GetWiki
Henry Brougham, 1st Baron Brougham and Vaux
ARTICLE SUBJECTS
being →
database →
ethics →
fiction →
history →
internet →
language →
linux →
logic →
method →
news →
policy →
purpose →
religion →
science →
software →
truth →
unix →
wiki →
ARTICLE TYPES
essay →
feed →
help →
system →
wiki →
ARTICLE ORIGINS
critical →
forked →
imported →
original →
Henry Brougham, 1st Baron Brougham and Vaux
please note:
- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
- it has been imported raw for GetWiki
{{Short description|British Lord High Chancellor (1778 â 1868)}}{{Redirect|Lord Brougham|other people|Lord Brougham and Vaux}}{{Other people|Henry Brougham|Henry Brougham (disambiguation)}}{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
- it has been imported raw for GetWiki
factoids | |
---|---|
Life
Early life
missing image!
- Broughamhall1.jpg -
Brougham Hall in 1832
Brougham was born and grew up in Edinburgh, the eldest son of Henry Brougham (1742â1810), of Brougham Hall in Westmorland, and Eleanora, daughter of Reverend James Syme. The Broughams had been an influential Cumberland family for centuries. Brougham was educated at the Royal High School and the University of Edinburgh, where he chiefly studied natural science and mathematics, but also the law. He published several scientific papers through the Royal Society, notably on light and colours and on prisms, and at the age of only 25 was elected a Fellow. {{cn|date=November 2022}}However, Brougham chose law as his profession and was admitted to the Faculty of Advocates in 1800. He practised little in Scotland, and instead entered Lincoln's Inn in 1803. Five years later he was called to the Bar. Not a wealthy man, Brougham turned to journalism to support himself financially through these years. He was one of the founders of the Edinburgh Review and quickly became known as its foremost contributor, with articles on everything from science, politics, colonial policy, literature, poetry, surgery, mathematics and the fine arts.{{sfnp|Chisholm|1911}}In the early 19th century, Brougham, a follower of Newton, launched anonymous attacks in the Edinburgh Review against Thomas Young's research, which proved light was a wave phenomenon that exhibited interference and diffraction. These attacks slowed acceptance of the truth for a decade, until François Arago and Augustin-Jean Fresnel championed Young's work.
- Broughamhall1.jpg -
Brougham Hall in 1832
Early career
missing image!
- Henry Brougham23.jpg -
Henry Brougham in 1825
The success of the Edinburgh Review made Brougham a man of the mark from his first arrival in London. He quickly became a fixture in London society and gained the friendship of Lord Grey and other leading Whig politicians. In 1806 the Foreign Secretary, Charles James Fox, appointed him secretary to a diplomatic mission to Portugal, led by James St Clair-Erskine, 2nd Earl of Rosslyn, and John Jervis, 1st Earl of St Vincent. The mission aimed to counteract the anticipated French invasion of Portugal. During these years he became a close supporter of the movement for the abolition of slavery, a cause to which he was to be passionately devoted for the rest of his life. Despite being a well-known and popular figure, Brougham had to wait before being offered a parliamentary seat to contest. However, in 1810 he was elected for Camelford, a rotten borough controlled by the Duke of Bedford.WEB,weblink historyofparliament, BROUGHAM, Henry Peter (1778-1868), of Brougham Hall, Westmld. and 5 Hill Street, Mdx., 8 November 2021, He quickly gained a reputation in the House of Commons, where he was one of the most frequent speakers and was regarded by some as a potential future leader of the Whig Party. However, Brougham's career was to take a downturn in 1812, when, standing as one of two Whig candidates for Liverpool, he was heavily defeated. He was to remain out of Parliament until 1816 when he was returned for Winchelsea. He quickly resumed his position as one of the most forceful members of the House of Commons and worked especially in advocating a programme for the education of the poor, where he chaired the select committee which produced the influential Reports on the Education of the Lower Orders.{{sfnp|Chisholm|1911}} He was also a proponent of legal reform and it was on this subject in 1828, he made a six-hour speech, the longest ever made in the House of Commons.Kelly, Jon, "The art of the filibuster: How do you talk for 24 hours straight?", BBC News Magazine, 12 December 2012.- Henry Brougham23.jpg -
Henry Brougham in 1825
Defence of Queen Caroline
In 1812, Brougham had become one of the chief advisers to Queen Caroline of Brunswick, the estranged wife of George, Prince of Wales, the Prince Regent and future George IV. This was to prove a key development in his life. In April 1820, Caroline, then living abroad, appointed Brougham her Attorney-General. Earlier that year George IV had succeeded to the throne on the death of his long incapacitated father George III. Caroline was brought back to Britain in June for appearances only, but the king immediately began divorce proceedings against her. The Pains and Penalties Bill, aimed at dissolving the marriage and stripping Caroline of her Royal title on the grounds of adultery, was brought before the House of Lords by the Tory government. However, Brougham led a legal team (which also included Thomas Denman) that eloquently defended the Princess. Brougham threatened to introduce evidence of George IV's affairs and his secret marriage to a Roman Catholic, which could have potentially thrown the monarchy into chaos, and it was suggested to Brougham that he hold back for the sake of his country. He responded with his now-famous speech in the House of Lords:The speech has since become legendary among defence lawyers for the principle of zealously advocating for one's client.Uelmen, Gerald. "Lord Brougham's Bromide: Good Lawyers as Bad Citizens", Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review, November 1996. The bill passed, but by the narrow margin of only nine votes. Lord Liverpool, aware of the unpopularity of the bill and afraid that it might be overturned in the House of Commons, then withdrew it. The British public had mainly been on the Princess's side, and the outcome of the trial made Brougham one of the most famous men in the country. His legal practice on the Northern Circuit rose fivefold, although he had to wait until 1827 before being made a King's Counsel.{{sfnp|Chisholm|1911}}In 1826, Brougham, along with Wellington, was one of the clients and lovers named in the notorious Memoirs of Harriette Wilson. Before publication, Wilson and publisher John Joseph Stockdale wrote to all those named in the book offering them the opportunity to be excluded from the work in exchange for a cash payment. Brougham paid and secured his anonymity.JOURNAL, The unnecessary crisis: The background to the Parliamentary Papers Act 1840, Public Law, 1990, Stockdale, E., 30â49, p. 36.Bourne (1975).Lord Chancellor {| class"toccolours" style"float: right; margin-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 1em; font-size: 70%; background:#e6ebe7; color:black; width:30em; max-width: 50%;" cellspacing"5"
missing image!
- Lord Brougham & Vaux mezzotint.jpg -
Brougham as Lord Chancellor (1830â1834)
The highlights of Brougham's time in government were passing the Reform Act 1832 and 1833 Slavery Abolition Act but he was seen as dangerous, unreliable and arrogant. Charles Greville, who was Clerk of the Privy Council for 35 years, recorded his "genius and eloquence" was marred by "unprincipled and execrable judgement".BOOK, Greville, Charles, The Diaries of Charles Greville, 2005, Pimlico, 978-1844134045, Edward, Pearce, London, xi, Although retained when Lord Melbourne succeeded Grey in July 1834, the administration was replaced in November by Sir Robert Peel's Tories. When Melbourne became Prime Minister again in April 1835, he excluded Brougham, saying his conduct was one of the main reasons for the fall of the previous government; Baron Cottenham became Lord Chancellor in January 1836.{{sfnp|Chisholm|1911}}- Lord Brougham & Vaux mezzotint.jpg -
Brougham as Lord Chancellor (1830â1834)
Later life
(File: Henry Brougham bust.jpg|thumb|upright|Bust of Henry Brougham in the Playfair Library of Edinburgh University's Old College)(File: Henry, Lord Brougham, British Constitution (1st ed, 1844, title page).jpg|thumb|upright|The title page of British Constitution (1st ed., 1844), written by Brougham)Brougham was never to hold office again. However, for more than thirty years after his fall he continued to take an active part in the judicial business of the House of Lords, and in its debates, having now turned fiercely against his former political associates, but continuing his efforts on behalf of reform of various kinds. He also devoted much of his time to writing. He had continued to contribute to the Edinburgh Review, the best of his writings being subsequently published as Historical Sketches of Statesmen Who Flourished in the Time of George III. In 1834, he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. In 1837, Brougham presented a bill for public education, arguing that "it cannot be doubted that some legislative effort must at length be made to remove from this country the opprobrium of having done less for the education of the people than any of the more civilized nations on earth".BOOK, Green, Andy, Education and State Formation: The Rise of Education Systems in England, France and the USA, Macmillan, 1990, 978-0333571033, {{page needed|date=November 2021}}In 1838, after news came up of British colonies where the emancipation of the slaves was obstructed or where the ex-slaves were being badly treated and discriminated against, Lord Brougham stated in the House of Lords:The slave ... is as fit for his freedom as any English peasant, aye, or any Lord whom I now address. I demand his rights; I demand his liberty without stint.... I demand that your brother be no longer trampled upon as your slave!Quoted in the "Lawyers on the Edge" websiteBrougham was elected Rector of Marischal College for 1838.BOOK, Officers of the Marischal College & University of Aberdeen, 1593-1860, He also edited, in collaboration with Sir Charles Bell, William Paley's Natural Theology and published a work on political philosophy and in 1838 he published an edition of his speeches in four volumes. The last of his works was his posthumous Autobiography. In 1857 he was one of the founders of the National Association for the Promotion of Social Science and was its president at some congresses.In 1860, Brougham was given by Queen Victoria a second peerage as Baron Brougham and Vaux, of Brougham in the County of Westmorland and of Highhead Castle in the County of Cumberland, with remainder to his youngest brother William Brougham (died 1886). The patent stated that the second peerage was in honour of the great services he had rendered, especially in promoting the abolition of slavery.Family
Brougham was said {{Clarify|date=November 2022}} to be the father of writer Marie Blaze de Bury. Her last name was Stuart or Stewart and she was born in Oban, Scotland in 1813.JOURNAL, Egloff, Rachel Margaret, February 2020, A Study of the Life and Works of Blaze de Bury: A Counter-Narrative of a Transcultural Woman's Involvement in Nineteenth Century European Politics,weblink PhD Thesis for Oxford Brookes University, She was sent to France when she was nine where she completed her education.{{cn|date=November 2022}}Brougham married Mary Spalding (d. 1865), daughter of Thomas Eden, and widow of John Spalding, MP, in 1821. They had two daughters, both of whom predeceased their parents, the latter one dying in 1839. Lord Brougham and Vaux died in May 1868 in Cannes, France, aged 89 and was buried in the Cimetière du Grand Jas. {{sfnp|Chisholm|1911}} The cemetery is up to the present dominated by Brougham's statue, and he is honoured for his major role in building the city of Cannes.NEWS,weblink edinburghnews.scotsman.com, Historian hails Edinburgh-born slavery abolitionist who 'invented' Cannes, 18 June 2020, His hatchment is in Ninekirks, which was then the parish church of Brougham.The Barony of 1830 became extinct on his death, while he was succeeded in the Barony of 1860 according to the special remainder by his younger brother William Brougham.BOOK,weblink archive.org, Debrett's peerage 1921, 143, 8 November 2021,Legacy
File:Brougham.jpg|thumb|A brougham, of the style built to Lord Brougham's specification]]File:Somerville-3.jpg|alt=Dedication to Brougham in Mechanism of the Heavens (1831) by Mary Somerville|thumb|188x188px|Dedication to Brougham in Mechanism of the Heavens (1831) by Mary SomervilleMary SomervilleAs the designer of the brougham, a four-wheeled, horse-drawn style carriage that bears his name, Brougham's patronage brought renown to the French seaside resort of Cannes. In 1835, when little more than a fishing village on a picturesque coast, Brougham purchased a tract of land and built on it, leading it to become a popular sanitorium of Europe. Owing to his influence the beachfront promenade at Nice became known as the Promenade des Anglais (literally, "The Promenade of the English").WEB,weblink Cadillac Terms and Definitions A-C, Cadillacdatabase.net, 1996, 2012-05-01, 11 January 2012,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20120111112255weblink">weblink dead, The baron inspired others to winter in Cannes and own a second home there. He oversaw the construction of 'Villa Elenore-Louise' which he named after his daughter, living in the villa himself. One of his friends became the riviera's de facto estate agent owing to the building of Château Vallombrosa. The newly built villas made popular by Brougham attracted royalty, including as Queen Victoria and the Russian Czar.WEB,weblink iconicriviera.com, Cannes History: The celebrity who made Cannes, 22 November 2019, A statue of Lord Brougham stands at the Cannes waterfront, across from the Palais des festivals et des congrès.Brougham holds the House of Commons record for non-stop speaking at six hours.WEB,weblink Hansard, 8 May 1989, Column 581, 14 October 2008, HMSO, Brougham was present at the trial of the world's first steam-powered ship on 14 October 1788 at Dalswinton Loch near Auldgirth, Dumfries and Galloway. William Symington of Wanlockhead built the two-cylindered engine for Patrick Miller of Dalswinton.Innes, Brian (1988). The Story of Scotland.. v. 3, part 33, p. 905.Brougham Street and Brougham Place in Edinburgh are named in his memory.By The Three Great Roads, Aberdeen University PressWorks
{{wikisource author}}Brougham wrote a prodigious number of treatises on science, philosophy, and history. Besides the writings mentioned in this article, he was the author of Dialogues on Instinct; with Analytical View of the Researches on Fossil Osteology, Lives of Statesmen, Philosophers, and Men of Science of the Time of George III, Natural Theology, etc. His last work was an autobiography written in his 84th year and published in 1871.Brougham's Political Philosophy was included on the Cambridge syllabus for History and Political Philosophy, where it was considered among the major works on the topic along with Aristotle's Politics, François Guizot's Histoire de la civilization en Europe, and Henry Hallam's Constitutional History.BOOK, Collini, Stefan, That Noble Science of Politics: A Study in Nineteenth-Century Intellectual History, 1983, Cambridge University Press, 346,- Henry Brougham Brougham and Vaux (1838). Speeches of Henry Lord Brougham, Upon Questions Relating to Public Rights, Duties, and Interests: With Historical Introductions, and a Critical Dissertation Upon the Eloquence of the Ancients, Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 4 vol. (online: vol. 1, 2, 3, 4){{page needed|date=November 2021}}
- BOOK, Brougham, Henry, 1845, Historical sketches of statesmen who flourished in the time of George III, Ludgate street, London, Charles Knight & co,weblink Henry Brougham, 1st Baron Brougham and Vaux, 1, 2, 978-1270960287,
- BOOK, Brougham, Henry, 1872, The works of Henry Brougham, Edinburgh, Adam and Charles Black,weblink Henry Brougham, 1st Baron Brougham and Vaux, 10,
Collections
The papers of the Brougham family were deposited at University College London in 1953, having previously been purchased by C.K. Ogden.WEB, UCL Special Collections, Brougham Papers,weblink 2024-01-10, UCL Archives Catalogue, en, The majority of the collection is formed by Henry Brougham's extensive correspondence, totalling over 50,000 items.Arms
factoids | |
---|---|
See also
References
{{reflist|30em}}Attribution
- {{EB1911 |wstitle=Brougham and Vaux, Henry Peter Brougham, 1st Baron |volume=4 |pages=652â655 }}
- {{A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature |wstitle=Brougham And Vaux, Henry, 1st Lord |pages=48â49}}
External links
{{DNB poster|Brougham, Henry Peter}}- EB9, Reeve, Henry, Henry Reeve (journalist), Henry Brougham, 4, 373â381, x,
- Brougham Papers at University College London
- {{Gutenberg author |id=2834}}
- {{Internet Archive author |sname=Brougham}}
- {{Hansard-contribs | mr-henry-brougham | Henry Brougham }}
- All things connected with the Brougham name
- {{UK National Archives ID}}
- {{NPG name}}
- {{Find a Grave |id= 17809896 }}
- content above as imported from Wikipedia
- "Henry Brougham, 1st Baron Brougham and Vaux" does not exist on GetWiki (yet)
- time: 7:15pm EDT - Sat, May 04 2024
- "Henry Brougham, 1st Baron Brougham and Vaux" does not exist on GetWiki (yet)
- time: 7:15pm EDT - Sat, May 04 2024
[ this remote article is provided by Wikipedia ]
LATEST EDITS [ see all ]
GETWIKI 23 MAY 2022
The Illusion of Choice
Culture
Culture
GETWIKI 09 JUL 2019
Eastern Philosophy
History of Philosophy
History of Philosophy
GETWIKI 09 MAY 2016
GetMeta:About
GetWiki
GetWiki
GETWIKI 18 OCT 2015
M.R.M. Parrott
Biographies
Biographies
GETWIKI 20 AUG 2014
GetMeta:News
GetWiki
GetWiki
© 2024 M.R.M. PARROTT | ALL RIGHTS RESERVED