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{{Short description|Supreme law of the Republic of Turkey}}{{redirect|Turkish constitution|another use|1838 Constitution of Serbia}}

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File:Ä°stanbulAnadoluJusticePalace2.jpg|thumb|290px|Court of Justice building in Kartal, IstanbulIstanbul{{Politics of Turkey}}{{Constitutional history of Turkey sidebar}}The Constitution of Turkey, formally known as the Constitution of the Republic of Türkiye (), also known as the Constitution of 1982, is Turkey’s fundamental law. It establishes the organization of the government, and sets out the principles and rules of the state’s conduct along with its responsibilities in regards to its citizens. The constitution also establishes the rights and responsibilities of the latter while setting the guidelines for the delegation and exercise that sovereignty belongs entirely and without doubt to the people.The constitution was ratified on 7 November 1982. It replaced the earlier Constitution of 1961. The constitution was amended 21 times, three of them through a referendum: 2007, 2010, 2017, one of them partly through referendum: 1987. As of April 2016, 113 of the 177 articles of the Constitution of 1982 were amended overall.WEB,www.odatv.com/n.php?n=177-maddeden-113u-degisti-hangi-82-anayasasi-1110111200, 1982 ANAYASASI’NDA DEĞİŞEN MADDELER, Odatv.com, 6 April 2016, 6 March 2016,odatv.com/n.php?n=177-maddeden-113u-degisti-hangi-82-anayasasi-1110111200," title="web.archive.org/web/20160306091539odatv.com/n.php?n=177-maddeden-113u-degisti-hangi-82-anayasasi-1110111200,">web.archive.org/web/20160306091539odatv.com/n.php?n=177-maddeden-113u-degisti-hangi-82-anayasasi-1110111200, live, {{needs update|date=August 2023}}

History

The first constitution of the Ottoman Empire was adopted in 1876 and revised in 1908.Since its founding, the modern Turkish state has been governed under four documents:

• The Constitution of 1921,
• The Constitution of 1924,
• The Constitution of 1961, and,
• The current Constitution of 1982.

The current constitution was ratified by popular referendum during the military junta of 1980-1983. Since its ratification in 1982, the current constitution has overseen many important events and changes in the Republic of Turkey, and it has been modified many times to keep up with global and regional geopolitical conjunctures. Major amendments were made in 2010.Ergun Ozbudun, Turkey’s Constitutional Reform and the 2010 Constitutional Referendum, IEMed 2011, available atwww.iemed.org/observatori-en/arees-danalisi/arxius-adjunts/anuari/med.2011/Ozbudun_en.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323004156www.iemed.org/observatori-en/arees-danalisi/arxius-adjunts/anuari/med.2011/Ozbudun_en.pdf |date=2021-03-23 }} (accessed Mar. 3, 2016). A minor amendment to Article 59, on the permissible means for challenging “decisions of sport federations relating to administration and discipline of sportive activities,” was made in March 2011.Constitution of the Republic of Turkey, art. 59, official English translation (Turkish Grand National Assembly [TBMM]), available atglobal.tbmm.gov.tr/docs/constitution_en.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200209123304global.tbmm.gov.tr/docs/constitution_en.pdf |date=2020-02-09 }} (accessed Mar. 3, 2016). Following the 2017 constitutional referendum, fundamental changes were introduced including changing the parliamentary system in Turkey to a presidential system.JOURNAL, Esen, Berk, Gümüşçü, Åžebnem, A Small Yes for Presidentialism: The Turkish Constitutional Referendum of April 2017, South European Society and Politics, 3 July 2017, 22, 3, 303–326, 10.1080/13608746.2017.1384341,www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13608746.2017.1384341?journalCode=fses20, 1360-8746, 11693/38208, 158346672, free, 4 May 2021, 9 October 2021,web.archive.org/web/20211009150255/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13608746.2017.1384341?journalCode=fses20, live, The executive, legislative and judiciary power under control by the president may cause less democracy.WEB, M@Rt1n@Sl@n, 2023-01-09, A referendum for less democracy,ostkonflikt.org/?p=1078, 2023-05-10, Ost Konflikt, en-GB,

Overview

Part one: Founding principles

The Constitution asserts that Turkey is a secular (s:Constitution of the Republic of Turkey#2.1|2.1]]) and democratic (s:Constitution of the Republic of Turkey#2.1|2.1]]) republic (s:Constitution of the Republic of Turkey#1.1|1.1]]) that derives its sovereignty (s:Constitution of the Republic of Turkey#6.1|6.1]]) from the people. The sovereignty rests with the Turkish Nation, who delegates its exercise to an elected unicameral parliament, the Turkish Grand National Assembly. (File:Seal of the Turkish Parliament (Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi).svg|thumb|220px|alt=text|Seal of the Assembly)The s:Constitution of the Republic of Turkey#4|Article 4]] declares the immovability of the founding principles of the Republic defined in the first three Articles and bans any proposals for their modification. The s:Constitution of the Republic of Turkey#Preamble|preamble]] also invokes the principles of nationalism, defined as the “material and spiritual well-being of the Republic”. The basic nature of Turkey is laïcité (s:Constitution of the Republic of Turkey#2|2]]), social equality (s:Constitution of the Republic of Turkey#2|2]]), equality before law (s:Constitution of the Republic of Turkey#10|10]]), the Republican form of government (s:Constitution of the Republic of Turkey#1|1]]), the indivisibility of the Republic and of the Turkish Nation (s:Constitution of the Republic of Turkey#3.1|3.1]]).” Thus, it sets out to found a unitary nation-state based on the principles of secular democracy.Fundamental Aims and Duties of the State is defined in s:Constitution of the Republic of Turkey#5|Article 5]]. Constitution establishes a separation of powers between the Legislative Power (s:Constitution of the Republic of Turkey#7.1|7.1]]), Executive Power (s:Constitution of the Republic of Turkey#8.1|8.1]]), and Judicial Power (s:Constitution of the Republic of Turkey#9.1|9.1]]) of the state. The separation of powers between the legislative and the executive is a loose one, whereas the one between the executive and the legislative with the judiciary is a strict one.

Part Two: Individual and Group Rights

{{further|Human rights in Turkey}}Part Two of the constitution is the bill of rights. s:Constitution of the Republic of Turkey#12|Article Twelve]] guarantees “fundamental rights and freedoms”, which are defined as including the:

• s:Constitution of the Republic of Turkey (2017)I. Personal inviolability, corporeal and spiritual existence of the individual|Article 17]]: Personal Inviolability, Material and Spiritual Entity of the Individual (right to life)
• s:Constitution of the Republic of Turkey (2017)II. Prohibition of forced labour|Article 18]]: Prohibition of Forced Labour
• s:Constitution of the Republic of Turkey (2017)III. Personal liberty and security|Article 19]]: Personal Liberty and Security (security of person)
• s:Constitution of the Republic of Turkey (2017)A. Privacy of private life|Article 20]]: Privacy of Individual Life
• s:Constitution of the Republic of Turkey (2017)B. Inviolability of the domicile|Article 21]]: Inviolability of the Domicile
• s:Constitution of the Republic of Turkey (2017)C. Freedom of communication|Article 22]]: Freedom of Communication
• s:Constitution of the Republic of Turkey (2017)V. Freedom of residence and movement|Article 23]]: Freedom of Residence and Movement
• s:Constitution of the Republic of Turkey (2017)VI. Freedom of religion and conscience|Article 24]]: Freedom of Religion and Conscience
• s:Constitution of the Republic of Turkey (2017)VII. Freedom of thought and opinion|Article 25]]: Freedom of Thought and Opinion
• s:Constitution of the Republic of Turkey (2017)VIII. Freedom of expression and dissemination of thought|Article 26]]: Freedom of Expression and Dissemination of Thought
• s:Constitution of the Republic of Turkey (2017)IX. Freedom of science and the arts|Article 27]]: Freedom of Science and the Arts
• s:Constitution of the Republic of Turkey (2017)XII. Right to property|Article 35]]: Right to property

Article Five of the Constitution sets out the (wikt:raison d’être|raison d’être) of the Turkish state, namely “to provide the conditions required for the development of the individual’s material and spiritual existence”.Many of these entrenched rights have their basis in international bills of rights, such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which Turkey was one of the first nations to ratify in December 1948.WEB,www.aidh.org/uni/Formation/02Charte_a.htm, 11 March 2008, Adoption of the Universal Declaration, 1948 PARIS, The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 3 September 2008, Collège universitaire Henry Dunant{{clarify, May 2016, |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081215170855www.aidh.org/uni/Formation/02Charte_a.htm |archive-date=15 December 2008 |url-status=dead }}

Equality of citizens

File:Constitutional_Court_of_Turkey.jpg|thumb|270px|Constitutional Court of Turkey is placed in AnkaraAnkaraBesides the provisions establishing Turkey as a secular state, s:Constitution of the Republic of Turkey (2017)#X. Equality before the law|Article 10]] goes further with regards to equality of its citizens by prohibiting any discrimination based on their “language, race, color, sex, political opinion, philosophical convictions or religious beliefs” and guaranteeing their equality in the eyes of the law. Borrowing from the French Revolutionary ideals of the nation and the Republic,{{Citation needed|date=April 2021}} Article 3 affirms that “The Turkish State, with its territory and nation, is an indivisible entity. Its language is Turkish”. Article 66 defines a Turkish civic identity: “everyone bound to the Turkish state through the bond of citizenship is a Turk”.

Freedom of expression

Article 26 establishes freedom of expression and Articles 27 and 28 the freedom of the press, while Articles 33 and 34 affirm the freedom of association and freedom of assembly, respectively.

Group rights

Classes are considered irrelevant in legal terms (A10). The Constitution affirms the right of workers to form labor unions “without obtaining permission” and “to possess the right to become a member of a union and to freely withdraw from membership” (A51). Articles 53 and 54 affirm the right of workers to bargain collectively and to strike, respectively.

Part three: Fundamental organs

File:Court_of_Cassation_in_Ankara2.jpg|thumb|270px|The Court of Cassation is the last instance for reviewing verdicts given by courts of criminal and civil justice in Turkey.]]

Legislative power

Article Seven provides for the establishment of a unicameral parliament as the sole organ of expression of sovereign people. Article Six of the Constitution affirms that “sovereignty is vested fully and unconditionally in the nation” and that “the Turkish Nation shall exercise its sovereignty through the authorised organs as prescribed by the principles laid down in the Constitution”. The same article also rules out the delegation of sovereignty “to any individual, group or class” and affirms that “no person or agency shall exercise any state authority which does not emanate from the Constitution”. Article 80 (A80) affirms the principle of national sovereignty: “members of the Turkish Grand National Assembly represent, not merely their own constituencies or (wikt:constituent|constituents), but the Nation as a whole”.Part Three, Chapter One (Articles 75–100) sets the rules for the election and functioning of the Turkish Grand National Assembly as the legislative organ, as well as the conditions of eligibility (A76), parliamentary immunity (A83) and general legislative procedures to be followed. Per Articles 87 and 88, both the government and the parliament can propose laws, however it is only the parliament that has the power to enact laws (A87) and ratify treaties of the Republic with other sovereign states (A90).The President of the Republic is elected by direct election and has an executive role as the Head of State, “representing the Republic of Turkey and the unity of the Turkish Nation” (A104). The President was elected by the parliament until 2007, and had a ceremonial role until 2017.{{see also|Politics of Turkey|Grand National Assembly of Turkey|President of Turkey|Prime Minister of Turkey|Council of Ministers of Turkey}}

Judiciary

File:PalaceOfJusticeIstanbul_(1).jpg|thumb|240px|Istanbul Justice Palace is a courthouse in the ÅžiÅŸli district of IstanbulIstanbulArticle Nine affirms that the “judicial power shall be exercised by independent courts on behalf of the Turkish Nation”. Part Four provides the rules relating to their functioning and guarantees their full independence (A137-140). The judiciary conforms to the principle of separation of powers not only through its independence from the executive and legislative branches of government but by being divided into two entities, Administrative Justice and Judicial Justice, with the Danıştay (The Council of State) the highest court for the former (A155) and Yargıtay (High Court of Appeals) the highest court for the latter (154).Part Four, Section Two allows for a Constitutional Court that rules on the conformity of laws and governmental decrees to the Constitution. It may hear cases referred by the President of the Republic, the government, the members of Parliament (A150) or any judge before whom a constitutional issue has been raised by a defendant or a plaintiff (A152). The Constitutional Court has the right to both a priori and a posteriori review (respectively, before and after enactment), and can invalidate whole laws or decrees and ban their application for all future cases (A153).{{see also|Legal system of the Republic of Turkey|Constitutional Court of Turkey}}File:Council_of_State_(Turkey).jpg|thumb|240px|Council of State in Ankara]]

Executive

Per Article Eight, the executive power is vested in the President of the Republic and the Council of Ministers. Part Three, Chapter One, Section Two (Articles 109–116) lays out the rules for the confirmation and functioning of the executive, consisting of the President of the Republic and the Council of Ministers (A109). Executive power was shared between the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers until 2017.Part Three, Chapter Two, Section Four organizes the functioning of the central administration and certain important institutions of the Republic such as its universities (A130-132), local administrations (A127), fundamental public services (A128) and national security (A117-118). Article 123 stipulates that “the organisation and functions of the administration are based on the principles of centralization and local administration”.

National security

The Turkish Armed Forces (TAF) are subordinate to the President, in the capacity of Commander-in-Chief. The Chief of General Staff of the TAF is responsible to the President in the exercise of his functions, and the latter is responsible, along with the rest of the Council of Ministers, before the parliament (A117).National Security Council is an advisory organization, comprising the Chief of General Staff, the four main Commanders of the TAF, the President and select members of the Council of Ministers, to develop the “national security policy of the state” (A118).

Revision and amendments

In Article 175, it also sets out the procedure of its own revision and amendment by either referendum or a qualified majority vote of 2/3 in the National Assembly. It does not recognize the right to popular initiatives: Only the members of Parliament can propose modifications to the Constitution.A revision of the Constitution was approved on September 13, 2010, by a 58 percent approval given by the 39 million people who voted. The change would allow the National Assembly to appoint a number of high-court judges, would reduce the power of the military court system over the civilian population and would improve human rights. The changes also remove the immunity from prosecution the former leaders of the early 1980s military coup gave themselves.NEWS,www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/europe/turkeys-erdogan-ready-to-make-changes-after-reform-referendum-win/article1704693/, Turkey’s Erdogan ready to make changes after referendum win, Toronto, The Globe and Mail, dead,www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/europe/turkeys-erdogan-ready-to-make-changes-after-reform-referendum-win/article1704693/," title="web.archive.org/web/20100916180854www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/europe/turkeys-erdogan-ready-to-make-changes-after-reform-referendum-win/article1704693/,">web.archive.org/web/20100916180854www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/europe/turkeys-erdogan-ready-to-make-changes-after-reform-referendum-win/article1704693/, 16 September 2010, {| class=“wikitable sortable”! # !! Date !! Notes WEB, 82 Anayasası’nda bugüne kadar yapılan deÄŸiÅŸiklikler,www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/haber/82-anayasasinda-bugune-kadar-yapilan-degisiklikler-142908, www.cumhuriyet.com.tr, 10 March 2020, tr, 7 May 2010, 28 November 2021,web.archive.org/web/20211128151809/https://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/haber/82-anayasasinda-bugune-kadar-yapilan-degisiklikler-142908, live, 1980 Turkish coup d’état>1980 ban on politicians, 1987 Turkish constitutional referendum| Public radio and televisions allowed| Voting age lowered from 19 to 18, Number of MPs raised from 450 to 550| Appointment of civilian judges to State Security Courts in place of military judges| Introduced privatization| Changes in accordance with European Union acquis and European Convention on Human Rights| Changes for rights and retirement of MPs| Introduced interim elections| Second changes made in accordance with European Union acquis| Changes on election of Radio and Television Supreme Council members| Changes on budget laws| Age of candidacy lowered from 30 to 252007 Turkish general election>2007 elections| Parliamentary term is lowered from 5 to 4, President would be elected with popular vote, 2007 Turkish constitutional referendum| Changes for public office holders’ usage of public services| 2010 Turkish constitutional referendumWEBSITE=WWW.RESMIGAZETE.GOV.TR LANGUAGE=TR ARCHIVE-DATE=11 FEBRUARY 2021 URL-STATUS=LIVE, Parliamentary immunity in Turkey>parliamentary immunity,BAÅŸBAKANLıK MEVZUATı GELIÅŸTIRME VE YAYıN GENEL MüDüRLüğü >URL=HTTPS://WWW.RESMIGAZETE.GOV.TR/ESKILER/2016/06/20160608-1.HTM ACCESS-DATE=1 APRIL 2020 DATE=8 JUNE 2016 ARCHIVE-URL=HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20190920183825/HTTP://WWW.RESMIGAZETE.GOV.TR/ESKILER/2016/06/20160608-1.HTM URL=HTTPS://WWW.THEGUARDIAN.COM/WORLD/2016/MAY/20/TURKISH-MPS-VOTE-LIFTING-IMMUNITY-FROM-PROSECUTION WORK=THE GUARDIAN ACCESS-DATE=1 APRIL 2020 DATE=20 MAY 2016, en, 2017 Turkish constitutional referendum, introducing a presidential system and abolished the parliamentary system2017-01-19 LANGUAGE=EN URL=HTTPS://WWW.REUTERS.COM/ARTICLE/US-TURKEY-POLITICS-CONSTITUTION-IDUSKBN153238, 2023-03-19,

Critique

Ethnic rights

The Constitution of 1982 has been criticized as limiting individual cultural and political liberties in comparison with the previous constitution of 1961. Per the Treaty of Lausanne which established the Turkish Republic, legally, the only minorities are Greeks, Armenians and Jews, which also have certain privileges not recognized to other ethnic communities, per the treaty. According to the European Union, the constitution denies the fundamental rights of the Kurdish population because some articles, especially article 42, are against minority rights. The Council of Europe’s European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI) published its third report on Turkey in February 2005. The commission has taken the position that the parliament should revise Article 42 of the Constitution, which prohibits the teaching of any language other than Turkish as a first language in schools.WEB,ec.europa.eu/transparency/regdoc/rep/2/2005/EN/2-2005-1426-EN-1-0.Pdf, Progress report, europa.eu, 2005, 2019-11-10, 2021-02-25,web.archive.org/web/20210225001919/https://ec.europa.eu/transparency/regdoc/rep/2/2005/EN/2-2005-1426-EN-1-0.Pdf, live, The Turkish constitutional principle of not allowing the teaching of other languages as first languages in schools to its citizens, other than the official one is criticized by the EU, human rights organizations and minorities of Turkey. The Kurds, who comprise between 10 and 20% of the Turkish population are not allowed to get education in their mother tongue because of this article.NEWS, COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT,ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/key_documents/2015/20151110_report_turkey.pdf, 9 April 2016, 23 November 2016,ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/key_documents/2015/20151110_report_turkey.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20161123042721ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/key_documents/2015/20151110_report_turkey.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20161123042721ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/key_documents/2015/20151110_report_turkey.pdf, live, Currently Circassian, Kurdish, Zaza, Laz languages can be chosen as lessons in some public schools.WEB,www.ozgurcerkes.com/?Syf=18&Hbr=575788&%2F%C3%87erkes-Dernekleri-Federasyonu-%28%C3%87ERKES-FED%29-Genel-Sekreteri-Kenan-Kaplan%2C-Milli-E%C4%9Fitim-Bakan-Yard%C4%B1mc%C4%B1s%C4%B1-Orhan-Erdem%E2%80%99i-makam%C4%B1nda-ziyaret-ederek-se%C3%A7meli-anadili-derslerinde-, ÇERKES-FED, Seçmeli Anadili Dersleri İçin Milli EÄŸitim Bakanlığı’ndaydı…, Ozgurcerkes.com, 6 April 2016, 19 April 2016,www.ozgurcerkes.com/?Syf=18&Hbr=575788&%2F%C3%87erkes-Dernekleri-Federasyonu-%28%C3%87ERKES-FED%29-Genel-Sekreteri-Kenan-Kaplan%2C-Milli-E%C4%9Fitim-Bakan-Yard%C4%B1mc%C4%B1s%C4%B1-Orhan-Erdem%E2%80%99i-makam%C4%B1nda-ziyaret-ederek-se%C3%A7meli-anadili-derslerinde-," title="web.archive.org/web/20160419190743www.ozgurcerkes.com/?Syf=18&Hbr=575788&%2F%C3%87erkes-Dernekleri-Federasyonu-%28%C3%87ERKES-FED%29-Genel-Sekreteri-Kenan-Kaplan%2C-Milli-E%C4%9Fitim-Bakan-Yard%C4%B1mc%C4%B1s%C4%B1-Orhan-Erdem%E2%80%99i-makam%C4%B1nda-ziyaret-ederek-se%C3%A7meli-anadili-derslerinde-,">web.archive.org/web/20160419190743www.ozgurcerkes.com/?Syf=18&Hbr=575788&%2F%C3%87erkes-Dernekleri-Federasyonu-%28%C3%87ERKES-FED%29-Genel-Sekreteri-Kenan-Kaplan%2C-Milli-E%C4%9Fitim-Bakan-Yard%C4%B1mc%C4%B1s%C4%B1-Orhan-Erdem%E2%80%99i-makam%C4%B1nda-ziyaret-ederek-se%C3%A7meli-anadili-derslerinde-, live, WEB,www.odatv.com/n.php?n=siverekte-anadil-gunu-kutlamasi-2202141200, Siverek’te ‘Anadil’ günü kutlaması, Odatv.com, 2014-02-22, 6 April 2016, 2014-05-28,www.odatv.com/n.php?n=siverekte-anadil-gunu-kutlamasi-2202141200," title="archive.today/20140528093000www.odatv.com/n.php?n=siverekte-anadil-gunu-kutlamasi-2202141200,">archive.today/20140528093000www.odatv.com/n.php?n=siverekte-anadil-gunu-kutlamasi-2202141200, live, WEB,www.bianet.org/bianet/insan-haklari/149618-lazca-ders-mufredati-hazir, Lazca Ders Müfredatı Hazır - Beyza Kural, bianet, 6 April 2016, 18 April 2016,bianet.org/bianet/insan-haklari/149618-lazca-ders-mufredati-hazir," title="web.archive.org/web/20160418082458bianet.org/bianet/insan-haklari/149618-lazca-ders-mufredati-hazir,">web.archive.org/web/20160418082458bianet.org/bianet/insan-haklari/149618-lazca-ders-mufredati-hazir, live, Since 2003, private courses teaching minority languages can be offered, but the curriculum, appointment of teachers, and criteria for enrollment are subject to significant restrictions. All private Kurdish courses were closed down in 2005 because of bureaucratic barriers and the reluctance of Kurds to have to “pay to learn their mother tongue.“WEB,www.minorityrights.org/download.php?id%3D425, Archived copy, June 17, 2009, dead,www.minorityrights.org/download.php?id=425," title="web.archive.org/web/20090429185606www.minorityrights.org/download.php?id=425,">web.archive.org/web/20090429185606www.minorityrights.org/download.php?id=425, April 29, 2009, In 2015, only 28 schools provided Kurdish language as a selective course. Also, neither private nor public schools are still allowed to use Kurdish language or other languages than Turkish as a first language.

Freedom of expression

The constitution grants freedom of expression, as declared in (wikisource:Constitution of the Republic of Turkey#Chapter Two: Rights and Duties of the Individual|Article 26). Article 301 of the Turkish penal code states that “A person who publicly (wiktionary:denigrate|denigrates) the Turkish Nation, the Republic or the Grand National Assembly of Turkey, shall be punishable by imprisonment of between six months and three years” and also that “Expressions of thought intended to criticise shall not constitute a crime”.Orhan Pamuk’s remark “One million Armenians and 30,000 Kurds were killed in these lands, and nobody but me dares talk about it” was considered by some to be a violation of Article 10 of the Constitution and led to his trial in 2005. The complaint against Orhan Pamuk was made by a group of lawyers led by Kemal Kerinçsiz and charges filed by a district prosecutor under the Article 301 of the Turkish Penal Code. Pamuk was later released and charges annulled by the justice ministry on a technicality. The same group of lawyers have also filed complaints against other lesser-known authors on the same grounds. Kerinçsiz was indicted in the 2008 Ergenekon investigation, along with many others.

Influence of the military

Although modified several times in the last three decades, specifically within the framework of European Union reforms, the 1982 constitution is also criticised for giving the military too much influence in political affairs via the National Security Council. Turkish Armed Forces see themselves as the guardians of the secular and unitary nature of the Republic along with Atatürk’s reforms and have intervened by taking over the government three times:Serra Cremer, A. Turkey Between the Ottoman Empire and the European Union: Shifting Political Authority Through the Constitutional Reform {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209010759ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2421&context=ilj |date=2021-12-09 }}, Fordham International Law Journal. Volume 35, Issue 1, 2016 p. 282, 297, 298 in 1960, in 1971 and in 1980.

See also

• 1982 Turkish constitutional referendum
• 2007 Turkish constitutional referendum
• 2010 Turkish constitutional referendum
• 2017 Turkish constitutional referendum

References

{{reflist}}

Further reading

{{wikisource|Constitution of the Republic of Turkey}}

• {{in lang|tr}} www.tbmm.gov.tr/anayasa.htm" title="web.archive.org/web/20101201041755www.tbmm.gov.tr/anayasa.htm">The current constitution from the Turkish Grand National Assembly.

External links

• Turkish Constitutional Law Materials in English by Kemal Gözler, Professor of Constitutional Law, Uludag University Law School.

{{Judiciaries of Turkey}}{{Constitution of Turkey}}{{Turkey topics}}{{Constitutions of Asia}}{{Constitution of Europe}}{{Secularism in Turkey}}