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{{Short description|Combined military forces of Turkey}}{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}

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}}Flag of Turkish Land Forces Command.svgTurkish Land Forces{{flagicon image>Flag of Turkish Naval Forces Command.svgTurkish Naval Forces{{flagicon image>Flag of Turkish Air Force Command.svg|size=21px}} Turkish Air ForceGeneral Staff Building (Ankara)>General Staff Building, Bakanlıklar, Çankaya, Ankara, TurkeyFlag of the President of Turkey.svgPresident of Turkey>President Recep Tayyip ErdoÄŸan| commander-in-chief_title = Commander-in-ChiefMSB-Logo.pngYaÅŸar GülerHTTPS://WWW.RESMIGAZETE.GOV.TR/ESKILER/2023/06/20230604-1.PDFDATE=4 JUNE 2023WEBSITE=RESMIGAZETE.GOV.TRRESMI GAZETE>LANGUAGE=TURKISH, List of Ministers of National Defense of Turkey>Minister of National DefenseStandard of President of Turkey as Supreme Chief of Armed Forces.svg|size=22px}} Metin GürakChief of the Turkish General Staff>Chief of the General StaffEDITION=2020 LOCATION=LONDON PAGES=153–156, | conscription = 6 months| manpower_data = | manpower_age = 18–41| available = | available_f = | fit = | fit_f = | reaching = | reaching_f = AUTHOR1=INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR STRATEGIC STUDIES DATE=15 FEBRUARY 2023ROUTLEDGE> LOCATION=LONDON ISBN=9781032508955, | reserve = 378,70015.8 billion}} (2023)HTTPS://WWW.SIPRI.ORG/SITES/DEFAULT/FILES/2024-04/2404_FS_MILEX_2023.PDF>TITLE=SIPRI FACT SHEET - TRENDS IN WORLD MILITARY EXPENDITURE, 2023STOCKHOLM INTERNATIONAL PEACE RESEARCH INSTITUTE>DATE=APRIL 2024ARCHIVEDATE=23 APRIL 2023AUTHOR=, LAST2=FLEURANT LAST3=KUIMOVA LAST4=WEZEMAN LAST5=WEZEMAN DATE=22 APRIL 2023 URL=HTTPS://WWW.SIPRI.ORG/SITES/DEFAULT/FILES/2024-04/2404_FS_MILEX_2023.PDFARCHIVE-URL=HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20220425064753/HTTPS://WWW.SIPRI.ORG/PUBLICATIONS/2023/SIPRI-FACT-SHEETS/TRENDS-WORLD-MILITARY-EXPENDITURE-2023 ACCESS-DATE=22 APRIL 2024, Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, | domestic_suppliers = {{hidden |List Defence Industry AgencyMKEKRoketsanAselsanTurkish Aerospace Industries>TAIHavelsanTÃœBÄ°TAKBaykarSTM (Turkish company)BMC (Turkey)#Military>BMCOtokarFNSS Defence SystemsNurol Holding>Nurol MakinaSarsilmazGIRSAN>GÄ°RSANTISASCanik ArmsUTAÅžTransvaroASFATMeteksan Savunma>Meteksan}}| foreign_suppliers = {{hidden |List{{GER}}{{KOR}}{{ITA}}{{CHN}}{{UK}}{{RUS}}{{USA}}}}| imports = DATE=2 JANUARY 2024, Military of the Ottoman Empire|Military history of Turkey}}| ranks = Military ranks of Turkey1=https://www.tsk.tr/HomeEng|2=https://www.tsk.tr}}}}{{Turkish Armed Forces}}The Turkish Armed Forces (TAF; , TSK) are the military forces of the Republic of Turkey. The Turkish Armed Forces consist of the Land Forces, the Naval Forces and the Air Forces. The Chief of the General Staff is the Commander of the Armed Forces. In wartime, the Chief of the General Staff acts as the Commander-in-Chief on behalf of the President, who represents the Supreme Military Command of the TAF on behalf of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey.Federal Research Division, Turkey: A Country Study, Kessinger Publishing, 2004, {{ISBN|978-1-4191-9126-8}}, p. 337. Coordinating the military relations of the TAF with other NATO member states and friendly states is the responsibility of the General Staff.The history of the Turkish Armed Forces began with its formation after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire. The Turkish military perceived itself as the guardian of Kemalism, the official state ideology, especially of its emphasis on secularism. After becoming a member of NATO in 1952, Turkey initiated a comprehensive modernization program for its armed forces. The Turkish Army sent 14,936 troops to fight in the Korean War alongside South Korea and NATO. Towards the end of the 1980s, a second restructuring process was initiated. The Turkish Armed Forces participate in an EU Battlegroup under the control of the European Council, the Italian-Romanian-Turkish Battlegroup. The TAF also contributes operational staff to the Eurocorps multinational army corps initiative of the EU and NATO.The Turkish Armed Forces is the second largest standing military force in NATO, after the U.S. Armed Forces.WEB, Husain, Amir, Turkey Builds A Hyperwar Capable Military,weblink 2024-03-15, Forbes, en, Turkey is one of five NATO member states which are part of the nuclear sharing policy of the alliance, together with Belgium, Germany, Italy, and the Netherlands.NEWS,weblink Foreign Minister Wants US Nukes out of Germany, Der Spiegel, 30 March 2009, 1 November 2010,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20120214122303weblink">weblink 14 February 2012, live, A total of 50 U.S. B61 nuclear bombs are hosted at the Incirlik Air Base, the most of the five countries.WEB, Nuclear Weapons: Who Has What at a Glance, Arms Control Association,weblink 2021-12-16, www.armscontrol.org,

History

War of Independence

The Turkish War of Independence (19 May 1919 – 24 July 1923) was a series of military campaigns waged by the Turkish National Movement after parts of the Ottoman Empire were occupied and partitioned following its defeat in World War I. These campaigns were directed against Greece in the west, Armenia in the east, France in the south, loyalists and separatists in various cities, and British and Ottoman troops around Constantinople (İstanbul).WEB, Encyclopædia Britannica,weblink Turkey, Mustafa Kemal and the Turkish War of Independence, 1919–23, 29 October 2007, 2007, 25 June 2008,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20080625023040weblink">weblink live, The ethnic demographics of the modern Turkish Republic were significantly impacted by the earlier Armenian genocide and the deportations of Greek-speaking, Orthodox Christian Rum people.{{Sfn|Landis|Albert|2012|p=264}} The Turkish National Movement carried out massacres and deportations to eliminate native Christian populations{{snd}}a continuation of the Armenian genocide and other ethnic cleansing operations during World War I.* BOOK, Üngör, Uğur Ümit, The Making of Modern Turkey: Nation and State in Eastern Anatolia, 1913–1950, The Making of Modern Turkey, 2011, Oxford University Press, 978-0-19-965522-9, 121, en, As such, the Greco-Turkish and Armeno-Turkish wars (1919–23) were in essence processes of state formation that represented a continuation of ethnic unmixing and exclusion of Ottoman Christians from Anatolia., Uğur Ümit Üngör,

• BOOK, Kieser, Hans-Lukas,weblink A Quest for Belonging: Anatolia Beyond Empire and Nation (19th–21st Centuries), 2007, Isis Press, 978-975-428-345-7, 171, en, The Treaty of Lausanne in 1923 officially recognized the " ethnic cleansing " that had gone on during the Turkish War of Independence (1919–1922 ) for the sake of undisputed Turkish rule in Asia Minor ., Hans-Lukas Kieser, 4 May 2021, 15 January 2023,weblink live,
• JOURNAL, Avedian, Vahagn, 2012, State Identity, Continuity, and Responsibility: The Ottoman Empire, the Republic of Turkey and the Armenian Genocide,weblink European Journal of International Law, en, 23, 3, 797–820, 10.1093/ejil/chs056, 0938-5428, The 'War of Independence' was not against the occupying Allies – a myth invented by Kemalists – but rather a campaign to rid Turkey of remaining non-Turkish elements. In fact, Nationalists never clashed with Entente occupying forces until the French forces with Armenian contingents and Armenian deportees began to return to Cilicia in late 1919., free, 14 April 2021, 7 May 2021,weblink live,
• BOOK, Kévorkian, Raymond, Collective and State Violence in Turkey: The Construction of a National Identity from Empire to Nation-State, 2020, Berghahn Books, 978-1-78920-451-3, Astourian, Stephan, 165, en, The Final Phase: The Cleansing of Armenian and Greek Survivors, 1919–1922, The famous 'war of national liberation', prepared by the Unionists and waged by Kemal, was a vast operation, intended to complete the genocide by finally eradicating Armenian, Greek, and Syriac survivors., Kévorkian, Raymond, Raymond Kévorkian,
• BOOK, Gingeras, Ryan, Fall of the Sultanate: The Great War and the End of the Ottoman Empire, 1908–1922, 2016, Oxford University Press, 978-0-19-967607-1, 288, en, While the number of victims in Ankara's deportations remains elusive, evidence from other locations suggest that the Nationalists were as equally disposed to collective punishment and population politics as their Young Turk antecedents... As in the First World War, the mass deportation of civilians was symptomatic of how precarious the Nationalists felt their prospects were., Ryan Gingeras,
• BOOK, Kieser, Hans-Lukas, (Talaat Pasha: Father of Modern Turkey, Architect of Genocide), 2018, Princeton University Press, 978-1-4008-8963-1, 319–320, Thus, from spring 1919, Kemal Pasha resumed, with ex-CUP forces, domestic war against Greek and Armenian rivals. These were partly backed by victors of World War I who had, however, abstained from occupying Asia Minor. The war for Asia Minor{{snd, in national diction, again a war of salvation and independence, thus in-line with what had begun in 1913{{snd}}accomplished Talaat's demographic Turkification beginning on the eve of World War I. Resuming Talaat's Pontus policy of 1916–17, this again involved collective physical annihilation, this time of the Rûm of Pontus at the Black Sea.|author1-link=Hans-Lukas Kieser}}
• {{lay source |template=cite encyclopedia |last1=Kieser |first1=Hans-Lukas |entry=Pasha, Talat |url=https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/pasha_talat |encyclopedia=1914–1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War}}
• JOURNAL, Levene, Mark, 2020, Through a Glass Darkly: The Resurrection of Religious Fanaticism as First Cause of Ottoman Catastrophe, Journal of Genocide Research, 22, 4, 553–560, 10.1080/14623528.2020.1735560, 222145177, Ittihadist violence was as near as near could be optimal against the Armenians (and Syriacs) and in the final Kemalist phase was quantitively entirely the greater in an increasingly asymmetric conflict where, for instance, Kemal could deport "enemies" into a deep interior in a way that his adversaries could not..., it was the hard men, self-styled saviours of the Ottoman-Turkish state, and – culminating in Kemal – unapologetic génocidaires, who were able to wrest its absolute control., Mark Levene,
• BOOK, Ze'evi, Dror, The Thirty-Year Genocide: Turkey's Destruction of Its Christian Minorities, 1894–1924, Morris, Benny, Harvard University Press, 2019, 978-0674916456, Cambridge, MA, 672, en,
• Levon Marashlian, "Finishing the Genocide: Cleansing Turkey of Armenian Survivors, 1920–1923," in Remembrance and Denial: The Case of the Armenian Genocide, ed. Richard Hovannisian (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1999), pp. 113–145: "Between 1920 and 1923, as Turkish and Western diplomats were negotiating the fate of the Armenian Question at peace conferences in London, Paris, and Lausanne, thousands of Armenians of the Ottoman Empire who had survived the massacres and deportations of World War I continued to face massacres, deportations, and persecutions across the length and breadth of Anatolia. Events on the ground, diplomatic correspondence, and news reports confirmed that it was the policy of the Turkish Nationalists in Angora, who eventually founded the Republic of Turkey, to eradicate the remnants of the empire's Armenian population and finalize the expropriation of their public and private properties."
• BOOK, Hovannisian, Richard G., Remembrance and Denial: The Case of the Armenian Genocide, 1998, Wayne State University Press, Detroit, 978-0-8143-2777-7, Marashlian, Levon, Levon Marashlian, Finishing the Genocide: Cleansing Turkey of Armenian Survivors, 1920–1923, 113–145, Between 1920 and 1923, as Turkish and Western diplomats were negotiating the fate of the Armenian Question at peace conferences in London, Paris, and Lausanne, thousands of Armenians of the Ottoman Empire who had survived the massacres and deportations of World War I continued to face massacres, deportations, and persecutions across the length and breadth of Anatolia. Events on the ground, diplomatic correspondence, and news reports confirmed that it was the policy of the Turkish Nationalists in Angora, who eventually founded the Republic of Turkey, to eradicate the remnants of the empire's Armenian population and finalize the expropriation of their public and private properties.,
• BOOK, Shirinian, George N., Genocide in the Ottoman Empire: Armenians, Assyrians, and Greeks, 1913–1923, 2017, Berghahn Books, 978-1-78533-433-7, 62, en, The argument that there was a mutually signed agreement for the population exchange ignores the fact that the Ankara government had already declared its intention that no Greek should remain on Turkish soil before the exchange was even discussed. The final killing and expulsion of the Greek population of the Ottoman Empire in 1920–24 was part of a series of hostile actions that began even before Turkey's entry into World War I.,
• ENCYCLOPEDIA, Ataturk, Mustafa Kemal, Encyclopedia of Genocide: A–H, ABC-CLIO,weblink 1999, Rouben Paul Adalian, Charny, Israel W., en, 978-0-87436-928-1, Mustafa Kemal completed what Talaat and Enver had started in 1915, the eradication of the Armenian population of Anatolia and the termination of Armenian political aspirations in the Caucasus. With the expulsion of the Greeks, the Turkification and Islamification of Asia Minor was nearly complete., Adalian, Rouben Paul, 4 May 2021, 16 May 2021,weblink live,
• BOOK, Morris, Benny, The Thirty-Year Genocide: Turkey's Destruction of Its Christian Minorities, 1894–1924, The Thirty-Year Genocide, Ze'evi, Dror, 2019, Harvard University Press, 978-0-674-91645-6, The Greek seizure of Smyrna and the repeated pushes inland{{snd, almost to the outskirts of Ankara, the Nationalist capital{{snd}}coupled with the largely imagined threat of a Pontine breakaway, triggered a widespread, systematic four-year campaign of ethnic cleansing in which hundreds of thousands of Ottoman Greeks were massacred and more than a million deported to Greece... throughout 1914–1924, the overarching aim was to achieve a Turkey free of Greeks.|author-link=Benny Morris|author2-link=Dror Ze'evi}}
• JOURNAL, Meichanetsidis, Vasileios Th., 2015, The Genocide of the Greeks of the Ottoman Empire, 1913–1923: A Comprehensive Overview, Genocide Studies International, 9, 1, 104–173, 10.3138/gsi.9.1.06, 154870709,weblink The genocide was committed by two subsequent and chronologically, ideologically, and organically interrelated and interconnected dictatorial and chauvinist regimes: (1) the regime of the CUP, under the notorious triumvirate of the three pashas (Üç PaÅŸalar), Talât, Enver, and Cemal, and (2) the rebel government at Samsun and Ankara, under the authority of the Grand National Assembly (Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi) and Kemal. Although the process had begun before the Balkan Wars, the final and most decisive period started immediately after WWI and ended with the almost total destruction of the Pontic Greeks ..., 8 December 2022, 23 November 2022,weblink live, Following these campaigns of ethnic cleansing the historic Christian presence in Anatolia was destroyed, in large part, and the Muslim demographic had increased from 80% to 98%.{{Sfn|Landis|Albert|2012|p=264}}

While World War I ended for the Ottoman Empire with the Armistice of Mudros, the Allied Powers occupied parts of the empire and sought to prosecute former members of the Committee of Union and Progress and others involved in the Armenian genocide.Zürcher, Erik Jan. The Unionist Factor: The Role of the Committee of Union and Progress in the Turkish National Movement, 1905–1926. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1984.JOURNAL, Avedian, Vahagn, 2012, State Identity, Continuity, and Responsibility: The Ottoman Empire, the Republic of Turkey and the Armenian Genocide,weblink European Journal of International Law, en, 23, 3, 797–820, 10.1093/ejil/chs056, 0938-5428, free, 14 April 2021, 7 May 2021,weblink live, Ottoman military commanders therefore refused orders from both the Allies and the Ottoman government to surrender and disband their forces. This crisis reached a head when sultan Mehmed VI dispatched Mustafa Kemal Pasha (Atatürk), a well-respected and high-ranking general, to Anatolia to restore order; however, Mustafa Kemal became an enabler and eventually leader of Turkish National Movement against the Ottoman government, Allied powers, and Christian minorities. on 3 May 1920, Birinci Ferik Mustafa Fevzi Pasha (Çakmak) was appointed the Minister of National Defence, and Mirliva İsmet Pasha (İnönü) was appointed the Minister of the Chief of General Staff of the government of the Grand National Assembly (GNA).Harp Akademileri Komutanlığı, Harp Akademilerinin 120 Yılı, İstanbul, 1968, pp. 26, 46.In an attempt to establish control over the power vacuum in Anatolia, the Allies persuaded Greek Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos to launch an expeditionary force into Anatolia and occupy Smyrna (İzmir), beginning the Turkish War of Independence. A nationalist Government of the Grand National Assembly (GNA) led by Mustafa Kemal was established in Ankara when it became clear the Ottoman government was backing the Allied powers. The Allies soon pressured the Ottoman government in Constantinople into suspending the Constitution, shuttering the Parliament, and signing the Treaty of Sèvres, a treaty that the "Ankara government" declared illegal.In the ensuing war, irregular militia defeated the French forces in the south, and undemobilized units went on to partition Armenia with Bolshevik forces, resulting in the Treaty of Kars (October 1921). The Western Front of the independence war was known as the Greco-Turkish War, in which Greek forces at first encountered unorganized resistance. However İsmet Pasha's organization of militia into a regular army paid off when Ankara forces fought the Greeks in the First and Second Battle of İnönü. The Greek army emerged victorious in the Battle of Kütahya-Eskişehir and decided to attack Ankara, stretching their supply lines. On 3 August 1921, the GNA fired İsmet Pasha from the post of Minister of National Defence because of his failure at the Battle of Afyonkarahisar–Eskişehir and on 5 August, just before the Battle of Sakarya, appointed the chairman of the GNA Atatürk as commander-in-chief of the Army of the GNA. The Turks checked the Greek advance in the Battle of Sakarya and counter-attacked in the Great Offensive, which expelled Greek forces from Anatolia in the span of three weeks. The war effectively ended with the Turkish capture of Smyrna and the Chanak Crisis, prompting the signing of the Armistice of Mudanya.The Grand National Assembly in Ankara was recognized as the legitimate Turkish government, which signed the Treaty of Lausanne in July 1923. The Allies evacuated Anatolia and Eastern Thrace, the Ottoman government was overthrown and the monarchy abolished, and the Grand National Assembly of Turkey (which remains Turkey's primary legislative body today) declared the Republic of Turkey on 29 October 1923. With the war, a population exchange between Greece and Turkey,BOOK, Suny, Ronald Grigor, Ronald Grigor Suny, 'They Can Live in the Desert but Nowhere Else': A History of the Armenian Genocide, They Can Live in the Desert but Nowhere Else, 2015, Princeton University Press, 978-1-4008-6558-1, 364–365, The Armenian Genocide, along with the killing of Assyrians and the expulsion of the Anatolian Greeks, laid the ground for the more homogeneous nation-state that arose from the ashes of the empire. Like many other states, including Australia, Israel, and the United States, the emergence of the Republic of Turkey involved the removal and subordination of native peoples who had lived on its territory prior to its founding.

• {{lay source |template=cite encyclopedia |author=Ronald Grigor Suny |date=26 May 2015 |title=Armenian Genocide |url=https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/armenian_genocide |encyclopedia=1914–1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War}} the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire, and the abolition of the sultanate, the Ottoman era came to an end, and with Atatürk's reforms, the Turks created the modern, secular nation-state of Turkey. On 3 March 1924, the Ottoman caliphate was also abolished.

First Kurdish rebellions

{{see also|Kurdish rebellions in Turkey}}There were several rebellions southeastern Turkey in the 1920s and 1930s, the most important of which were the 1925 Sheikh Said rebellion and the 1937 Dersim rebellion. All were suppressed by the TAF, sometimes involving large-scale mobilisations of up to 50,000 troops.

World War II

{{see also|Second Cairo Conference}}Turkey remained neutral until the final stages of World War II. In the initial stage of World War II, Turkey signed a treaty of mutual assistance with Great Britain and France.See Murat Metin Hakki, "Surviving the Pressure of the Superpowers: An Analysis of Turkish Neutrality During the Second World War {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233509weblink |date=3 March 2016 }}", Chronicon 3 (1999–2007) 44–62, Center for Middle Eastern Studies, Harvard University, {{ISSN|1393-5259}} But after the fall of France, the Turkish government tried to maintain an equal distance with both the Allies and the Axis. Following Nazi Germany's occupation of the Balkans, upon which the Axis-controlled territory in Thrace and the eastern islands of the Aegean Sea bordered Turkey, the Turkish government signed a Treaty of Friendship and Non-Aggression with Germany on 18 June 1941.After the German invasion of the Soviet Union, the Turkish government sent a military delegation of observers under Lieutenant General Ali Fuat Erden to Germany and the Eastern Front.Hüseyin Hüsnü Emir Erkilet, Şark cephesinde gördüklerim, Hilmi Kitabevi, 1943. Following the German retreat from the Caucasus, the Turkish government then moved closer to the Allies and Winston Churchill secretly met with İsmet İnönü at the Adana Conference in Yenice Train Station in southern Turkey on 30 January 1943, with the intent of persuading Turkey to join the war on the side of the Allies. A few days before the start of Operation Zitadelle in July 1943, the Turkish government sent a military delegation under General Cemil Cahit Toydemir to Russia and observed the exercises of the 503rd Heavy Panzer Battalion and its equipment.Johannes Glasneck, Inge Kircheisen, Türkei und Afghanistan, Dt. V. d. Wissenschaften, 1968, p. 139. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502051054weblink |date=2 May 2016 }} But after the failure of Operation Zitadelle, the Turkish government participated in the Second Cairo Conference in December 1943, where Franklin D. Roosevelt, Churchill and İnönü reached an agreement on issues regarding Turkey's possible contribution to the Allies. On 23 February 1945, Turkey joined the Allies by declaring war against Germany and Japan, after it was announced at the Yalta Conference that only the states which were formally at war with Germany and Japan by 1 March 1945 would be admitted to the United Nations.Mustafa Aydın, SAM, "Turkish Foreign Policy: Framework and Analysis", Center for Strategic Research, 2004, p. 47.

Korean War

File:터키군 (7445442282).jpg|thumb|Turkish soldiers observing the front during the Korean WarKorean WarTurkey participated in the Korean War as a member state of the United Nations and sent the Turkish Brigade to South Korea, and suffered 731 losses while displaying exceptional valor in combat. On 18 February 1952, Turkey became a member of NATO.For some of the NATO command structure discussions re-entry of Turkey, see Sean Maloney, Securing Command of the Sea, Masters' thesis, University of New Brunswick, 1992 The South Korean government donated a war memorial for Turkish soldiers who fought and died in Korea. The Korean pagoda was donated in 1973 for the 50th anniversary of the Turkish Republic and is located in Ankara.

Cyprus

On 20 July 1974, the TAF launched an amphibious and airborne assault operation on Cyprus, in response to the 1974 Cypriot coup d'état which had been staged by EOKA-B and the Cypriot National Guard against president Makarios III with the intention of annexing the island to Greece; but the military intervention ended up with Turkey occupying a considerable area on the northern part of Cyprus and helping to establish a local government of Turkish Cypriots there, which has thus far been recognized only by Turkey. The intervention came after more than a decade of intercommunal violence (1963–1974) between the island's Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots, resulting from the constitutional breakdown of 1963. Turkey invoked its role as a guarantor under the Treaty of Guarantee in justification for the military intervention.WEB,weblink From Rep. of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 17 July 2016,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20160716092035weblink">weblink 16 July 2016, live, Turkish forces landed on the island in two waves, invading and occupying 37% of the island's territory in the northeast for the Turkish Cypriots, who had been isolated in small enclaves across the island prior to the military intervention.BOOK, Divided Cyprus: Modernity, History, and an Island in Conflict, 2006,weblink limited, Welz, Gisela, Indiana University Press, 0-253-21851-9, 2, BOOK, Carpenter, Ted Galen, NATO's Empty Victory: A Postmortem on the Balkan War,weblink registration, Cato Institute, Washington, D.C., 2000, 36, 1-882577-85-X, BOOK, Carpenter, Ted Galen, Peace and Freedom: Foreign Policy for a Constitutional Republic,weblink registration, Cato Institute, Washington, D.C., 2002, 187, 1-930865-34-1, In the aftermath, the Turkish Cypriots declared a separate political entity in the form of the Turkish Federated State of Cyprus in 1975; and in 1983 made a unilateral declaration of independence as the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, which is recognized only by Turkey to this day. The United Nations continues to recognize the sovereignty of the Republic of Cyprus according to the terms of its independence in 1960. The conflict continues to overshadow Turkish relations with Greece and with the European Union. In 2004, during the referendum for the Annan Plan for Cyprus (a United Nations proposal to resolve the Cyprus dispute) 76% of the Greek Cypriots rejected the proposal, while 65% of the Turkish Cypriots accepted it.

Kurdish–Turkish conflict

The TAF are in a protracted campaign against the PKK (recognized as a terrorist organization by the United States, the European Union and NATO)WEB,weblink People's Daily Online – NATO chief declares PKK terrorist group, 17 July 2016,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20141019180937weblink">weblink 19 October 2014, live, WEB,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20111201221025weblink">weblink dead, The EU's list of terrorist groups, 1 December 2011, WEB,weblink Council Decision 2011/70/CFSP of 31 January 2011 updating the list of persons, groups and entities subject to Articles 2, 3 and 4 of Common Position 2001/931/CFSP on the application of specific measures to combat terrorism – Official Journal L 028, 02/02/2011 P. 0057–0059, 12 June 2012,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20111122110609weblink">weblink 22 November 2011, live, NEWS,weblink NATO chief declares PKK terrorist group, Xinhua, 20 December 2005, 12 June 2012,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20141019180937weblink">weblink 19 October 2014, live, European Union List of Terrorist Organisations {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111122110609weblink |date=22 November 2011 }}, Council of the european union, updated Council Decision 2011/70/CFSP of 31 January 2011 which has involved frequent forays into neighbouring Iraq and Syria. Abdullah Öcalan, the leader of the PKK was arrested in 1999 in Nairobi and taken to Turkey. In 2015, the PKK cancelled their 2013 ceasefire after tension due to various events.NEWS,weblink KCK ateşkesin bittiğini açıkladı: Bundan sonra tüm barajlar gerillanın hedefinde olacaktır, t24.com.tr, 30 March 2017, tr-TR,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20170322020849weblink">weblink 22 March 2017, live,

War in Bosnia and Kosovo

{{see also|Implementation Force|Kosovo Force|SFOR}}Turkey contributed troops in several NATO-led peace forces in Bosnia and Kosovo. Currently there are 402 Turkish troops in Kosovo Force.

War in Afghanistan

{{See also|International Security Assistance Force}}After the 2003 Istanbul Bombings were linked to Al-Qaeda, Turkey deployed troops to Afghanistan to fight Taliban forces and Al-Qaeda operatives, with the hopes of dismantling both groups. Turkey's responsibilities include providing security in Kabul (it formerly lead Regional Command Capital), as well as in Wardak Province, where it leads PRT Maidan Shahr. Turkey was once the third largest contingent within the International Security Assistance Force. Turkey's troops are not engaged in combat operations and Ankara has long resisted pressure from Washington to offer more combat troops. According to the Washington Post, in December 2009, after US President Barack Obama announced he would deploy 30,000 more U.S. soldiers, and that Washington wants others to follow suit, Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip ErdoÄŸan reacted with the message that Turkey would not contribute additional troops to Afghanistan. "Turkey has already done what it can do by boosting its contingent of soldiers there to 1,750 from around 700 without being asked", said ErdoÄŸan, who stressed that Turkey would continue its training of Afghan security forces.Turkey withdrew their troops from Afghanistan after the fall of Kabul (2021).WEB,weblink Turkey begins withdrawing military forces from Afghanistan, Daily Sabah, 25 August 2021, WEB,weblink Turkish military begins Afghanistan evacuations, NEWS,weblink Turkey evacuating from Afghanistan, could provide support at Kabul airport, Reuters, 25 August 2021,

Humanitarian relief

The TAF have performed "Disaster Relief Operations," as in the 1999 Ä°zmit earthquake in the Marmara Region of Turkey. Apart from contributing to NATO, the Turkish Navy also contributes to the Black Sea Naval Co-operation Task Group, which was created in early 2001 by Turkey, Bulgaria, Georgia, Romania, Russia and Ukraine for search and rescue and other humanitarian operations in the Black Sea.

Today

File:Turkey-1658_(2215850337).jpg|thumb|Turkish soldiers guards at the AnıtkabirAnıtkabirAccording to the International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS), in 2023 the Turkish Armed Forces had a total strength of around 890,500 presonnel. The active personnel amount to approximately 355,200 personnel, consisting of 260,200 personnel in the Turkish Land Forces, in the Turkish Naval Forces 45,000 personnel, and 50,000 personnel in the Turkish Air Force. In addition, it was estimated that there were 378,700 reserve personnel and 156,800 paramilitary personnel (Turkish Gendarmerie and Turkish Coast Guard), In 2020, the defence budget amounted to 76.3 billion liras.WEB,weblink SIPRI Publications, Milexdata.sipri.org, 23 October 2011, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20120503052200weblink">weblink 3 May 2012, The Law on the Court of Accounts was supposed to initiate external ex-post audits of armed forces' expenditure and pave the way for audits of extra budgetary resources earmarked for the defence sector, including the Defence Industry Support Fund.WEB,weblink Commission Staff Working Paper – Turkey 2011 Progress Report, 2023-08-03,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20111027084249weblink">weblink 27 October 2011, live, 13, en, 12 Oct 2011, However, the Ministry of Defense has not provided the necessary information,NEWS, Lack of comprehensive audits casts shadow over security spending,weblink Zaman, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20131103201721weblink">weblink 3 November 2013, so the armed forces expenditure is not being properly checked.Turkey was a Level 3 contributor to the Joint Strike Fighter (JSF) programme.WEB,weblink DoD, Turkey sign Joint Strike Fighter Agreement, US Department of Defense, US Department of Defense, US Department of Defense, 27 December 2006, 11 July 2002,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20061223112557weblink">weblink 23 December 2006, live, The final goal of Turkey is to produce new-generation indigenous military equipment and to become increasingly self-sufficient in terms of military technologies.HAVELSAN of Turkey and Boeing of the United States are in the process of developing a next-generation, high-altitude ballistic missile defence shield. Turkey has chosen the Chinese defense firm CPMIEC to co-produce a $4 billion long-range air and missile system.{| class="wikitable"! Date !! General/Admiral !! Officer !! Total(incl. civilian)|+ General staff figuresPUBLISHER=NTVMSNBC| 666,576 PUBLISHER=NTVMSNBCARCHIVE-URL=HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20140503151540/HTTP://WWW.NTVMSNBC.COM/ID/25470010/URL-STATUS=LIVE, 347 39,451 647,583 PUBLISHER=NTVMSNBCARCHIVE-URL=HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20140503151543/HTTP://WWW.NTVMSNBC.COM/ID/25513631/URL-STATUS=LIVE, 343 38,971 623,101 ACCESS-DATE=2021-06-12DATE=3 JANUARY 2017, tr, |203|26,278|398,513

General staff

File:Ankara asv2021-10 img03 General Staff building.jpg|thumb|Command center of Turkish Armed Forces General Staff.]]Chief of the General Staff reports to Minister of National Defence. General staff is responsible for:

• Preparing the Armed Forces and its personnel for military operations.
• Gathering military intelligence
• Organization and training of the Armed Forces
• Management of the logistic services

The Chief of the General Staff is also, Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces in the name of the President, in wartime.Also, the General Staff is in command of the Special Forces, which is not aligned to any force command within the TAF. The Special Forces get their orders directly from the General Staff of the Turkish Armed Forces.Onlar TSK'nın bel kemiği – Sabah – HaberPlus – Gündem – 09 Aralık 2013 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151006072457weblink |date=6 October 2015 }}. Sabah (26 October 2011). Retrieved 9 December 2013.

Land Forces

(File:Servicemen of the Turkish Special Forces Command, led by the Captain Harun Ergin 3.jpg|thumb|Commandos of the Land Forces.)The Turkish Land Forces, or Turkish Army, can trace its origins in the remnants of Ottoman forces during the fall of the Ottoman Empire at the end of World War I. When Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and his colleagues formed the Grand National Assembly (GNA) in Ankara on 23 April 1920, the XV Corps under the command of Kâzım Karabekir was the only corps which had any combat value.Sina Akşin, Essays in Ottoman-Turkish Political History, Isis Press, 2000, p. 44. On 8 November 1920, the GNA decided to establish a standing army (Düzenli ordu) instead of irregular troops (the Kuva-yi Milliye, Kuva-yi Seyyare, etc.).Suat İlhan, Atatürk ve Askerlik: Düşünce ve Uygulamaları, Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi, 1990, p. 88. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110231305weblink |date=10 January 2016 }} {{in lang|tr}} GNA government's army won the Turkish War of Independence in 1922.

Naval Forces

File:Turkish Navy amphibious assault ship TCG Anadolu (L400) steams in the Mediterranean Sea.jpg|thumb|Turkish Navy amphibious assault ship TCG AnadoluTCG AnadoluThe Turkish Naval Forces, or Turkish Navy, constitutes the naval warfare service branch of the Turkish Armed Forces. The Turkish Navy maintains several Marines and Special Operations units. The Amphibious Marines Brigade (Amfibi Deniz Piyade Tugayı) based in Foça near İzmir consists of 4,500 men, three amphibious battalions, an MBT battalion, an artillery battalion, a support battalion and other company-sized units.Ray Bonds, David Miller, Illustrated Directory of Special Forces, Zenith Imprint, 2003, p. 99. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019205507weblink |date=19 October 2017 }} The Su Altı Taarruz (S.A.T. – Underwater Attack) is dedicated to missions including the acquisition of military intelligence, amphibious assault, counter-terrorism and VIP protection; while the Su Altı Savunma (S.A.S. – Underwater Defense) is dedicated to coastal defense operations (such as clearing mines or unexploded torpedoes) and disabling enemy vessels or weapons with underwater operations; as well as counter-terrorism and VIP protection missions.

Air Force

File:Boeing 737-7ES Peace Eagle, Turkey - Air Force JP7135980.jpg|thumb|A Boeing 737 AEW&C Peace Eagle (foreground) and the tailfin of a Boeing KC-135R Stratotanker (background) of the Turkish Air Force at the Çiğli Air Base in İzmirİzmirThe Turkish Air Force is the aerial warfare service branch of the Turkish Armed Forces. It is primarily responsible for the protection and sovereignty of Turkish airspace but also provides air-power to the other service branches. Turkey is one of five NATO member states which are part of the nuclear sharing policy of the alliance, together with Belgium, Germany, Italy, and the Netherlands.WEB,weblink Yankee Bombs Go Home: Foreign Minister Wants US Nukes out of Germany, 10 April 2009, Der Spiegel, 18 September 2019,weblink 28 August 2019, live, A total of 90 B61 nuclear bombs are hosted at the Incirlik Air Base, 40 of which are allocated for use by the Turkish Air Force in case of a nuclear conflict, but their use requires the approval of NATO.WEB,weblink NRDC: U.S. Nuclear Weapons in Europe • Hans M. Kristensen / Natural Resources Defense Council, 2005., 28 December 2011,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20151211040934weblink">weblink 11 December 2015, live, The Air Force took part in the Operation Deliberate Force of 1995 and Operation Allied Force of 1999, and later participated in the United Nations peacekeeping mission in Bosnia-Herzegovina, employing two squadrons (one in the Ghedi fighter wing, and after 2000 one in the Aviano fighter wing.)WEB,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20120111013955weblink">weblink dead, 1980-today in the official website of the Turkish Air Force, 11 January 2012, They returned to Turkey in 2001. In 2006, 4 Turkish F-16 fighter jets were deployed for NATO's Baltic Air Policing operation.

Military bases and soldiers stationed abroad

As of February 2021, Turkey has at least over 60,000+ {{Update inline|date=December 2021}} military personnel stationed outside its territory.WEB,weblink Her yedi askerden biri sınırların ötesinde: TSK'nın yurtdışındaki gücü 50 bini aştı, The only military base stationed permanently abroad, regardless of the organizations that are members of Turkey, which has been temporarily holding troops several times abroad due to its responsibilities arising from many international political members, particularly NATO membership, is the Cyprus Turkish Peace Force Command. The military bases of the Turkish Armed Forces in Qatar, Syria,NEWS,weblink 'Al-Sharq Al-Awsat' Report Specifies Locations of Foreign Military Bases in Syria, Says Syria Is Turning into Brittle Federation That Can Fall Apart at Any Moment, MEMRI – The Middle East Media Research Institute, 30 March 2017, en, SomaliaWEB,weblink Details emerge of Turkish military base in Somalia, 13 October 2016, Anadolu Agency, Tufan Aktas, 7 March 2017,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20170307204746weblink">weblink 7 March 2017, live, and Bashiqa, among an unknown amount of other bases internationally, are currently active. It was announced in 2017 that Turkey would start working on establishing a research base in Antarctica.NEWS,weblink Turkey plans to set up first research base in Antarctica, 10 February 2017, Daily Sabah, 7 March 2017,weblink 7 March 2017, live, According to a study conducted in England, Turkey has the largest deployment of international troops after the United States,WEB,weblink Mehmetçik 3 kıta 12 ülkede görev yapıyor, www.trthaber.com, 3 January 2020, with an estimated strength of at least 60,000+ military personnel stationed outside of the borders of Turkey. This means that 1 in 6 of the active military troops of Turkey (which is estimated to be 355,200 in 2020)IISS 2020, pp. 164–168 are deployed outside of the borders of the country.Turkey currently has a military presence in the following countries;(File:Turkish bases worldwide.svg|thumb|Countries with Turkish military bases, facilities and troops.)

• {{flagu|Albania}} – 24 troops in Pasha Liman Base, with 2 frigates.WEB,weblink Türkiye'nin Yurt Dışındaki Ãœsleri ve Askeri Varlığı, 9 May 2021, An Albanian-Turkish military cooperation agreement was signed in 1992 that encompassed rebuilding Albania's Pasha Liman Base by Turkey alongside granted access for Turkish use.BOOK, Larrabee, F. Stephen,weblink Turkish foreign policy in an age of uncertainty, Lesser, Ian O., Rand Corporation, 2003, 9780833034045, Santa Monica, 94, albania., registration,
• {{flagu|Azerbaijan}} – Buildings and structures in Gizil Sherg military town, and one terminal building located in the airfield in Hacı Zeynalabdin settlement.WEB, Turkey to establish military base in Azerbaijan – EURASIA,weblink Hürriyet Daily News, 21 July 2016, An observation base was also built by Turkey in the Nagorno-Karabakh region after the 44-day 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war. The base was established in Aghdam under the name "Ceasefire Observation Center", and officially started to operate in January 2021 with 60 Turkish and Russian soldiers stationed at the base.NEWS,weblink Russia and Turkey open monitoring centre for Nagorno-Karabakh, Reuters, 30 January 2021,
• {{flagu|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} – Under EUROFOR Operation Althea 242 troops, previously under Implementation Force and Stabilisation Force in Bosnia and Herzegovina at Mehmet The Conqueror Barracks.WEB, Türkiye'nin Libya ve Irak Dahil 9 Ãœlkede Askeri Varlığı Var,weblink 26 March 2021, Amerika'nin Sesi {{!, Voice of America – Turkish|date=7 January 2020 |language=tr}}WEB, Gazetesi, Evrensel, Türkiye'nin hangi ülkede, kaç askeri var, hangi gerekçelerle bulunuyor?,weblink 26 March 2021, Evrensel.net, tr-TR,
• {{flagu|Iraq}} – Turkey has signed agreement with Iraq which includes allowing the Turkish army to pursue elements of the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) in northern Iraq, with the permission of, and in coordination with the Federal Government of Iraq. It also includes opening two liaison offices between Baghdad and Ankara to exchange intelligence and security information between the two countries.NEWS, 2007-10-09, Iraq says pact with Turkey best way to tackle PKK, en, Reuters,weblink 2022-01-04, WEB, اتفاق أمني عراقي تركي لملاحقة حزب العمال الكردستاني,weblink 2022-01-04, Al Jazeera, ar, As of 2020, Turkey has a military base with 2,000 personnel in Bashiqa and Bamarni Air Base garrisoned with around 60 tanks, Armoured personnel carriers and one commando battalion.WEB, 16 March 2015, FLAÅž – Türkiye'den Duhok'a tank ve silah takviyesi,weblink 13 February 2021, Rudaw.net, WEB, What is Turkey doing in Iraq?,weblink Verda, Özer, Hürriyet Daily News, 8 October 2016, live,weblink Mar 26, 2023, Turkey has more than 40+ military and intelligence bases scattered all around Iraq, the most out of any country.WEB,weblink Ankara has built nearly 40 'military points' in Kurdistan Region: Turkish presidency - PKK camps and Turkish military points in Northern Iraq, Rudaw.net, 2020, Karwan, Faidhi Dri, live,weblink May 10, 2023, There are plans to build a new base in the Metina area of Duhok governorate in Iraqi Kurdistan Region as of April 2021.WEB,weblink Turkey to establish new military base in Iraqi Kurdistan, Al-Monitor, subscription, Amberin, Zaman, 30 April 2021, live,weblink Jan 20, 2024, WEB, Faidhi Dri, Karwan, April 30, 2021, Ankara seeks to limit PKK movement with new Duhok military base: minister,weblink live,weblink Nov 17, 2022, Rudaw.net, In total, Turkey has stationed around 5,000 to 10,000 soldiers in Iraq.WEB,weblink Excursus: Turkey's Military Engagement Abroad, WEB,weblink Her yedi askerden biri sınırların ötesinde: TSK'nın yurtdışındaki gücü 50 bini aÅŸtı,
• {{flagu|Kosovo}} – An estimated 321 troops serve in the Kosovo Security Battalion command. They are stationed at Sultan Murat base in the city of Prizren for UNMIK mission and KFOR peacekeeping force's.WEB, 17 January 2020, Türkiye'nin hangi ülkelerde askeri üssü var?,weblink 26 March 2021, euronews, tr, WEB, COM KFOR Meets Turkish Chief of the Army,weblink 2016, 26 March 2021, jfcnaples.nato.int,
• {{flagu|Libya}} – Airbases at al-Watiya, Mitiga and Misrata, in addition to Zwara.NEWS, The fall of al-Watiya base ushers an era of permanent Turkish presence in western Libya, The Arab Weekly,weblink 19 May 2020, The amount of Turkish soldiers stationed in Libya is unknown.
• {{flagu|Northern Cyprus}} – A total of 35,000 to 40,000 armed forces of the Republic of Turkey are currently in active duty Cyprus Turkish Peace Force Command.
• {{flagu|Qatar}} – A military base in Doha with 5,000 personnel.WEB,weblink Turkey Opens First Mideast Military Base in Qatar, VOA, 10 May 2016, NEWS, 28 April 2016, Seeing shared threats, Turkey sets up military base in Qatar,weblink Reuters, WEB, Janes &124; Latest defence and security news,weblink Janes.com, WEB, 25 November 2019, Erdogan: Turkey-Qatar military base serves regional 'stability',weblink 30 August 2020, Al Jazeera,
• {{flagu|Somalia}} – Camp TURKSOM with 2,000 personnel.
• {{flagu|Syria}} – Bases in Al-Bab, Al-Rai, Akhtarin, Afrin, Jindires, Rajo and Jarablus with at least 5,000 personnel in Euphrates Shield and Olive Branch regions. New bases were followed at south of Afrin canton in Atme and Darat IzzaNEWS, 30 October 2017, Turkey tightens siege on Afrin, en, Al-Monitor,weblink 2 January 2018, There are 114 Turkish bases in Syria as of January 2022.WEB,weblink Mapping the rise of Turkey's military reach, YouTube, After operation Peace Spring, approximately 6,400 personnel are working around the Peace Spring region between Ras al-Ayn and Tell Abyad. 19 observation points are settled around Idlib and Aleppo Province.WEB, 23 March 2021, Dissecting Syria's military bases,weblink 26 March 2021, Insamer English, en, 18 April 2021,weblink dead, Altogether, there are an estimated 10,500 Turkish soldiers and 250 tanks stationed in Syria. These numbers are constantly subject to modifications.

Turkey additionally has a presence in the following countries through UN peacekeeping missions:

• {{flagu|Central African Republic}} – 50 Turkish soldiers are stationed in the CAR as part of the UN Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission (MINUSCA).
• {{flagu|Democratic Republic of the Congo}} – 152 units for MONUSCO mission.WEB, United Nations Peacekeeping, Troop and police contributors &124; United Nations Peacekeeping,weblink 2022-02-02, Peacekeeping.un.org,
• {{flagu|Lebanon}} – 100 Personnel for UNIFIL mission and Maritime Task Force (MTF) participant units.WEB, Lübnan'daki Türk askerinin görev süresi uzatıldı,weblink 26 March 2021, www.trthaber.com, 8 October 2020, tr,
• {{flagu|Mali}} – 50 Turkish soldiers are serving in Mali as part of the UN Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission (MINUSMA).

Role of the military in Turkish politics

{{See also|Deep state in Turkey}}After the Republic of Turkey was founded in 1923, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk prohibited the political activities of officers in active service with the Military Penal Code numbered 1632 and dated 22 May 1930 ((:tr:s:Askeri Ceza Kanunu|Askeri Ceza Kanunu)).Askeri Ceza Kanunu {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515153417weblink |date=15 May 2011 }}, Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Turkey, 22 May 1930. However, after the 1960 coup d'état, the Millî Birlik Komitesi (National Unity Committee) established the Inner Service Act of the Turkish Armed Forces ((:tr:Türk Silahlı Kuvvetleri İç Hizmet Kanunu|Türk Silahlı Kuvvetleri İç Hizmet Kanunu)) on 4 January 1961 to legitimize their military interventions in politics. In subsequent coups d'état and coup d'état attempts, they showed reasons to justify their political activities especially with the article 35 and 85 of this act.Fikret Bila, "Çare ihtilal değil, komutanın konuşması" {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019235124weblink |date=19 October 2012 }}, Milliyet, 4 October 2007.The Turkish military perceived itself as the guardian of Kemalism, the official state ideology, especially of its secular aspects.WEB, Self-appointed guardians of secularism {{!, D+C – Development + Cooperation |url=https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/turkeys-military-self-appointed-guardians-secularism |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=www.dandc.eu |date=18 September 2008 |language=en}} The TAF still maintains an important degree of influence over the decision-making process regarding issues related to Turkish national security, albeit decreased in the past decades, via the National Security Council.The military had a record of intervening in politics, removing elected governments four times in the past. Indeed, it assumed power for several periods in the latter half of the 20th century. It executed three coups d'état: in 1960 (27 May coup), in 1971 (12 March coup), and in 1980 (12 September coup). Following the 1960 coup d'état, the military executed the first democratically elected prime minister in Turkey, Adnan Menderes, in 1961. Most recently, it maneuvered the removal of an Islamist prime minister, Necmettin Erbakan, in 1997 (known as the 28 February memorandum).WEB,weblinkweblink dead, 10 January 2021, The World Factbook – Turkey, Central Intelligence Agency, 28 October 2010, Contrary to outsider expectations, the Turkish populace was not uniformly averse to coups; many welcomed the ejection of governments they perceived as unconstitutional.WEB,weblink U.S.–Turkish Relations: The Road to Improving a Troubled Strategic Partnership, Lt. Col. Patrick F. Gillis, 3 May 2004, U.S. Army War College, 4, In all of these 'coups' the majority of the Turkish public accepted the military's actions because they felt they were necessary for the well-being of the state and because the military did not seek to impose permanent military governance, 15 October 2008, 15 December 2018,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20181215171331weblink">weblink dead, On 27 April 2007, in advance of the 4 November 2007 presidential election, and in reaction to the politics of Abdullah Gül, who has a past record of involvement in Islamist political movements and banned Islamist parties such as the Welfare Party, the army issued a statement of its interests. It said that the army is a party to "arguments" regarding secularism; that Islamism ran counter to the secular nature of Turkey, and to the legacy of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. The Army's statement ended with a clear warning that the TAF stood ready to intervene if the secular nature of the Turkish Constitution is compromised, stating that "the Turkish Armed Forces maintain their sound determination to carry out their duties stemming from laws to protect the unchangeable characteristics of the Republic of Turkey. Their loyalty to this determination is absolute."NEWS,weblink 30 June 2008, BBC News, 28 April 2007, Excerpts of Turkish army statement,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20080408101317weblink">weblink 8 April 2008, live, Over a hundred people, including several generals, have been detained or questioned since July 2008 with respect to the so-called organisation Ergenekon, an alleged clandestine, ultra-nationalist organization with ties to members of the country's military and security forces. The group is accused of terrorism in Turkey. These accusing claims are reported, even while the trials are going on, mostly in the counter-secular and Islamist media organs.{{citation needed|date=March 2017}}On 22 February 2010 more than 40 officers were arrested and then formally charged with attempting to overthrow the government with respect to the so-called "Sledgehammer" plot. They include four admirals, a general and two colonels, some of them retired, including former commanders of the Turkish navy and air force (three days later, the former commanders of the navy and air force were released). Partially as a result, the Washington Post reported in April 2010 that the military's power had decreased.NEWS,weblink The Washington Post, Janine, Zacharia, In Turkey, military's power over secular democracy slips, 11 April 2010, 30 October 2017,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20171014054411weblink">weblink 14 October 2017, live, On the eve of the Supreme Military Council of August 2011, the Chief of the General Staff, along with the Army, Navy, and Air Force commanders, requested their retirement, in protest of the mass arrests which they perceived as a deliberate and planned attack against the Kemalist and secular-minded officers of the Turkish Armed Forces by the Islamists in Turkey, who began to control key positions in the Turkish government, judiciary and police.NEWS,weblink Turkey: Military chiefs resign en masse, 17 July 2016, BBC News, 29 July 2011,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20160716104222weblink">weblink 16 July 2016, live, NEWS,weblink Top Generals Quit in Group, Stunning Turks, 30 July 2011, The New York Times, 17 July 2016,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20160716134808weblink">weblink 16 July 2016, live, NEWS,weblink Turkey military chiefs resign over Sledgehammer 'coup plot' arrests, Constanze, Letsch, 30 July 2011, 17 July 2016, The Guardian,weblink 16 July 2016, live, The swift replacement of the force commanders in the Supreme Military Council meeting affirmed the government's control over the appointment of top-level commanders. However, promotions continue to be determined by the General Staff with limited civilian control. The European Commission, in its 2011 regular yearly report on Turkey's progress towards EU accession, stated that "further reforms on the composition and powers of the Supreme Military Council, particularly on the legal basis of promotions, still need to materialise." The service branch commanders continue to report to the Prime Minister instead of the Defence Minister. File:Joe Biden in Turkish Grand National Assembly Ankara 24 August 2016.jpg|thumb|Then-Vice President Joe Biden inspects damage to the Grand National Assembly during a visit to Ankara on 24 August 2016.]]In July 2016, a faction within the Turkish Armed Forces attempted to take over the government, but Erdogan supporters and other loyal military units stopped the coup attempt.NEWS,weblink Turkey's opposition parties take unified stance against coup attempt, 16 July 2016, Daily Sabah, The parliament house, police headquarters, and some other buildings in Ankara were damaged by aerial bombing and attack helicopter gunfire. In Istanbul, the Bosporus Bridge was blocked, a tank fired a shell, and soldiers shot at people.WEB, 2020-07-15, 15 Temmuz ekonomiye nasıl bir zarar verdi?,weblink 2023-10-23, www.sozcu.com.tr, tr, {{Citation |title=Darbeciler Boğaz Köprüsü'nde halka top atışı yaptı |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bOvDAqKWewE |access-date=2023-10-23 |language=en}} The incidents caused the death of hundreds and wounding of thousands of unarmed civilians. Following the failed coup attempt, thousands of military personnel were arrested and the structure of the armed forces was overhauled. The total toll of the damages to the economy amounted to US$14 billion.

Medals and awards

• Turkish Armed Forces Medal of Honor
• Turkish Armed Forces Medal of Distinguished Service
• Turkish Armed Forces Medal of Distinguished Courage and Self-Sacrifice
• Turkish Armed Forces Medal of Bravery and Valour
• Turkish Armed Forces State Medal of Honor

Gallery

2509286 Female officers of the Turkish Land Forces at Camp Butmir, Bosnia and Herzegovina 2016.jpg| U.S. Army Brig. Gen. Giselle Wilz, NATO Headquarters Sarajevo commander, speaks with female officers of the Turkish Land Forces during a mentoring session at Camp Butmir, Bosnia and Herzegovina.Turkish Coy Monitor the Administrative Boundary Line 210903-A-AC359-222.jpg|Members of the Turkish Coy, assigned to KFOR Regional Command – East, as part of the NATO Forces, monitor the Administrative Boundary Line (ABL) in Eastern Kosovo.Turkish patrol.jpg|U.S. and Turkish military forces conduct the third ground combined joint patrol inside the security mechanism area in northeast Syria.210923-Z-JY390-025 - ISTC Alpine Sniper Course 2021 (Image 24 of 33).jpg|A Turkish Special Forces Sniper engages long range targets at night with a with a Remington Mk 21 Precision Sniper Rifles at the International Specialty Training Center (ISTC) Alpine Sniper Course, in Hochfilzen training area, Austria.TCG Barbaros (FF 244) and Burgazada (F 513) in the Mediterranean Sea, Aug 26, 2020.jpg|TCG Barbaros (FF 244) and Burgazada (F 513) in the Mediterranean Sea.Turkish Air Force F4E Phantom II MOD 45157794.jpg|An F4E Phantom II aircraft with the Turkish Air Force (Türk Hava Kuvvetleri) takes off from Third Air Force Base Konya, Turkey, during Exercise Anatolian Eagle.Lockheed Martin F-16D Fighting Falcon, Turkey - Air Force JP7156596.jpg|A Turkish F-16 taking off from İzmir Çiğli Air Base - LTBL, Turkey.File:Turkish Military Mission With Western Mediterranean Fleet. 9 April 1943, on Board HMS Nelson, the Turkish Military Mission; Led by General Salih Omurtag and Consisting of 18 Senior Turkish Army and Air Force Of A16197.jpg|Turkish Military Mission With Western Mediterranean Fleet. 9 April 1943, on Board HMS NelsonFile:Semyon Budyonni.jpg|Turkish officers visiting Soviet Moscow.

See also

• Conscription in Turkey
• Military equipment of Turkey
• Gendarmerie General Command (Turkey)
• Coast Guard Command (Turkey)
• Village guard system
• Defense industry of Turkey
• List of countries by military expenditures
• List of countries by number of military and paramilitary personnel
• List of active Turkish Air Force aircraft

Notes

{{notelist}}

References

Bibliography

• BOOK, The Military Balance, 14 February 2018, 2018, Routledge, London, 978-1857439557, IISS2018,
• BOOK, The Military Balance, 11 March 2024, Hackett, James, 2010, Routledge, London, 978-1-85743-557-3, IISS2010,
• NEWS,weblink 12 October 2008, The Coup Primer, Turkish Daily News, 7 February 1997, Hayri, Birler, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20110813044244weblink">weblink 13 August 2011,
• Gareth Jenkins, 'Power and unaccountability in the Turkish security forces,' Conflict, Security, and Development, Volume 1, Issue 1.
• BOOK, Landis, Dan, Albert, Rosita, Handbook of Ethnic Conflict: International Perspectives, 2012, Springer, 978-1461404477, 264,

External links

{{Commons category|Military of Turkey}}

• Turkish Armed Forces (English)
• Bosphorus Naval News (turkishnavy.net)

{{authority control}}{{Turkey topics}}{{Military of Turkey}}{{Military of Asia}}{{Military of Europe}}{{Military ranks by country}}{{North Atlantic Treaty Organization}}