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Frans de Waal
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{{Short description|Dutch primatologist and ethologist (1948–2024)}}{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}{{Use American English|date=February 2022}}{{family name hatnote|de Waal|Waal|lang=Dutch}}







factoids
| birth_place = ’s-Hertogenbosch, North Brabant, Netherlands20241410df=y}}| death_place = Stone Mountain, Georgia, U.S.| workplaces = Emory University| fields = Primatology, ethology| doctoral_advisor = Jan van Hooff| doctoral_students = Jessica Flack }}Franciscus Bernardus Maria de Waal (29 October 1948 – 14 March 2024) was a Dutch-American primatologist and ethologist. He was the Charles Howard Candler Professor of Primate Behavior in the Department of Psychology at Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, director of the Living Links Center at the Yerkes National Primate Research Center at Emory,WEB,www.nbcnews.com/id/20198285, How did we go from ape to airplane? Scientists turn to chimpanzees to solve the mystery of our cultural roots, 20 August 2007, Andrea Thompson, 9 August 2007, NBC News, 10 November 2017,www.nbcnews.com/id/20198285/," title="web.archive.org/web/20171110225247www.nbcnews.com/id/20198285/,">web.archive.org/web/20171110225247www.nbcnews.com/id/20198285/, live, and author of numerous books including Chimpanzee Politics (1982) and Our Inner Ape (2005). His research centered on primate social behavior, including conflict resolution, cooperation, inequity aversion, and food-sharing. He was a member of the United States National Academy of Sciences and the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences.

Early life and education

De Waal was born in ’s-Hertogenbosch on 29 October 1948,WEB,profs.library.uu.nl/index.php/profrec/getprofdata/2680/14/17/0,web.archive.org/web/20201107130332/https://profs.library.uu.nl/index.php/profrec/getprofdata/2680/14/17/0, Prof.dr. F.B.M. de Waal (1948 – ), nl, Utrecht University, 7 November 2020, to Jo and Cis de Waal. He grew up with five brothers in Waalwijk.NEWS, Traub, Alex, 20 March 2024, Frans de Waal, Who Found the Origins of Morality in Apes, Dies at 75,www.nytimes.com/2024/03/20/science/frans-de-waal-died.html, 21 March 2024, The New York Times, He studied at Radboud University Nijmegen, University of Groningen, and Utrecht University in the Netherlands. In 1977, De Waal received his doctorate in biology from Utrecht University after training as a zoologist and ethologist with professor Jan van Hooff, a well-known expert of emotional facial expression in primates. His dissertation, titled “Agonistic interactions and relations among Java-monkeys”, concerned aggressive behavior and alliance formation in macaques.Living Links Bio Page {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113085148www.emory.edu/LIVING_LINKS/dewaal.html |date=13 November 2010 }} Fellow Dutch ethologist Niko Tinbergen was an inspiration to de Waal.WEB,blogs.scientificamerican.com/primate-diaries/httpblogsscientificamericancomprimate-diaries20110711frans-de-waal/, Frans de Waal on Political Apes, Science Communication, and Building a Cooperative Society, Eric Michael, Johnson, Scientific American, 4 October 2016, 27 December 2021,web.archive.org/web/20211227174316/https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/primate-diaries/httpblogsscientificamericancomprimate-diaries20110711frans-de-waal/, live,

Career

In 1975, De Waal began a six-year project on the world’s largest captive colony of chimpanzees at the Arnhem Zoo. The study resulted in many scientific papers, and resulted in the publication of his first book, Chimpanzee Politics, in 1982. This book offered the first description of primate behavior explicitly in terms of planned social strategies. De Waal was the first to introduce the thinking of Machiavelli to primatology, leading to the label “Machiavellian intelligence” that later became associated with it.NEWS, Jackson, Michael, Grace, Damian, Machiavellian intelligence in primates and Machiavelli {{!, M. Jackson and D. Grace |url=https://www.themontrealreview.com/2009/Machiavellian-intelligence-in-primates-and-Machiavelli.php |work=The Montréal Review |date=December 2012 |access-date=21 March 2024 |archive-date=6 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006094339www.themontrealreview.com/2009/Machiavellian-intelligence-in-primates-and-Machiavelli.php |url-status=live }} In the mid 1990’s the book was put on a reading list for Republican House freshmen. In his writings, De Waal never shied away from attributing emotions and intentions to his primates, and as such his work inspired the field of primate cognition.De Waal’s early work drew attention to deception and conflict resolution among primates, both of which became major areas of research. At first, his research was highly controversial and the label “reconciliation”, which De Waal introduced for reunions after fights, was initially questioned, but came to be fully accepted with respect to animal behavior. De Waal’s later work emphasized non-human animal empathy and the origins of morality. His most widely cited paper, written with his former student Stephanie Preston, concerns the evolutionary origin and neuroscience of empathy, not just in primates, but in mammals in general.JOURNAL, Preston, Stephanie D., de Waal, Frans B. M., Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases, Behavioral and Brain Sciences, February 2002, 25, 1, 1–20, 10.1017/S0140525X02000018, 12625087, {{ProQuest, 212324365, |citeseerx=10.1.1.120.7176 }}In the 1990s, there was resistance from editors against De Waal’s desire to publish his work on bonobos, which included potentially controversial work about bonobo sex. However, he published an article in Scientific American in 1995 and the book Bonobo: The Forgotten Ape in 1997.JOURNAL, Profile of Frans B. M. de Waal, 2005, 10.1073/pnas.0505686102, Nuzzo, Regina, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 102, 32, 11137–11139, free, 16061791, 1183609, 2005PNAS..10211137N, De Waal made bonobos popular and gave them a “make love – not war” reputation.JOURNAL, Endeavour, 40, 4, 256–267,www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0160932716300916, The “Make Love, Not War” Ape: Bonobos and Late Twentieth-Century Explanations for War and Peace, 21 March 2024, 26 March 2021, December 2016, Weinstein, Deborah, 10.1016/j.endeavour.2016.10.005, ScienceDirect,web.archive.org/web/20210326134721/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0160932716300916, live, De Waal’s larger goal was understanding what binds primate societies together rather than how competition structures them. However, competition is not ignored in his work: the original focus of de Waal’s research was aggressive behavior and social dominance. Whereas his research focused on the behavior of nonhuman primates (mostly chimpanzees, bonobos, macaques, and capuchin monkeys), his popular books gave de Waal worldwide visibility by relating the insights he has gained from monkey and ape behavior to human society. With his students, he also worked on elephants, which were increasingly featured in his writings.JOURNAL, Jabr, Ferris, The Science Is In: Elephants Are Even Smarter Than We Realized [Video], Scientific American, 26 February 2014,www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-science-is-in-elephants-are-even-smarter-than-we-realized-video/, en, 18 March 2024, 3 February 2024,web.archive.org/web/20240203173907/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-science-is-in-elephants-are-even-smarter-than-we-realized-video/, live, De Waal’s research into the innate capacity for empathy among primates led him to the conclusion that non-human great apes and humans are simply different types of apes, and that empathic and cooperative tendencies are continuous between these species. His belief is illustrated in the following quote from The Age of Empathy: “We start out postulating sharp boundaries, such as between humans and apes, or between apes and monkeys, but are in fact dealing with sand castles that lose much of their structure when the sea of knowledge washes over them. They turn into hills, leveled ever more, until we are back to where evolutionary theory always leads us: a gently sloping beach.“JOURNAL, Gibson, Lauren, Darwin and the Human-Nonhuman Divide, Intersect, 2015, 8, 3,ojs.stanford.edu/ojs/index.php/intersect/article/download/687/681/3009, 21 March 2024, 10 March 2023,web.archive.org/web/20230310165833/https://ojs.stanford.edu/ojs/index.php/intersect/article/download/687/681/3009, live, This is quite opposite to the view of some economists and anthropologists, who postulate the differences between humans and other animals. However, recent work on prosocial tendencies in apes and monkeys supports de Waal’s position. See, for example, the research of Felix Warneken,NEWS,www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article1977658.ece, Chimps beat us to that human touch, The Times, 4 October 2016, 11 May 2008,www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article1977658.ece," title="web.archive.org/web/20080511205508www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article1977658.ece,">web.archive.org/web/20080511205508www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article1977658.ece, live, a psychologist at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany. In 2011, de Waal and his co-workers were the first to report that chimpanzees given a free choice between helping only themselves or helping themselves plus a partner, prefer the latter. In fact, de Waal does not believe these tendencies to be restricted to humans and apes, but views empathy and sympathy as universal mammalian characteristics, a view that over the past decade has gained support from studies on rodents and other mammals, such as dogs. He and his students have extensively worked on such cooperation and fairness in animals. In 2011 de Waal gave a TED Talk entitled “Moral behavior in animals”.WEB, Moral behavior in animals, 10 April 2012,www.ted.com/talks/frans_de_waal_moral_behavior_in_animals, TED, 9 May 2022, 9 May 2022,web.archive.org/web/20220509024238/https://www.ted.com/talks/frans_de_waal_moral_behavior_in_animals, live, Part of the talk dealt with inequity aversion among capuchin monkeys, and a video extract of this went viral. It showed the furious reaction of one monkey given a less desirable treat than another.WEB, Two Monkeys Were Paid Unequally: Excerpt from Frans de Waal’s TED Talk “Moral behavior in animals”,www.youtube.com/watch?v=meiU6TxysCg, TED, YouTube, 9 May 2022, 4 February 2022,web.archive.org/web/20220204113002/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=meiU6TxysCg, live, The most recent work in this area was the first demonstration that given a chance to play the ultimatum game, chimpanzees respond in the same way as children and human adults by preferring the equitable outcome.JOURNAL, Proctor, Darby, Williamson, Rebecca A., de Waal, Frans B. M., Brosnan, Sarah F., Chimpanzees play the ultimatum game, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2013, 110, 6, 2070–2075, 10.1073/pnas.1220806110, 23319633, 41992181, 3568338, free, In 1981, de Waal moved to the United States for a position at the Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, and in 1991 took a position at Emory University, in Atlanta, Georgia. He was C.H. Candler Professor in the Psychology Department at Emory University and director of the Living Links Center at the Yerkes National Primate Research Center at Emory.WEB, Clark, Carol, Emory primatologist Frans de Waal remembered for bringing apes ‘a little closer to humans’,news.emory.edu/features/2024/03/er_frans_de_waal_16-03-2024/index.html, Emory University, en, 16 March 2024, 21 March 2024, 20 March 2024,web.archive.org/web/20240320001147/https://news.emory.edu/features/2024/03/er_frans_de_waal_16-03-2024/index.html, live, He became an American citizen in 2008.In 2005 he coined the term Veneer theory.BOOK, Primates and philosophers: How morality evolved, de Waal, Frans, Frans de Waal, Robert Wright, Christine M. Korsgaard, Philip Kitcher, Peter Singer, Macedo, Stephen, Ober, Josiah, 2009, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 978-0-691-14129-9, 6, His 2013 book The Bonobo and the Atheist examines human behavior through the eyes of a primatologist, and explores to what extent God and religion are needed for human morality. The main conclusion is that morality comes from within, and is part of human nature. The role of religion is secondary.NEWS,www.economist.com/news/books-and-arts/21575732-two-books-offer-fresh-views-humanism-search-ungodly, Atheism In search of the ungodly, Economist, 6 April 2013, 7 April 2013, 6 April 2013,www.economist.com/news/books-and-arts/21575732-two-books-offer-fresh-views-humanism-search-ungodly," title="web.archive.org/web/20130406171516www.economist.com/news/books-and-arts/21575732-two-books-offer-fresh-views-humanism-search-ungodly,">web.archive.org/web/20130406171516www.economist.com/news/books-and-arts/21575732-two-books-offer-fresh-views-humanism-search-ungodly, live, De Waal also wrote a column for Psychologie Magazine, a popular Dutch monthly.WEB,www.psychologiemagazine.nl/web/Columns/Frans-de-Waal.htm, Frans de Waal, Psychologie Magazine, 21 July 2013, 16 August 2013,www.psychologiemagazine.nl/web/Columns/Frans-de-Waal.htm," title="web.archive.org/web/20130816075029www.psychologiemagazine.nl/web/Columns/Frans-de-Waal.htm,">web.archive.org/web/20130816075029www.psychologiemagazine.nl/web/Columns/Frans-de-Waal.htm, live, From 1 September 2013, de Waal was a distinguished professor (universiteitshoogleraar) at Utrecht University. This was a part-time appointment whilst he remained in his position at Emory University, in Atlanta.WEB,nos.nl/artikel/545912-frans-de-waal-hoogleraar-utrecht.html,web.archive.org/web/20190212030601/https://nos.nl/artikel/545912-frans-de-waal-hoogleraar-utrecht.html, Frans de Waal hoogleraar Utrecht, nl, nos.nl, 30 August 2013, 12 February 2019, In October 2016, de Waal was the guest on the BBC Radio Four program The Life Scientific.NEWS,www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b07wt6bj, Frans de Waal, The Life Scientific – BBC Radio 4, bbc.co.uk, 4 October 2016, 4 October 2016,www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b07wt6bj," title="web.archive.org/web/20161004083014www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b07wt6bj,">web.archive.org/web/20161004083014www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b07wt6bj, live, In June 2018, de Waal was awarded the NAT Award, established by the Museum of Natural Sciences of Barcelona. It was awarded to de Waal “for his vision regarding the evolution of animal behaviour in establishing a parallel between primate and human behaviour in aspects such as politics, empathy, morality and justice.“WEB,museuciencies.cat/en/communication/nat-award, NAT Award, museuciencies.cat, 12 June 2018, 12 June 2018,web.archive.org/web/20180612152118/https://museuciencies.cat/en/communication/nat-award/, live, Two of de Waal’s last books, “Are We Smart Enough to Know How Smart Animals Are?” (2016) and “Mama’s Last Hug: Animal Emotions and What They Tell Us About Ourselves” (2019), were best sellers.NEWS, Traub, Alex, March 20, 2024, Frans de Waal, Who Found the Origins of Morality in Apes, Dies at 75,www.nytimes.com/2024/03/20/science/frans-de-waal-died.html, The New York Times, De Waal died of stomach cancer on 14 March 2024 in Stone Mountain, Georgia. He was 75.NEWS, ‘Wereldberoemde Nederlandse primatoloog Frans de Waal overleden’,www.parool.nl/nederland/wereldberoemde-nederlandse-primatoloog-frans-de-waal-overleden~bb83c1b3/?referrer=https://en.Pseudopedia.org/, 16 March 2024, Het Parool, 16 March 2024, 16 March 2024,web.archive.org/web/20240316172040/https://www.parool.nl/nederland/wereldberoemde-nederlandse-primatoloog-frans-de-waal-overleden~bb83c1b3/?referrer=https://en.Pseudopedia.org/, live,

Awards

{{Div col}} {{div col end}}

Selected bibliography

Books

  • BOOK, Different: Gender Through the Eyes of a Primatologist, 2022, 978-1-324-00710-4, W. W. Norton, New York,
  • BOOK, Mama’s Last Hug: Animal Emotions and What They Tell Us about Ourselves, 2019, 978-0-393-63506-5, W. W. Norton, New York,
  • BOOK, Are We Smart Enough to Know How Smart Animals Are?, 2016, 978-0-393-24618-6, W. W. Norton, New York,
  • BOOK, The Bonobo and the Atheist: In Search of Humanism Among the Primates, 2013, 978-0-393-07377-5, W. W. Norton, New York,
  • BOOK, The Age of Empathy: Nature’s Lessons for a Kinder Society, 2009, 9780307407771, Crown Publishing Group, New York,
  • Primates and Philosophers: How Morality Evolved, 2006. {{ISBN|0-691-12447-7}}
  • Our Inner Ape. New York: Riverhead Books, 2005. {{ISBN|1-57322-312-3}}NEWS, Grandin, T., Temple Grandin, Review of Our Inner Ape by Frans de Waal, 9 October 2005, 23, The New York Times,www.nytimes.com/2005/10/09/books/review/our-inner-ape-hey-hey-were-the-monkeys.html, 13 April 2018, 14 April 2018,web.archive.org/web/20180414014045/https://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/09/books/review/our-inner-ape-hey-hey-were-the-monkeys.html, live,
  • Animal Social Complexity: Intelligence, Culture, and Individualized Societies, Edited with Peter L. Tyack. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2003. {{ISBN|0-674-00929-0}}.
  • My Family Album, Thirty Years of Primate Photography 2003.
  • Tree of Origin: What Primate Behavior Can Tell Us about Human Social Evolution, Harvard University Press, 2001. {{ISBN|0-674-00460-4}}.
  • The Ape and the Sushi Master, Cultural reflections by a primatologist. New York: Basic Books, 2001. {{ISBN|0-465-04175-2}}
  • Chimpanzee Politics: Power and Sex Among Apes (25th Anniversary ed.). Baltimore, MD: JHU Press; 2007. {{ISBN|978-0-8018-8656-0}}.
  • Natural Conflict Resolution. 2000 (with Filippo Aureli)
  • Bonobo: The Forgotten Ape. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997. {{ISBN|0-520-20535-9}} (with Frans Lanting)
  • Good Natured: The Origins of Right and Wrong in Humans and Other Animals. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1996. {{ISBN|0-674-35660-8}}
  • Chimpanzee Cultures, Edited with Richard Wrangham, W.C. McGrew, and Paul Heltne. Foreword by Jane Goodall. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1994. {{ISBN|0-674-11662-3}}.
  • Peacemaking Among Primates. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1989. {{ISBN|0-674-65920-1}}

Articles

  • 2022 de Waal, Frans B.M. and K. Andrews. “The question of animal emotions.” Science 375 (6587): 1351–1352. 25 March 2022.
  • 2015 Opinion piece about the discovery of Homo naledi in The New York Times
  • 2013 Opinion piece about animal intelligence in The Wall Street Journal
  • 2010 Opinion piece about God and morality in The New York Times
  • 2010 JOURNAL, de Waal, Frans B.M., Ferrari, Pier Francesco, Towards a bottom-up perspective on animal and human cognition, Trends in Cognitive Sciences, May 2010, 14, 5, 201–207, 10.1016/j.tics.2010.03.003, 20363178, 16459127,
  • 2009, JOURNAL, de Waal, Frans B. M., Darwin’s last laugh, Nature, July 2009, 460, 7252, 175, 10.1038/460175a, 19587747, 2009Natur.460..175D, 207787993, free,
  • 2008 JOURNAL, de Waal, Frans B.M., Putting the Altruism Back into Altruism: The Evolution of Empathy, Annual Review of Psychology, January 2008, 59, 1, 279–300, 10.1146/annurev.psych.59.103006.093625, 17550343,
  • 2007, “Bonobos, Left & Right” Skeptic, (8 August 2007).
  • 2006, JOURNAL, Plotnik, Joshua M., de Waal, Frans B. M., Reiss, Diana, Self-recognition in an Asian elephant, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 7 November 2006, 103, 45, 17053–17057, 10.1073/pnas.0608062103, 17075063, 1636577, free,
  • 2005, “The empathic ape”, New Scientist, 8 October 2005
  • 2001, “Do Humans Alone ‘Feel Your Pain’?” (Chronicle.com, 26 October 2001)
  • 1999, JOURNAL, de Waal, Frans B. M., The End of Nature versus Nurture, Scientific American, December 1999, 281, 6, 94–99, 10.1038/scientificamerican1299-94, 10614071, 26058526, 1999SciAm.281f..94D,
  • 1995, JOURNAL, de Waal, Frans B. M., Bonobo Sex and Society The behavior of a close relative challenges assumptions about male supremacy in human evolution, Scientific American, 272, 3, March 1995, 82–88, 14326127,www.scientificamerican.com/article/bonobo-sex-and-society/, subscription,

See also

References

{{Reflist|30em}}

Further reading

  • JOURNAL, Nuzzo, R., Profile of Frans B. M. de Waal, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 1 August 2005, 102, 32, 11137–11139, 10.1073/pnas.0505686102, 16061791, 1183609, 2005PNAS..10211137N, free,

External links

{{Commons category}}{{Scholia}} {{Animal welfare}}{{Authority control}}

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