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Bobby Seale
please note:
- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
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{{Short description|Co-founder of the Black Panther Party (born 1936)}}{{use mdy dates|date=February 2019}}- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
- it has been imported raw for GetWiki
factoids | |
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- Artie Seale (m. 1965; div. 1967?)
- {{marriage|Leslie Johnson|1974}}
Early life
Bobby Seale was born in Liberty, Texas, to George Seale, a carpenter, and Thelma Seale (née Traylor), a homemaker.Bobby Seale {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100316180645weblink |date=March 16, 2010 }} at Spartacus Educational The Seale family lived in poverty during most of his early life. After moving around Texas, first to Dallas, then to San Antonio, and Port Arthur, Seale's family relocated to Codornices VillageJOURNAL, HONORING THELMA TRAYLOR SEALE, Congressional Record, February 25, 2008, 154, 30,weblink 14 September 2022, in Albany, California, during the Great Migration when he was eight years old.WEB,weblink The Long-Lasting Legacy of the Great Migration, Smithssonian Magazine, Isabel, Wilkerson, September 2016, Seale attended Berkeley High School, then dropped out in 1955 and joined the United States Air Force.Bagley, Mark. Bobby Seale biography {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611154201weblink |date=June 11, 2010 }}. Penn State University Libraries. Retrieved February 2, 2011. Three years later, a court martial convicted him of fighting with a commanding officer{{Citation needed|date=February 2020|reason=my understanding is this is correct but the BBC citation gives another explanation, namely disobeying an officer}} at Ellsworth Air Force Base in South Dakota, resulting in a bad conduct discharge.NEWS, Revolutionary At RestActivism and leadership
Black Panthers
Bobby Seale and Huey P. Newton were strongly inspired by the teachings of activist Malcolm X, who had been assassinated in 1965. The two joined together in October 1966 to create the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense, which adopted the late activist's slogan "freedom by any means necessary" as their own. Prior to starting the Black Panther Party, Seale and Newton created a group known as the Soul Students Advisory Council. The group was organized to operate through "ultra-democracy", defined as individualism manifesting itself as an aversion to discipline. "The goal was to develop a college campus group that would help develop leadership; to go back to the black community and serve the black community in a revolutionary fashion".{{sfn|Seale|1991|pages=59â62}}After the inception of Soul Students Advisory Council, Seale and Newton founded the group they are most identified with, the Black Panther Party. They wanted to organize the black community to express their desires and needs in order to resist the racism and classism perpetuated by the system. Seale described the Panthers as "an organization that represents black people and many white radicals relate to this and understand that the Black Panther Party is a righteous revolutionary front against this racist decadent, capitalistic system.""On Violent Revolution", ''The Black Panther Leaders Speak',' pp. 21â22.Writing
Seale and Newton together wrote the doctrines "What We Want Now!", which Seale said were intended to be "the practical, specific things we need and that should exist", and "What We Believe", which outlines the philosophical principles of the Black Panther Party in order to educate the people and disseminate information about the specifics of the party's platform.{{sfn|Seale|1991|page=11}} These writings were part of the party's Ten-Point Program. Also known as "The Black Panther Party for Self-Defense Ten-Point Platform and Program", this was a set of guidelines to the Black Panther Party's ideals and ways of operation. Seale and Newton named Newton as Minister of Defense and Seale as the Chairman of the party.{{sfn|Seale|1991|page=62}} During his time with the Panthers, Seale was kept under surveillance by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) as part of its illegal COINTELPRO program.WEB, Archival newsfilm footage of a Bobby Seale press conference on police intimidation, from 1966,weblink diva.sfsu.edu, In 1968, Seale wrote (Seize the Time (book)|Seize the Time: The Story of the Black Panther Party and Huey P. Newton) (1970).BOOK, Seale, Bobby,weblink Seize The Time: The Story of the Black Panther Party,The Trial of the Chicago 8
Bobby Seale was one of the original "Chicago Eight" defendants charged with conspiracy and inciting a riot in the wake of the 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago. While in prison, Seale said, "To be a Revolutionary is to be an Enemy of the state. To be arrested for this struggle is to be a Political Prisoner.""On Violent Revolution", The Black Panther Leaders Speak, p. 23. The evidence against Seale was slim, as he did not participate in activist planning for the convention's protests and had gone to Chicago as a last-minute replacement for activist Eldridge Cleaver.WEB,weblink Bobby Seale, Bound and Gagged | Political Activists on Trial, Library of Congress, He was in Chicago for only two days of the convention.MAGAZINE,weblink A Special Supplement: The Trial of Bobby Seale, The New York Review of Books, December 4, 1969, March 25, 2013, Epstein, Jason, During the trial, Judge Julius Hoffman ordered Seale bound and gagged in the courtroom because of his outspoken objections to his personal lack of legal representation, Seale's attorney being hospitalized at the time.WEB,weblink Bobby Seale, UMKC Famous Trials, He was repeatedly bound and gagged for several days of the trial.NEWS, Raymond R., Coffey, James, Kloss, Mistrial for Panther chief, Seale gets 4 yrs. in jail,weblink November 11, 2020, Chicago Sun-Times, November 5, 1969,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20200927161737weblink">weblink September 27, 2020, Seale was gagged and bound to a chair for two and a half days last week after he tussled with the courtroom marshals., live, BOOK, Shames, Stephen, Power to the People: The World of Black Panthers, 2016-10-18, Abrams, 978-1-4197-2240-0, New York, 193, Though he was never convicted in the case, on November 5, 1969, Judge Hoffman sentenced Seale to four years in prison for 16 counts of contempt, each count for three months of imprisonment, because of his outbursts during the trial. He eventually ordered Seale severed from the case. Proceedings against the remaining defendants resulted in their being renamed the "Chicago Seven".{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}New Haven Black Panther trials
(File:Demonstratie voor vrijlating van Zwarte Panter leider Bobby Seale in Amsterdam, Bestanddeelnr 923-3470.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Demonstration for Black Panther Bobby Seale in Amsterdam March 14, 1970)While serving his four-year sentence, Seale was tried in 1970 as part of the New Haven Black Panther trials. Several officers of the Panther organization had killed fellow Panther, Alex Rackley, who had confessed under torture to being a police informant.WEB,weblink Two Controversial Cases in New Haven History: The Amistad Affair (1839) and The Black Panther Trials (1970), Yale University, March 25, 2013, The leader of the murder plan, George W. Sams Jr., turned state's evidence and testified that Seale, who had visited New Haven hours before the murder, had ordered him to kill Rackley. The trials were accompanied by a large demonstration in New Haven on May Day, 1970. This coincided with the beginning of the American college student strike of 1970. The jury was unable to reach a verdict in Seale's trial, and the charges were eventually dropped. The government suspended his contempt convictions, and Seale was released from prison in 1972.While Seale was in prison, his wife, Artie, became pregnant. Fellow Panther Fred Bennett was said to be the father. Bennett's mutilated remains were found in a suspected Panther hideout in April 1971.NEWS,weblink Remote Panther Hideout was Slaying Scene, The Palm Beach Post, April 21, 1971, A4, subscription, January 25, 2021, Newspapers.com, Seale was implicated in the murder, with police suspecting he had ordered it in retaliation for the affair, but no charges were pressed.Jama Lazerow, Yohuru R. Williams. In Search of the Black Panther Party: New Perspectives on a Revolutionary Movement. Duke University Press. 2006, p. 170.1973 and 1974 activities
In 1973 Seale ran for Mayor of Oakland, California as a Democrat.Bobby Seale {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201215919weblink |date=February 1, 2014 }} at Pennsylvania State University's online libraryNEWS, 1973-05-17, Reading Defeats Seale Easily for Oakland Mayor, en-US, The New York Times,weblink 2023-03-02, 0362-4331, He received the second-most votes in a field of nine candidates but ultimately lost in a run-off with incumbent Mayor John Reading.In 1974, Seale and Huey Newton argued over a proposed film about the Panthers that Newton wanted Bert Schneider to produce. According to several accounts, the argument escalated to a fight in which Newton, backed by his armed bodyguards, allegedly beat Seale with a bullwhip so badly that Seale required extensive medical treatment for his injuries. Afterward, he went into hiding for nearly a year, and ended his affiliation with the Party that year.Kate Coleman and Paul Avery. "The Party's Over". New Times. July 10, 1978.Hugh Pearson, The Shadow of the Panther, 1994. Seale has denied that any such physical altercation took place, dismissing rumors that he and Newton were ever less than friends.WEB,weblinkweblink 2012-03-15, Former Black Panther draws crowd of more than 600, University of Michigan Record, January 23, 1996, March 25, 2013, dead, {{cbignore}}The Ten Point Platform
(File:Drawing for CBS Evening News of Bobby G. Seale with Arnold Markle, State Attorney for the Judicial District of New Haven, in the back ground.jpg|thumb|left|Seale on trial in 1970, State Attorney Arnold Markle in the background)Seale worked with Huey Newton to create the Ten Point platform. It included political and social demands they believed necessary for the survival of the Black population in the United States. The two men formulated the Ten Point Platform in the late 1960s, and from these ideologies developed the Black Panther Party. The document encapsulated the economic exploitation of the black body, and addressed the mistreatment of the black race. This document was attractive to those suffering under the oppressive nature of white power. The document is based on the conclusion that a combination of racism and capitalism resulted in fascism in the United States. The Ten Point Platform lays out the need for full employment of Black people, decent shelter, and decent education. They defined decent education as the full history of the United States, including acknowledgement of the genocide and displacement of Native Americans and the enslavement of Africans. The platform calls for the release of political prisoners.The points are as follows:WEB,weblink Black Panther's Ten-Point Program, www.marxists.org,Other work
File:Bobby Seale (cropped).jpg|left|thumb|Seale at Binghamton UniversityBinghamton UniversityIn 1978, Seale wrote an autobiography titled A Lonely Rage. Also, in 1987, he wrote a cookbook called Barbeque'n with Bobby Seale: Hickory & Mesquite Recipes, the proceeds going to various non-profit social organizations.WEB,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20120208045454weblink">weblink Robert George Seale, 8 February 2012, Africawithin.com, March 25, 2013, Seale also advertised Ben & Jerry's ice cream.BOOK,weblink Challengers to Duopoly: Why Third Parties Matter in American Two-Party Politics, Gillespie, J. David, 2012, Univ of South Carolina Press, 978-1611171129, en, In 1998, Seale appeared on the television documentary series Cold War, discussing the events of the 1960s. Bobby Seale was the central protagonist alongside Kathleen Cleaver, Jamal Joseph and Nile Rodgers in the 1999 theatrical documentary Public Enemy by Jens Meurer, which premiered at the Venice Film Festival. In 2002, Seale began dedicating his time to Reach!, a group focused on youth education programs. He has also taught black studies at Temple University in Philadelphia. Also in 2002, Seale moved back to Oakland, working with young political advocates to influence social change.WEB, Bobby Seale Biography,weblink Biography.com, A&E Television Networks, 29 April 2020, In 2006, he appeared in the documentary The U.S. vs. John Lennon to discuss his friendship with John Lennon. Seale has also visited over 500 colleges to share his personal experiences as a Black Panther and to give advice to students interested in community organizing and social justice.{{Citation needed|date=September 2016}}Since 2013, Seale has been seeking to produce a screenplay he wrote based on his autobiography, Seize the Time: The Eighth Defendant.WEB,weblink Bobby Seale Still Fundraising For Scripted Black Panthers Life Story Feature Film, Tambay A., Obenson, March 29, 2013, IndieWire.com, August 30, 2018, NEWS, Whiting, Sam,weblink Bobby Seale, Black Panthers founder, writes his own history, October 14, 2016, San Francisco Chronicle, August 30, 2018, Seale co-authored Power to the People: The World of the Black Panthers, a 2016 book with photographer Stephen Shames.WEB,weblink Power to the People: The World of the Black Panthers, PublishersWeekly.com, August 29, 2018, {{-}}In popular culture
- In 1968, Seale was featured in Agnès Varda's documentary, Black Panthers.
- The 1971 the song "Chicago" written by Graham Nash refers to Seale being bound and gagged during the trial.WEB, Mr. Fish in Conversation With Graham Nash,weblink March 25, 2013, Truthdig,
- The 1973 the poem and song "H2Ogate Blues" by Gil Scott-Heron mentions the chaining and gagging of Seale during the trial.WEB, H20-Gate Blues (Watergate Blues),weblink dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20120515011627weblink">weblink May 15, 2012, March 25, 2013, American Buddha,
- In 1987, Seale was portrayed by Carl Lumbly in the HBO television movie, (Conspiracy: The Trial of the Chicago 8).
- In 1995, Seale was portrayed by Courtney B. Vance in the cinematic adaptation of Melvin Van Peebles's novel Panther, produced and directed by Mario Van Peebles.
- In 1995, Seale was mentioned in The Simpsons episode "Mother Simpson"; Mona Simpson (mother of Homer) claims to have proofread Seale's cookbook (the abovementioned Barbeque'n with Bobby Seale).BOOK,weblink Planet Simpson: How a cartoon masterpiece documented an era and defined a generation, Chris, Turner, May 31, 2012, Ebury, 9781446447451, Google Books,
- A character based on Seale appears in Roberto Bolaño's 2004 novel, 2666.MAGAZINE,weblink National Reading '2666' Month: Hardboiled, Ligaya, Mishan, January 25, 2009, The New Yorker, May 10, 2023,
- In 2007, Seale was voiced by Jeffrey Wright in the animated documentary Chicago 10.
- In 2011, Seale was portrayed by Orlando Jones, in the television film The Chicago 8.
- In 2011, Kendrick Lamar mentioned Seale (along with Fred Hampton and Huey Newton) in the song "HiiiPoWeR" from his debut album Section.80.
- In 2020, Seale was portrayed by Yahya Abdul-Mateen II in Aaron Sorkin's Netflix film, The Trial of the Chicago 7.
- In 2021, Seale is mentioned in the film Judas and the Black Messiah by a policeman commenting on a drawing of him tied up at the trial.
- In 2021, Seale is mentioned in the Showtime documentary Attica by inmates who stated he arrived during the riot but appeared disappointed Seale only stayed a few minutes.
Publications
- BOOK, Seale, Bobby, (Seize the Time (book), Seize the Time: The Story of The Black Panther Party and Huey P. Newton), 1970, 1991, Baltimore, Maryland, Black Classic Press, 978-0-933121-30-0,
- BOOK, Seale, Bobby, A Lonely Rage: The Autobiography of Bobby Seale, 1978, New York, Times Books, 978-0-812907-15-5,
- BOOK, Seale, Bobby, Shames, Stephen, Power to the People: The World of the Black Panthers, New York, Abrams Books, 2016, 978-1-419722-40-0,
See also
References
{{Reflist|30em}}Further reading
- Edited by Mark L. Levine, George C. McNamee and Daniel Greenberg / Foreword by Aaron Sorkin. The Trial of the Chicago 7: The Official Transcript. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2020. {{ISBN|978-1982155094}}. {{OCLC|1162494002}}
- Edited with an introduction by Jon Wiener. Conspiracy in the Streets: The Extraordinary Trial of the Chicago Seven. Afterword by Tom Hayden and drawings by Jules Feiffer. New York: The New Press, 2006. {{ISBN|978-1565848337}}
- Pearson, Hugh. The Shadow of the Panther: Huey P. Newton and the Price of Black Power in America. Addison-Wesley, 1994. {{ISBN|0201483416}}.
- Edited by Judy Clavir and John Spitzer. The Conspiracy Trial: The extended edited transcript of the trial of the Chicago Eight. Complete with motions, rulings, contempt citations, sentences and photographs. Introduction by William Kunstler and foreword by Leonard Weinglass. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1970. {{ISBN|0224005790}}. {{OCLC|16214206}}
- Schultz, John. The Conspiracy Trial of the Chicago Seven. Foreword by Carl Oglesby. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2020. {{ISBN|9780226760742}}. (Originally published in 1972 as Motion Will Be Denied.)
External links
- {{Commons category-inline}}
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- mAmerican Black Journal, interview, 1978
- Swindle, weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20071025181517weblink">interview, 2007
- {{C-SPAN|14303}}
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