homo** Human, Homo sapiens*** Anatomically modern human, Homo sapiens sapiens Fossil File:Paranthropus boisei skull.jpg\|thumb\|upright\|Replica of the skull sometimes known as “Nutcracker Man”, found by Mary Leakey Mary LeakeyIn addition to the extant species and subspecies, archaeologists, paleontologists, and anthropologists have discovered and classified numerous extinct great ape species as below, based on the taxonomy shown.WEB,www.helsinki.fi/~mhaaramo/metazoa/deuterostoma/chordata/synapsida/eutheria/primates/hominoidea/hominoidea.html, Hominoidea, Mikko’s Phylogeny Archive, 14 January 2005, Mikko, Haaramo, {{Human timeline}}Family Hominidae Subfamily PonginaeWEB,www.helsinki.fi/~mhaaramo/metazoa/deuterostoma/chordata/synapsida/eutheria/primates/hominoidea/pongidae.html, Pongidae, Mikko’s Phylogeny Archive, 4 February 2004, Mikko, Haaramo, Tribe Lufengpithecini â€ Lufengpithecus Lufengpithecus lufengensis Lufengpithecus keiyuanensis Lufengpithecus hudienensis Meganthropus Meganthropus palaeojavanicus Tribe Sivapitheciniâ€ Ankarapithecus Ankarapithecus meteai Sivapithecus Sivapithecus brevirostris Sivapithecus punjabicus Sivapithecus parvada Sivapithecus sivalensis Sivapithecus indicus Gigantopithecus Gigantopithecus bilaspurensis Gigantopithecus blacki Gigantopithecus giganteus Tribe Pongini Khoratpithecusâ€ Khoratpithecus ayeyarwadyensis Khoratpithecus piriyai Khoratpithecus chiangmuanensis Pongo (orangutans) Pongo hooijeriâ€ Subfamily HomininaeWEB,www.helsinki.fi/~mhaaramo/metazoa/deuterostoma/chordata/synapsida/eutheria/primates/hominoidea/hominoidea.html, Hominoidea, Mikko’s Phylogeny Archive, 14 January 2005, Mikko, Haaramo, WEB,www.helsinki.fi/~mhaaramo/metazoa/deuterostoma/chordata/synapsida/eutheria/primates/hominoidea/hominidae_1.htmlhominidae_2, Hominidae, Mikko’s Phylogeny Archive, 10 November 2007, Mikko, Haaramo, Tribe Dryopithecini â€ Kenyapithecus (placement disputed) Kenyapithecus wickeri Danuvius Danuvius guggenmosi Pierolapithecus (placement disputed) Pierolapithecus catalaunicus Ouranopithecus Ouranopithecus macedoniensis Otavipithecus Otavipithecus namibiensis Morotopithecus (placement disputed) Morotopithecus bishopi Oreopithecus (placement disputed) Oreopithecus bambolii Nakalipithecus Nakalipithecus nakayamai Anoiapithecus Anoiapithecus brevirostris Hispanopithecus (placement disputed) Hispanopithecus laietanus Hispanopithecus crusafonti Dryopithecus Dryopithecus fontani Rudapithecus (placement disputed) Rudapithecus hungaricus Samburupithecus Samburupithecus kiptalami Graecopithecus â€ JOURNAL, Fuss, J, Spassov, N, Begun, DR, BÃ¶hme, M, 2017, Potential hominin affinities of Graecopithecus from the Late Miocene of Europe, PLOS ONE, 12, 5, 5, 2017PLoSO..1277127F, 10.1371/journal.pone.0177127, 5439669, 28531170, free, Graecopithecus freybergi Tribe Gorillini Chororapithecus â€ (placement debated) Chororapithecus abyssinicus Tribe Hominini Subtribe Panina Subtribe Hominina Sahelanthropusâ€ * Sahelanthropus tchadensisOrrorinâ€ * Orrorin tugenensis* Orrorin praegens Ardipithecusâ€ * Ardipithecus ramidus* Ardipithecus kadabba Kenyanthropusâ€ * Kenyanthropus platyops Australopithecusâ€ * Australopithecus bahrelghazali* Australopithecus anamensis* Australopithecus afarensis* Australopithecus africanus* Australopithecus garhi* Australopithecus sediba* Australopithecus deyiremeda Paranthropusâ€ * Paranthropus aethiopicus* Paranthropus robustus* Paranthropus boisei Homo â€“ close relatives of modern humans* Homo gautengensisâ€ (probable H. habilis specimens)* Homo rudolfensisâ€ (membership in Homo uncertain)* Homo habilisâ€ (membership in Homo uncertain)* Homo nalediâ€ (membership in Homo uncertain)* Dmanisi Man, Homo georgicusâ€ (probable early subspecies of Homo erectus)* Homo ergasterâ€ (African Homo erectus)* Homo erectusâ€ ** Homo erectus bilzingslebenensis â€ ** Java Man, Homo erectus erectus â€ ** Lantian Man, Homo erectus lantianensis â€ ** Nanjing Man, Homo erectus nankinensis â€ ** Peking Man, Homo erectus pekinensis â€ ** Solo Man, Homo erectus soloensis â€ (possible separate species)** Tautavel Man, Homo erectus tautavelensis â€ ** Yuanmou Man, Homo erectus yuanmouensis â€ * Flores Man or Hobbit, Homo floresiensisâ€ (membership in Homo uncertain)* Homo luzonensis â€ (membership in Homo uncertain)* Homo antecessorâ€ * Homo heidelbergensisâ€ * Homo cepranensisâ€ (probable H. heidelbergensis specimens)* Homo helmeiâ€ (probable early H. sapiens specimens)* Homo tsaichangensisâ€ (thought by some to be a subspecies of H. erectus or a Denisovan; unlikely to be separate species)* Denisovans (scientific name not yet assigned)â€ * Neanderthal, Homo neanderthalensisâ€ * Homo rhodesiensisâ€ (probable late H. heidelbergensis specimens)* Modern human, Homo sapiens (sometimes called Homo sapiens sapiens)** Homo sapiens idaltuâ€ ** Archaic Homo sapiensâ€ Description (File:Gorilla 019.jpg\|thumb\|Gorilla)The great apes are tailless primates, with the smallest living species being the bonobo at {{Convert\|30 to 40\|kg\|lb}} in weight, and the largest being the eastern gorillas, with males weighing {{Convert\|140 to 180\|kg\|lb}}. In all great apes, the males are, on average, larger and stronger than the females, although the degree of sexual dimorphism varies greatly among species. Hominid teeth are similar to those of the Old World monkeys and gibbons, although they are especially large in gorillas. The dental formula is {{DentalFormula\|upper=2.1.2.3\|lower=2.1.2.3}}. Human teeth and jaws are markedly smaller for their size than those of other apes, which may be an adaptation to not only having supplanted with extensive tool use the role of jaws in hunting and fighting, but also eating cooked food since the end of the Pleistocene.JOURNAL, 1971, Brace, C. Loring, C. Loring Brace, Mahler, Paul Emil, Post-Pleistocene changes in the human dentition, American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 34, 2, 191â€“203, 10.1002/ajpa.1330340205, 5572603, 2027.42/37509,deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/37509/1/1330340205_ftp.pdf, free, BOOK, 2007, Richard, Wrangham, Chapter 12: The Cooking Enigma, Charles Pasternak, What Makes Us Human?, Oxford, Oneworld Press, 978-1-85168-519-6, Behavior Although most living species are predominantly quadrupedal, they are all able to use their hands for gathering food or nesting materials, and, in some cases, for tool use.BOOK, Macdonald, D., Harcourt, A.H., MacKinnon, J., Wrangham, R.W., 1984, The Encyclopedia of Mammals, Facts on File, New York, 422â€“439, 978-0-87196-871-5, registration,archive.org/details/encyclopediaofma00mals_0/page/422, They build complex sleeping platforms, also called nests, in trees to sleep in at night, but chimpanzees and gorillas also build terrestrial nests, and gorillas can also sleep on the bare ground.Deciding Where to Sleep: Spatial Levels of Nesting Selection in Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) Living in Savanna at Issa, TanzaniaAll species are omnivorous,WEB, Alina, Bradford, 29 May 2015, Facts About Apes,www.livescience.com/51017-ape-facts.html, 2021-01-25, livescience.com, en, although chimpanzees and orangutans primarily eat fruit. When gorillas run short of fruit at certain times of the year or in certain regions, they resort to eating shoots and leaves, often of bamboo, a type of grass. Gorillas have extreme adaptations for chewing and digesting such low-quality forage, but they still prefer fruit when it is available, often going miles out of their way to find especially preferred fruits. Humans, since the Neolithic revolution, have consumed mostly cereals and other starchy foods, including increasingly highly processed foods, as well as many other domesticated plants (including fruits) and meat.Gestation in great apes lasts 8â€“9 months, and results in the birth of a single offspring, or, rarely, twins. The young are born helpless, and require care for long periods of time. Compared with most other mammals, great apes have a remarkably long adolescence, not being weaned for several years,WEB, Hamilton, Jon, Orangutan Moms Are The Primate Champs Of Breast-Feeding, NPR, 2017-05-17,www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/05/17/528776636/orangutan-moms-are-the-primate-champs-of-breast-feeding, 2024-05-20, and not becoming fully mature for eight to thirteen years in most species (longer in orangutans and humans). As a result, females typically give birth only once every few years. There is no distinct breeding season.Gorillas and chimpanzees live in family groups of around five to ten individuals, although much larger groups are sometimes noted. Chimpanzees live in larger groups that break up into smaller groups when fruit becomes less available. When small groups of female chimpanzees go off in separate directions to forage for fruit, the dominant males can no longer control them and the females often mate with other subordinate males. In contrast, groups of gorillas stay together regardless of the availability of fruit. When fruit is hard to find, they resort to eating leaves and shoots.This fact is related to gorillas’ greater sexual dimorphism relative to that of chimpanzees; that is, the difference in size between male and female gorillas is much greater than that between male and female chimpanzees. This enables gorilla males to physically dominate female gorillas more easily. In both chimpanzees and gorillas, the groups include at least one dominant male, and young males leave the group at maturity. Legal status Due to the close genetic relationship between humans and the other great apes, certain animal rights organizations, such as the Great Ape Project, argue that nonhuman great apes are persons and, per the Declaration on Great Apes, should be given basic human rights. In 1999, New Zealand was the first country to ban any great ape experimentation, and now 29 countries have currently instituted a research ban to protect great apes from any kind of scientific testing.On 25 June 2008, the Spanish parliament supported a new law that would make “keeping apes for circuses, television commercials or filming” illegal.NEWS,www.reuters.com/article/scienceNews/idUSL256586320080625, Spanish parliament to extend rights to apes, 11 July 2008, 25 June 2008, Reuters, On 8 September 2010, the European Union banned the testing of great apes.WEB,www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/new-eu-rules-on-animal-testing-ban-use-of-apes-2077443.html, New EU rules on animal testing ban use of apes, Independent.co.uk, 12 September 2010, Conservation The following table lists the estimated number of great ape individuals living outside zoos.{\| class=“wikitable sortable” style="font-weight: bold;”
Bornean orangutan	61,234	Critically endangered	HTTP://WWW.YORKU.CA/ARUSSON/PAPERS/GOI%20OU%20ACTION%20PLAN%2007-17.PDF >TITLE= ORANGUTAN ACTION PLAN 2007â€“2017	PUBLISHER= GOVERNMENT OF INDONESIA	LANGUAGE = ID, 1 May 2010,
Sumatran orangutan	6,667	Critically endangered	An estimate of the number of wild orangutans in 2004: HTTP://WWW.YORKU.CA/ARUSSON/PAPERS/GOI%20OU%20ACTION%20PLAN%2007-17.PDF>TITLE= ORANGUTAN ACTION PLAN 2007â€“2017	PUBLISHER= GOVERNMENT OF INDONESIA,
Tapanuli orangutan	800	Critically endangered	HTTPS://WWW.THEGUARDIAN.COM/SCIENCE/2017/NOV/02/NEW-SPECIES-OF-ORANGUTAN-DISCOVERED-IN-NORTHERN-SUMATRA-TAPANULI-PONGO-TAPANULIENSIS >TITLE = NEW SPECIES OF ORANGUTAN DISCOVERED IN SUMATRA â€“ AND IS ALREADY ENDANGERED	FIRST=NICOLA	NEWSPAPER = THE GUARDIAN	LANGUAGE=EN-GB, 0261-3077,
Western gorilla	200,000	Critically endangered	HTTP://WWW.UNEP.ORG/DOCUMENTS.MULTILINGUAL/DEFAULT.ASP?DOCUMENTID=556&ARTICLEID=6033&L=EN&T=LONG >TITLE= GORILLAS ON THIN ICE	PUBLISHER = UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME	URL-STATUS= DEAD	ARCHIVE-DATE= 18 MAY 2016,
Eastern gorilla	6,000	Critically endangered
Chimpanzee	200,000	Endangered	LINDA >LAST = VIGILANT	TITLE = CHIMPANZEES	CURRENT BIOLOGY >VOLUME = 14	PAGES = R369â€“R371	PMID = 15186757	BIBCODE = 2004CBIO...14.R369V, HTTPS://WWF.PANDA.ORG/DISCOVER/KNOWLEDGE_HUB/ENDANGERED_SPECIES/GREAT_APES/CHIMPANZEES/ > TITLE=CHIMPANZEES,
Bonobo	10,000	Endangered
Human	8,040,640,000	N/A	HTTPS://WWW.CENSUS.GOV/POPCLOCK/>TITLE=U.S. AND WORLD POPULATION CLOCK	ACCESS-DATE=22 NOVEMBER 2022,

Notes

References

External links

www.animallaw.info/great-apes/index.htm" title="web.archive.org/web/20110413200432www.animallaw.info/great-apes/index.htm">The Animal Legal and Historical Center at Michigan State University College of Law, Great Apes and the Law (archived 13 April 2011)
NPR News: ToumaÃ¯ the Human Ancestor
Hominid Species at TalkOrigins Archive
www.modernhumanorigins.net/" title="web.archive.org/web/20130430165744www.modernhumanorigins.net/">For more details on Hominid species, including photos of fossil hominids (archived 30 April 2013)
www.sciam.com/article.cfm?chanID=sa006&articleID=000C1E5D-B9BA-1422-B9BA83414B7F0103" title="web.archive.org/web/20071014180212www.sciam.com/article.cfm?chanID=sa006&articleID=000C1E5D-B9BA-1422-B9BA83414B7F0103">Scientific American magazine (April 2006 Issue) Why Are Some Animals So Smart? (archived 14 October 2007)
A new mediterranean hominoid-hominid link discovered, Anoiapithecus brevirostris, “Lluc”: A unique Middle Miocene European hominoid and the origins of the great ape and human clade Link to graphical reconstruction
Human Timeline (Interactive) â€“ Smithsonian, National Museum of Natural History (August 2016).

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Hominidae

Evolution

Taxonomy

Terminology

Extant and fossil relatives of humans

Phylogeny

Extant

Fossil

Description

Behavior

Legal status

Conservation

See also

Notes

References

External links