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{{Short description|English barrister and astronomer (1845 – 1912)}}{{for|the English professional footballer|George Darwin (footballer)}}{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}

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|birth_name = George Howard Darwin|image = George_Darwin_sepia_tone.jpg|image_size = 240px|caption = Sir George Howard Darwindf=yes07|09}}|birth_place = Down House, Downe, Kent, Englanddf=yes12184509}}|death_place = Cambridge, England|field = Astronomy and mathematics|work_institutions = |alma_mater = St John's College, CambridgeTrinity College, Cambridge|academic_advisors = Edward John Routh|notable_students = Ernest William BrownE. T. Whittaker|known_for = |author_abbrev_bot = |author_abbrev_zoo = |influences = |influenced = |prizes = Smith's Prize (1868)Royal Medal (1884)Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society (1892)Copley Medal (1911)Maud Darwin>1884}}Gwen Raverat>Gwen and CharlesCharles DarwinEmma Darwin>Emma Wedgwood|footnotes = |signature = Signature of Sir George Darwin.jpg}}Sir George Howard Darwin, {{postnominal|country=GBR|KCB|FRS|FRSE}} (9 July 1845 – 7 December 1912)GRO Register of Deaths: DEC 1912 3b 552 CAMBRIDGE – George H. Darwin, aged 67 was an English barrister and astronomer, the second son and fifth child of Charles Darwin and Emma Darwin.

Biography

George H. Darwin was born at Down House, Kent, the fifth child of biologist Charles Darwin and Emma Darwin.From the age of 11 he studied under Charles Pritchard at Clapham Grammar School, and entered St John's College, Cambridge, in 1863, though he soon moved to Trinity College,{{acad|id=DRWN863GH|name=Darwin, George Howard}} where his tutor was Edward John Routh. He graduated as second wrangler in 1868, when he was also placed second for the Smith's Prize and was appointed to a college fellowship. He earned his M.A. in 1871. He was admitted to the bar in 1872, but returned to science. George Darwin conducted studies into the prevalence and health outcomes of contemporary first-cousin marriages (such as his parents’) in Great Britain. His father Charles had become concerned after the death of three of his children, including his favourite daughter, Annie, from tuberculosis in 1851, that his and Emma's union may have been a mistake from a biological perspective. He was reassured by George's results.George H Darwin. Marriages between first cousins in England and their effects. International Journal of Epidemiology, Volume 38, Issue 6, 1 December 2009, Pages 1429–1439,weblink 19 November 2009

Darwinian mechanics

Although George Darwin was the son of the famous biologist, Charles Darwin, rather than moving predominantly into the field of biology like his father, George instead kept his focus on geology. Subsequently, his efforts within geology caused him to stumble onto many seemingly radical ideas, some of which were related to the notion that preserved within the physical structure of the planet was the mechanical energy (or the collective inertial motion), which may have allowed an ancient rapidly spinning Earth to somehow expel a piece of its mass, and it was this expelled mass which later congealed to create the natural satellite that was now in orbit around the Earth. So, before the Apollo mission and the rise to prominence of the relativistic notion that the origin of the Moon was due in part to collisions within a very active protoplanetary disk, there was a radically different depiction of lunar and planetary evolution, which was proposed by George Darwin, in 1879, called the Fission Theory.Britannica.com: Sir George DarwinBOOK, Wise, D. U., Marsden, B. G., Cameron, A. G. W., Origin of the Moon by Fission, The Earth-Moon System, 1966, 213–223, 10.1007/978-1-4684-8401-4_14, Springer, Boston, MA, en, 978-1-4684-8403-8, In 1879, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society and won their Royal Medal in 1884 and their Copley Medal in 1911.WEB,weblink Library and Archive Catalogue, Royal Society, 29 December 2010, {{dead link|date=January 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} He delivered their Bakerian Lecture in 1891 on the subject of "tidal prediction".In 1883 Darwin became Plumian Professor of Astronomy and Experimental Philosophy at the University of Cambridge. He studied tidal forces involving the Sun, Moon, and Earth, and formulated the fission theory of Moon formation.Britannica.com: Sir George DarwinDarwin was a Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society (RAS) and won the Gold Medal of the RAS in 1892. He was elected to both the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the American Philosophical Society in 1898.WEB, 2023-02-09, George Howard Darwin,weblink 2024-02-13, American Academy of Arts & Sciences, en, WEB, APS Member History,weblink 2024-02-13, search.amphilsoc.org, From 1899–1901 he served as President of the RAS. He was elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences in 1904.WEB, George Darwin,weblink 2024-02-13, www.nasonline.org, The RAS founded a prize lectureship in 1984 and named it the George Darwin Lectureship in Darwin's honour.He was an invited speaker in the International Congress of Mathematicians 1908, Rome on the topic of "Mechanics, Physical Mathematics, Astronomy."WEB, ICM Plenary and Invited Speakers since 1897,weblink International Congress of Mathematicians, 17 August 2013, 8 November 2017,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20171108012153weblink">weblink dead, As President of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, he also gave the Introductory Address to the Congress in 1912 on the character of pure and applied mathematics.BOOK, E. B., Hobson, A. E. H., Love, Proceedings of the Fifth International Congress of Mathematicians (Cambridge, 22-28 August 1912), 1913, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 33–36, He received the degree of Doctor mathematicae (honoris causa) from the Royal Frederick University on 6 September 1902, when they celebrated the centennial of the birth of mathematician Niels Henrik Abel.NEWSPAPER THE TIMES, Foreign degrees for British men of Science, 8 September 1902, 4, 36867, WEB,weblink Honorary doctorates from the University of Oslo 1902-1910, (in Norwegian) Darwin crater on Mars is named after him.JOURNAL, The new Martian nomenclature of the International Astronomical Union, 1, de Vaucouleurs, G., Blunck, J., Davies, M., Dollfus, A., Koval, I. K., Kuiper, G. P., Masursky, H., Miyamoto, S., Moroz, V. I., Sagan, Carl, Smith, Bradford, Icarus, 26, 1, September 1975, 85–98, 10.1016/0019-1035(75)90146-3, 1975Icar...26...85D, File:Sir George Howard Darwin by Mark Gertler 1912.jpg|Sir George Howard Darwin, oil on canvas, Mark Gertler, 1912File:George Darwin ca1908.jpg|George Darwin ca 1908 by his daughter Gwen RaveratFile:Lady George Darwin by Cecilia Beaux 1889.jpeg|Lady George Darwin, pastel, Cecilia Beaux, 1889

Family

Darwin married Martha (Maud) du Puy, the daughter of Charles du Puy of Philadelphia, in 1884; his wife was a member of the Ladies Dining Society in Cambridge, with 11 other members.She died on 6 February 1947. They had three sons and two daughters:

• Gwen Raverat (1885–1957), artist.
• Sir Charles Galton Darwin (1887–1962), physicist and applied mathematician.
• Margaret Elizabeth Darwin (1890–1974), married Sir Geoffrey Keynes.
• William Robert Darwin (1894–1970)
• Leonard Darwin (1899–1899)

George and Maud Darwin bought Newnham Grange, Cambridge in 1885. The Darwins extensively remodelled the house. Since 1962 the Grange has been part of Darwin College, Cambridge.He is buried in Trumpington Extension Cemetery in Cambridge with his son Leonard and his daughter Gwen (Raverat), his wife Lady Maud Darwin was cremated at Cambridge Crematorium; his brothers Sir Francis Darwin and Sir Horace Darwin and their respective wives are interred in the Parish of the Ascension Burial Ground.

Works

• EB9,weblink Tides, x,
• The tides and kindred phenomena in the solar system (Boston, Houghton, 1899)
• Problems connected with the tides of a viscous spheroid (London, Harrison and Sons, 1879–1882)
• Scientific papers (Volume 1): Oceanic tides and lunar disturbances of gravity (Cambridge : University Press, 1907)JOURNAL, Brown, Ernest W., Ernest William Brown, Review: Scientific Papers, by George Howard Darwin, Bull. Amer. Math. Soc., 1909, 16, 2, 73–78, 10.1090/s0002-9904-1909-01862-2, free, JOURNAL, Review: Scientific Papers. Vol. I by Sir George Howard Darwin, Athenaeum (British magazine), The Athenaeum, 4196, 386, March 28, 1908,weblink Buckingham, James Silk, Sterling, John, Maurice, Frederick Denison, Stebbing, Henry, Dilke, Charles Wentworth, Hervey, Thomas Kibble, Dixon, William Hepworth, MacColl, Norman, Rendall, Vernon Horace, Murry, John Middleton,
• Scientific papers (Volume 2): Tidal friction and cosmogony. (Cambridge : University Press, 1908)
• Scientific papers (Volume 3): Figures of equilibrium of rotating liquid and geophysical investigations. (Cambridge : University Press, 1908)
• Scientific papers (Volume 4): Periodic orbits and miscellaneous papers. (Cambridge : University Press, 1911)
• Scientific papers (Volume 5) Supplementary volume, containing biographical memoirs by Sir Francis Darwin and Professor E. W. Brown, lectures on Hill's lunar theory, etc... (Cambridge : University Press, 1916)
• The Scientific Papers of Sir George Darwin. 1907. Cambridge University Press (rep. by Cambridge University Press, 2009; {{isbn|978-1-108-00449-7}})

Articles

• "On Beneficial Restrictions to Liberty of Marriage," The Contemporary Review, Vol. XXII, June/November 1873.
• "Commodities Versus Labour," The Contemporary Review, Vol. XXII, June/November 1873.
• "The Birth of a Satellite" Harper's Monthly Magazine, December 1903, pages 124 to 130.

References

{{Reflist|30em}}

External links

{{wikisource author}}{{NIE Poster|year=1905|Darwin, George Howard|George Darwin}}

• {{Gutenberg author | id=39625}}
• {{Internet Archive author |sname=George Howard Darwin}}
• {{MacTutor Biography|id=Darwin}}
• {{MathGenealogy|id=17467|name=George Howard Darwin}}
• "The Genesis of Double Stars" {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606170700weblink |date=6 June 2011 }} – by George Darwin, from A.C. Seward's Darwin and Modern Science {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606170717weblink |date=6 June 2011 }} (1909).
• {{UK National Archives ID}}
• weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20040513214342weblink">details of correspondence
• Trinity College Chapel memorial
• {{Find a Grave|96774353}}

{{Copley Medallists 1901-1950}}{{Darwin}}{{Authority control}}