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{{Short description|Genus of bacteria}}{{about|the bacterium|a hypernymic category|bacillus (shape)|the stick-insect genus|Bacillus (insect)}}{{cs1 config|name-list-style=vanc|display-authors=6}}{{Automatic taxobox| image = Bacillus subtilis Gram.jpg| image_caption = Bacillus subtilis, stained| taxon = Bacillus|Type|Round|Color|Whitish|Shape|Convex|Morphological characters|Shape|Rod|Growth at 6.5% NaCl|+|Oxidase|Catalase|+|Oxidative-Fermentative|O/F|Motility|+|Methyl Red|+|Voges-Proskauer|Indole|H2S Production|+/–|Urease|Nitrate reductase|+|β-Galactosidase|+|Aesculin|+|Casein|+|Tween 40|+|Tween 60|+|Tween 80|+|Galactose|+|D-Glucose|+|D-Fructose|+|D-Mannose|+|Mannitol|+|N-Acetylglucosamine|+|Amygdalin|+|Maltose|+|D-Melibiose|+|D-Trehalose|+|Glycogen|+|D-Turanose|+

Ferdinand Cohn>Cohn	#Species>See text}}Bacillus (Latin “stick“) is a genus of Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria, a member of the phylum Bacillota, with 266 named species. The term is also used to describe the shape (rod) of other so-shaped bacteria; and the plural Bacilli is the name of the class of bacteria to which this genus belongs. Bacillus species can be either obligate aerobes which are dependent on oxygen, or facultative anaerobes which can survive in the absence of oxygen. Cultured Bacillus species test positive for the enzyme catalase if oxygen has been used or is present.BOOK, Turnbull PC, Bacillus, Barron’s Medical Microbiology, Baron S, etal, 4th, Univ of Texas Medical Branch, 1996, 21413260,www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7699/, 978-0-9631172-1-2, Bacillus can reduce themselves to oval endospores and can remain in this dormant state for years. The endospore of one species from Morocco is reported to have survived being heated to 420 Â°C.JOURNAL, Beladjal L, Gheysens T, Clegg JS, Amar M, Mertens J, Life from the ashes: survival of dry bacterial spores after very high temperature exposure, Extremophiles: Life Under Extreme Conditions, 22, 5, 751–759, September 2018, 29869718, 10.1007/s00792-018-1035-6, 46935396, Endospore formation is usually triggered by a lack of nutrients: the bacterium divides within its cell wall, and one side then engulfs the other. They are not true spores (i.e., not an offspring).WEB, Bacterial Endospores,cals.cornell.edu/microbiology/research/active-research-labs/angert-lab/epulopiscium/bacterial-endospores, Cornell University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Department of Microbiology, 21 October 2018, Endospore formation originally defined the genus, but not all such species are closely related, and many species have been moved to other genera of the Bacillota.BOOK, Madigan M, Martinko J, Brock Biology of Microorganisms, 11th, Prentice Hall, 2005, 978-0-13-144329-7, Only one endospore is formed per cell. The spores are resistant to heat, cold, radiation, desiccation, and disinfectants. Bacillus anthracis needs oxygen to sporulate; this constraint has important consequences for epidemiology and control.BOOK, Turnbull PC, Bacillus, 1996, Medical Microbiology, Baron S,www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7699/, 2024-03-18, 4th, Galveston (TX), University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 978-0-9631172-1-2, 21413260, In vivo, B. anthracis produces a polypeptide (polyglutamic acid) capsule that kills it from phagocytosis. The genera Bacillus and Clostridium constitute the family Bacillaceae. Species are identified by using morphologic and biochemical criteria. Because the spores of many Bacillus species are resistant to heat, radiation, disinfectants, and desiccation, they are difficult to eliminate from medical and pharmaceutical materials and are a frequent cause of contamination. Not only are they resistant to heat, radiation, etc., but they are also resistant to chemicals such as antibiotics.JOURNAL, Christie G, Setlow P, Bacillus spore germination: Knowns, unknowns and what we need to learn, Cellular Signalling, 74, 109729, October 2020, 32721540, 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109729, free, This resistance allows them to survive for many years and especially in a controlled environment. Bacillus species are well known in the food industries as troublesome spoilage organisms.Ubiquitous in nature, Bacillus includes symbiotic (sometimes referred to as endophytes) as well as independent species. Two species are medically significant: B. anthracis causes anthrax;JOURNAL, Spencer RC, Bacillus anthracis, Journal of Clinical Pathology, 56, 3, 182–187, March 2003, 12610093, 1769905, 10.1136/jcp.56.3.182, and B. cereus causes food poisoning.JOURNAL, Schoeni JL, Wong AC, Bacillus cereus food poisoning and its toxins, Journal of Food Protection, 68, 3, 636–648, March 2005, 15771198, 10.4315/0362-028X-68.3.636, free, Many species of Bacillus can produce copious amounts of enzymes, which are used in various industries, such as in the production of alpha amylase used in starch hydrolysis and the protease subtilisin used in detergents. B. subtilis is a valuable model for bacterial research. Some Bacillus species can synthesize and secrete lipopeptides, in particular surfactins and mycosubtilins.JOURNAL, Nigris S, Baldan E, Tondello A, Zanella F, Vitulo N, Favaro G, Guidolin V, Bordin N, Telatin A, Barizza E, Marcato S, Zottini M, Squartini A, Valle G, Baldan B, Biocontrol traits of Bacillus licheniformis GL174, a culturable endophyte of Vitis vinifera cv. Glera, BMC Microbiology, 18, 1, 133, October 2018, 30326838, 6192205, 10.1186/s12866-018-1306-5, free, JOURNAL, Favaro G, Bogialli S, Di Gangi IM, Nigris S, Baldan E, Squartini A, Pastore P, Baldan B, Characterization of lipopeptides produced by Bacillus licheniformis using liquid chromatography with accurate tandem mass spectrometry, Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, 30, 20, 2237–2252, October 2016, 27487987, 10.1002/rcm.7705, 2016RCMS...30.2237F, Bacillus species are also found in marine sponges. Marine sponge associated Bacillus subtilis (strains WS1A and YBS29) can synthesize several antimicrobial peptides.JOURNAL, Rahman MM, Paul SI, Akter T, Tay AC, Foysal MJ, Islam MT, Whole-Genome Sequence of Bacillus subtilis WS1A, a Promising Fish Probiotic Strain Isolated from Marine Sponge of the Bay of Bengal, Microbiology Resource Announcements, 9, 39, e00641–20, September 2020, 32972930, 7516141, 10.1128/MRA.00641-20, These Bacillus subtilis strains can develop disease resistance in Labeo rohita. Structure Cell wall File:Bacillus subtilis 2.jpg|Bacillus subtilis (right|thumbThe cell wall of Bacillus is a structure on the outside of the cell that forms the second barrier between the bacterium and the environment, and at the same time maintains the rod shape and withstands the pressure generated by the cell’s turgor. The cell wall is made of teichoic and teichuronic acids. B. subtilis is the first bacterium for which the role of an actin-like cytoskeleton in cell shape determination and peptidoglycan synthesis was identified and for which the entire set of peptidoglycan-synthesizing enzymes was localized. The role of the cytoskeleton in shape generation and maintenance is important.JOURNAL, Shih YL, Rothfield L, The bacterial cytoskeleton, Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, 70, 3, 729–754, September 2006, 16959967, 1594594, 10.1128/MMBR.00017-06, Bacillus species are rod-shaped, endospore-forming aerobic or facultatively anaerobic, Gram-positive bacteria; in some species cultures may turn Gram-negative with age. The many species of the genus exhibit a wide range of physiologic abilities that allow them to live in every natural environment. Only one endospore is formed per cell. The spores are resistant to heat, cold, radiation, desiccation, and disinfectants. Origin of name The genus Bacillus was named in 1835 by Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg, to contain rod-shaped (bacillus) bacteria. He had seven years earlier named the genus Bacterium. Bacillus was later amended by Ferdinand Cohn to further describe them as spore-forming, Gram-positive, aerobic or facultatively anaerobic bacteria.JOURNAL, Cohn F, Untersuchungen über Bakterien., Beiträge zur Biologie der Pflanzen, Studies on Bacteria., Contributions to the Biology of Plants, DE, 2, 1872, 1, 127–224, Like other genera associated with the early history of microbiology, such as Pseudomonas and Vibrio, the 266 species of Bacillus are ubiquitous.{{lpsn|b/bacillus.html|Bacillus|vanc}} The genus has a very large ribosomal 16S diversity.JOURNAL, Pei AY, Oberdorf WE, Nossa CW, Agarwal A, Chokshi P, Gerz EA, Jin Z, Lee P, Yang L, Poles M, Brown SM, Sotero S, Desantis T, Brodie E, Nelson K, Pei Z, Diversity of 16S rRNA genes within individual prokaryotic genomes, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 76, 12, 3886–3897, June 2010, 20418441, 2893482, 10.1128/AEM.02953-09, 2010ApEnM..76.3886P, Isolation and identification Established methods for isolating Bacillus species for culture primarily involve suspension of sampled soil in distilled water, heat shock to kill off vegetative cells leaving primarily viable spores in the sample, and culturing on agar plates with further tests to confirm the identity of the cultured colonies.JOURNAL, Travers RS, Martin PA, Reichelderfer CF, Selective Process for Efficient Isolation of Soil Bacillus spp, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 53, 6, 1263–1266, June 1987, 16347359, 203852, 10.1128/aem.53.6.1263-1266.1987, 1987ApEnM..53.1263T, Additionally, colonies which exhibit characteristics typical of Bacillus bacteria can be selected from a culture of an environmental sample which has been significantly diluted following heat shock or hot air drying to select potential Bacillus bacteria for testing.JOURNAL, Foysal MJ, Lisa AK, Isolation and characterization of Bacillus sp. strain BC01 from soil displaying potent antagonistic activity against plant and fish pathogenic fungi and bacteria, Journal, Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, 16, 2, 387–392, December 2018, 30733751, 6353715, 10.1016/j.jgeb.2018.01.005, Cultured colonies are usually large, spreading, and irregularly shaped. Under the microscope, the Bacillus cells appear as rods, and a substantial portion of the cells usually contain oval endospores at one end, making them bulge.BOOK, Caldwell FE,books.google.com/books?id=MpBpAwAAQBAJ&dq=Bacillus+cells+appear+as+rods%2C+and+a+substantial+portion+of+the+cells+usually+contain+oval+endospores+at+one+end%2C&pg=PA35, The Students Reference Guide to Bacteria, 2011-04-06, Lulu.com, 978-1-257-42416-0, en, Bacillus spp.“> Characteristics of Bacillus spp. S.I. Paul et al. (2021)JOURNAL, Paul SI, Rahman MM, Salam MA, Khan MA, Islam MT, 2021-12-15, Identification of marine sponge-associated bacteria of the Saint Martin’s island of the Bay of Bengal emphasizing on the prevention of motile Aeromonas septicemia in Labeo rohita, Aquaculture, 545, 737156, 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.737156, 2021Aquac.54537156P, isolated and identified multiple strains of Bacillus subtilis (strains WS1A, JOURNAL,www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/MK910097.1/, Bacillus subtilis strain WS1A, GenBank, 19 May 2019, U.S. National Library of Medicine, YBS29,JOURNAL,www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/MT605348.1/, Bacillus subtilis strain YBS29, GenBank, 19 June 2020, U.S. National Library of Medicine, KSP163A,JOURNAL,www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/MK910103.1/, Bacillus subtilis strain KSP163A, GenBank, 19 May 2019, U.S. National Library of Medicine, OA122,JOURNAL,www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/MT611945.1/, Bacillus subtilis strain OA122, GenBank, 20 June 2020, U.S. National Library of Medicine, ISP161A,JOURNAL,www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/MT611943.1/, Bacillus subtilis strain ISP161A, GenBank, 20 June 2020, U.S. National Library of Medicine, OI6,JOURNAL,www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/MT605347.1/, Bacillus subtilis strain OI6, GenBank, 19 June 2020, U.S. National Library of Medicine, WS11,JOURNAL,www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/MK910101.1/, Bacillus subtilis strain WS11, GenBank, 19 May 2019, U.S. National Library of Medicine, KSP151E,JOURNAL,www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/MT605346.1/, Bacillus subtilis strain KSP151E, GenBank, 19 June 2020, U.S. National Library of Medicine, and S8,JOURNAL,www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/MT611946.1/, Bacillus subtilis strain S8, GenBank, 20 June 2020, U.S. National Library of Medicine, ) from marine sponges of the Saint Martin’s Island Area of the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh. Based on their study, colony, morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics of Bacillus spp. are shown in the Table below.{| class=“wikitable“|Test type|Test|Characteristics
Colony characters|Size|Medium
Physiological characters|Motility|+
Biochemical characters|Gram’s staining|+
Hydrolysis of|Gelatin|+
Acid production from|Glycerol|+

Note: + = Positive, – =Negative, O= Oxidative, F= Fermentative

Phylogeny

Three proposals have been presented as representing the phylogeny of the genus Bacillus. The first proposal, presented in 2003, is a Bacillus-specific study, with the most diversity covered using 16S and the ITS regions. It divides the genus into 10 groups. This includes the nested genera Paenibacillus, Brevibacillus, Geobacillus, Marinibacillus and Virgibacillus.JOURNAL, Xu D, Côté JC, Phylogenetic relationships between Bacillus species and related genera inferred from comparison of 3’ end 16S rDNA and 5’ end 16S-23S ITS nucleotide sequences, International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 53, Pt 3, 695–704, May 2003, 12807189, 10.1099/Ijs.0.02346-0, free, The second proposal, presented in 2008,JOURNAL, Munoz R, Yarza P, Ludwig W, Euzéby J, Amann R, Schleifer KH, Glöckner FO, Rosselló-Móra R, Release LTPs104 of the all-species living tree, Systematic and Applied Microbiology, May 2011, 34, 3, 169–70, 10.1016/j.syapm.2011.03.001, 21497273,www.arb-silva.de/fileadmin/silva_databases/living_tree/LTP_release_104/LTPs104_SSU_tree.pdf,www.arb-silva.de/fileadmin/silva_databases/living_tree/LTP_release_104/LTPs104_SSU_tree.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20150923172916www.arb-silva.de/fileadmin/silva_databases/living_tree/LTP_release_104/LTPs104_SSU_tree.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20150923172916www.arb-silva.de/fileadmin/silva_databases/living_tree/LTP_release_104/LTPs104_SSU_tree.pdf, 23 September 2015, constructed a 16S (and 23S if available) tree of all validated species.JOURNAL, Yarza P, Richter M, Peplies J, Euzeby J, Amann R, Schleifer KH, Ludwig W, Glöckner FO, Rosselló-Móra R, The All-Species Living Tree project: a 16S rRNA-based phylogenetic tree of all sequenced type strains, Systematic and Applied Microbiology, 31, 4, 241–250, September 2008, 18692976, 10.1016/j.syapm.2008.07.001, free, 10261/103580,tede.ufrrj.br/jspui/handle/jspui/5297, JOURNAL, Yarza P, Ludwig W, Euzéby J, Amann R, Schleifer KH, Glöckner FO, Rosselló-Móra R, Update of the All-Species Living Tree Project based on 16S and 23S rRNA sequence analyses, Systematic and Applied Microbiology, 33, 6, 291–299, October 2010, 20817437, 10.1016/j.syapm.2010.08.001, 10261/54801, The genus Bacillus contains a very large number of nested taxa and majorly in both 16S and 23S. It is paraphyletic to the Lactobacillales (Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Listeria, etc.), due to Bacillus coahuilensis and others.JOURNAL, Salvetti E, Harris HM, Felis GE, O’Toole PW, Comparative Genomics of the Genus Lactobacillus Reveals Robust Phylogroups That Provide the Basis for Reclassification, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 84, 17, September 2018, 29915113, 6102987, 10.1128/AEM.00993-18, 2018ApEnM..84E.993S, Björkroth J, A third proposal, presented in 2010, was a gene concatenation study, and found results similar to the 2008 proposal, but with a much more limited number of species in terms of groups.JOURNAL, Alcaraz LD, Moreno-Hagelsieb G, Eguiarte LE, Souza V, Herrera-Estrella L, Olmedo G, Understanding the evolutionary relationships and major traits of Bacillus through comparative genomics, BMC Genomics, 11, 332, May 2010, 20504335, 2890564, 10.1186/1471-2164-11-332, 1471216411332, free, (This scheme used Listeria as an outgroup, so in light of the ARB tree, it may be “inside-out“).One clade, formed by Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus mycoides, Bacillus pseudomycoides, Bacillus thuringiensis, and Bacillus weihenstephanensis under the 2011 classification standards, should be a single species (within 97% 16S identity), but due to medical reasons, they are considered separate speciesBOOK, Økstad OA, Kolstø AB, Chapter 2: Genomics of Bacillus species, Wiedmann M, Zhang W, Genomics of Foodborne Bacterial Pathogens, December 2010, 29-53 (34–35), New York, NY, Springer, 10.1007/978-1-4419-7686-4_2, 978-1-4419-7686-4, 29, Food Microbiology and Food Safety, (an issue also present for four species of Shigella and Escherichia coli).BOOK, Brenner DJ, Family I. Enterobacteriaceae Rahn 1937, Nom. fam. cons. Opin. 15, Jud. Com. 1958, 73; Ewing, Farmer, and Brenner 1980, 674; Judicial Commission 1981, 104., Krieg NR, Holt JG, Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, first, 1, The Williams & Wilkins Co, Baltimore, 1984, 408–420, A phylogenomic study of 1104 Bacillus proteomes was based on 114 core proteins and delineated the relationships among the various species, defined as Bacillus from the NCBI taxonomy.JOURNAL, Nikolaidis M, Hesketh A, Mossialos D, Iliopoulos I, Oliver SG, Amoutzias GD, A Comparative Analysis of the Core Proteomes within and among the Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus cereus Evolutionary Groups Reveals the Patterns of Lineage- and Species-Specific Adaptations, Microorganisms, 10, 9, 1720, August 2022, 36144322, 9505155, 10.3390/microorganisms10091720, free, The various strains were clustered into species, based on Average Nucleotide identity (ANI) values, with a species cutoff of 95%.{hide}cladogram|title=Bacillus phylogenetics|align=none|caption=Phylogeny of the genus Bacillus according to |cladogram={{clade|label1=Root|1={{clade }}

Species

{{div col|colwidth=16em}}

• B. Symun
• B. acidicola
• B. acidiproducens
• B. acidocaldarius
• B. acidoterrestris
• B. aeolius
• B. aerius
• B. aerophilus
• B. agaradhaerens
• B. agri
• B. aidingensis
• B. akibai
• B. albus
• B. alcalophlus
• B. algicola
• B. alginolyticus
• B. alkalidiazotrophicus
• B. alkalinitrilicus
• B. alkalisediminis
• B. alkalitelluris
• B. altitudinis
• B. alveayuensis
• B. alvei
• B. amyloliquefaciens
  • B. a. subsp. amyloliquefaciens
  • B. a. subsp. plantarum
• B. aminovoransJOURNAL, Loshon CA, Beary KE, Gouveia K, Grey EZ, Santiago-Lara LM, Setlow P, Nucleotide sequence of the sspE genes coding for gamma-type small, acid-soluble spore proteins from the round-spore-forming bacteria Bacillus aminovorans, Sporosarcina halophila and S. ureae, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Structure and Expression, 1396, 2, 148–152, March 1998, 9540829, 10.1016/S0167-4781(97)00204-2,
• B. amylolyticus
• B. andreesenii
• B. aneurinilyticus
• B. anthracis
• B. aquimaris
• B. arenosi
• B. arseniciselenatis
• B. arsenicus
• B. aurantiacus
• B. arvi
• B. aryabhattai
• B. asahii
• B. atrophaeus
• B. axarquiensis
• B. azotofixans
• B. azotoformans
• B. badius
• B. barbaricus
• B. bataviensis
• B. beijingensis
• B. benzoevorans
• B. beringensis
• B. berkeleyi
• B. beveridgei
• B. bogoriensis
• B. boroniphilus
• B. borstelensis
• B. brevis
• B. butanolivorans
• B. canaveralius
• B. carboniphilus
• B. cecembensis
• B. cellulosilyticus
• B. centrosporus
• B. cereus
• B. chagannorensis
• B. chitinolyticus
• B. chondroitinus
• B. choshinensis
• B. chungangensis
• B. cibi
• B. circulans
• B. clarkii
• B. clausii
• B. coagulans
• B. coahuilensis
• B. cohnii
• B. composti
• B. curdlanolyticus
• B. cycloheptanicus
• B. cytotoxicus
• B. daliensis
• B. decisifrondis
• B. decolorationis
• B. deserti
• B. dipsosauri
• B. drentensis
• B. edaphicus
• B. ehimensis
• B. eiseniae
• B. enclensis
• B. endophyticus
• B. endoradicis
• B. farraginis
• B. fastidiosus
• B. fengqiuensis
• B. filobacterium rodentuim
• B. firmus
• B. flexus
• B. foraminis
• B. fordii
• B. formosus
• B. fortis
• B. fumarioli
• B. funiculus
• B. fusiformis
• B. gaemokensis
• B. galactophilus
• B. galactosidilyticus
• B. galliciensis
• B. gelatini
• B. gibsonii
• B. ginsengi
• B. ginsengihumi
• B. ginsengisoli
• B. glucanolyticus
• B. gordonae
• B. gottheilii
• B. graminis
• B. halmapalus
• B. haloalkaliphilus
• B. halochares
• B. halodenitrificans
• B. halodurans
• B. halophilus
• B. halosaccharovorans
• B. haynesii
• B. hemicellulosilyticus
• B. hemicentroti
• B. herbersteinensis
• B. horikoshii
• B. horneckiae
• B. horti
• B. huizhouensis
• B. humi
• B. hwajinpoensis
• B. idriensis
• B. indicus
• B. infantis
• B. infernus
• B. insolitus
• B. invictae
• B. iranensis
• B. isabeliae
• B. isronensis
• B. jeotgali
• B. kaustophilus
• B. kobensis
• B. kochii
• B. kokeshiiformis
• B. koreensis
• B. korlensis
• B. kribbensis
• B. krulwichiae
• B. laevolacticus
• B. larvae
• B. laterosporus
• B. lautus
• B. lehensis
• B. lentimorbus
• B. lentus
• B. licheniformis
• B. ligniniphilus
• B. litoralis
• B. locisalis
• B. luciferensis
• B. luteolus
• B. luteus
• B. macauensis
• B. macerans
• B. macquariensis
• B. macyae
• B. malacitensis
• B. mannanilyticus
• B. marisflavi
• B. marismortui
• B. marmarensis
• B. massiliensis
• B. megaterium
• ”B. mesentericus”
• B. mesonae
• B. methanolicus
• B. methylotrophicus
• B. migulanus
• B. mojavensis
• B. mucilaginosus
• B. muralis
• B. murimartini
• B. mycoides
• B. naganoensis
• B. nanhaiensis
• B. nanhaiisediminis
• B. nealsonii
• B. neidei
• B. neizhouensis
• B. niabensis
• B. niacini
• B. novalis
• B. oceanisediminis
• B. odysseyi
• B. okhensis
• B. okuhidensis
• B. oleronius
• B. oryzaecorticis
• B. oshimensis
• B. pabuli
• B. pakistanensis
• B. pallidus
• B. pallidus
• B. panacisoli
• B. panaciterrae
• B. pantothenticus
• B. parabrevis
• B. paraflexus
• B. pasteurii
• B. patagoniensis
• B. peoriae
• B. persepolensis
• B. persicus
• B. pervagus
• B. plakortidis
• B. pocheonensis
• B. polygoni
• B. polymyxa
• B. popilliae
• B. pseudalcalophilus
• B. pseudofirmus
• B. pseudomycoides
• B. psychrodurans
• B. psychrophilus
• B. psychrosaccharolyticus
• B. psychrotolerans
• B. pulvifaciens
• B. pumilus
• B. purgationiresistens
• B. pycnus
• B. qingdaonensis
• B. qingshengii
• B. reuszeri
• B. rhizosphaerae
• B. rigui
• B. ruris
• B. safensis
• B. salarius
• B. salexigens
• B. saliphilus
• B. schlegelii
• B. sediminis
• B. selenatarsenatis
• B. selenitireducens
• B. seohaeanensis
• B. shacheensis
• B. shackletonii
• B. siamensis
• B. silvestris
• B. simplex
• B. siralis
• B. smithii
• B. soli
• B. solimangrovi
• B. solisalsi
• B. songklensis
• B. sonorensis
• B. sphaericus
• B. sporothermodurans
• B. stearothermophilus
• B. stratosphericus
• B. subterraneus
• B. subtilis
  • B. s. subsp. inaquosorum
  • B. s. subsp. spizizenii
  • B. s. subsp. subtilis
• B. taeanensis
• B. tequilensis
• B. thermantarcticus
• B. thermoaerophilus
• B. thermoamylovorans
• B. thermocatenulatus
• B. thermocloacae
• B. thermocopriae
• B. thermodenitrificans
• B. thermoglucosidasius
• B. thermolactis
• B. thermoleovorans
• B. thermophilus
• B. thermoproteolyticus
• B. thermoruber
• B. thermosphaericus
• B. thiaminolyticus
• B. thioparans
• B. thuringiensis
• B. tianshenii
• B. trypoxylicola
• B. tusciae
• B. validus
• B. vallismortis
• B. vedderi
• B. velezensis
• B. vietnamensis
• B. vireti
• B. vulcani
• B. wakoensis
• B. xiamenensis
• B. xiaoxiensis
• B. zanthoxyli
• ‘’B. zhanjiangensis{{div col end}}

Ecological and clinical significance

Bacillus species are ubiquitous in nature, e.g. in soil. They can occur in extreme environments such as high pH (B. alcalophilus), high temperature (B. thermophilus), and high salt concentrations (B. halodurans). They also are very commonly found as endophytes in plants where they can play a critical role in their immune system, nutrient absorption and nitrogen fixing capabilities.JOURNAL, Ding Y, Wang J, Liu Y, Chen S, 2005, Isolation and identification of nitrogen-fixing bacilli from plant rhizospheres in Beijing region, Journal of Applied Microbiology, 99, 5, 1271–1281, 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2005.02738.x, 16238759, 19917931, JOURNAL, Xie G, Su B, Cui Z, Isolation and identification of N2-fixing strains of Bacillus in rice rhizosphere of the Yangtze River Valley, Wei Sheng Wu Xue Bao = Acta Microbiologica Sinica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 38, 6, 480–483, Chinese, Dec 1998,europepmc.org/article/MED/12548929, 12548929, JOURNAL, War Nongkhla F, Joshi S, 2014, Epiphytic and endophytic bacteria that promote growth of ethnomedicinal plants in the subtropical forests of Meghalaya, India, Revista de Biología Tropical, 62, 4, 1295–1308, 10.15517/rbt.v62i4.12138, 25720168, free, JOURNAL, Jooste M, Roets F, Midgley GF et al, Nitrogen-fixing bacteria and Oxalis – evidence for a vertically inherited bacterial symbiosis, BMC Plant Biology, 19, 441, 2019, 1, 10.1186/s12870-019-2049-7, 31646970, 6806586, free, JOURNAL, Ramesh A, Sharma SK, Sharma MP, Yadav N, Joshi OP, Inoculation of zinc solubilizing Bacillus aryabhattai strains for improved growth, mobilization and biofortification of zinc in soybean and wheat cultivated in Vertisols of central India, Applied Soil Ecology, 73, 2014, 87–96, 0929-1393, 10.1016/j.apsoil.2013.08.009, 2014AppSE..73...87R, B. thuringiensis produces a toxin that can kill insects and thus has been used as insecticide.BOOK, Slonczewski JL, Foster JW, 2011, Microbiology: An Evolving Science, 2nd, Norton, B. siamensis has antimicrobial compounds that inhibit plant pathogens, such as the fungi Rhizoctonia solani and Botrytis cinerea, and they promote plant growth by volatile emissions.JOURNAL, Jeong H, Jeong DE, Kim SH, Song GC, Park SY, Ryu CM, Park SH, Choi SK, Draft genome sequence of the plant growth-promoting bacterium Bacillus siamensis KCTC 13613T, Journal of Bacteriology, 194, 15, 4148–4149, August 2012, 22815459, 3416560, 10.1128/JB.00805-12, Some species of Bacillus are naturally competent for DNA uptake by transformation.JOURNAL, Keen EC, Bliskovsky VV, Adhya SL, Dantas G, Draft Genome Sequence of the Naturally Competent Bacillus simplex Strain WY10, Genome Announcements, 5, 46, e01295–17, November 2017, 29146837, 5690344, 10.1128/genomeA.01295-17,

• Two Bacillus species are medically significant: B. anthracis, which causes anthrax; and B. cereus, which causes food poisoning, with symptoms similar to that caused by Staphylococcus.BOOK, Ryan KJ, Ray CG, Sherris Medical Microbiology, 4th, McGraw Hill, 2004, 978-0-8385-8529-0,
  • B. cereus produces toxins which cause two different set of symptoms:
    • emetic toxin which can cause vomiting and nausea
    • diarrhea
• B. thuringiensis is an important insect pathogen, and is sometimes used to control insect pests.
• B. subtilis is an important model organism. It is also a notable food spoiler, causing ropiness in bread and related food.
  • B. subtilis can also produce and secrete antibiotics.
• Some environmental and commercial strains of B. coagulans may play a role in food spoilage of highly acidic, tomato-based products.

Industrial significance

Many Bacillus species are able to secrete large quantities of enzymes. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens is the source of a natural antibiotic protein barnase (a ribonuclease), alpha amylase used in starch hydrolysis, the protease subtilisin used with detergents, and the BamH1 restriction enzyme used in DNA research.{{cn|date=February 2023}}A portion of the Bacillus thuringiensis genome was incorporated into corn (and cotton) crops. The resulting GMOs are resistant to some insect pests.{{cn|date=February 2023}}Bacillus subtilis (natto) is the key microbial participant in the ongoing production of the soya-based traditional natto fermentation, and some Bacillus species are on the Food and Drug Administration’s GRAS (generally regarded as safe) list.{{cn|date=February 2023}}The capacity of selected Bacillus strains to produce and secrete large quantities (20–25 g/L) of extracellular enzymes has placed them among the most important industrial enzyme producers.{{cn|date=February 2023}} The ability of different species to ferment in the acid, neutral, and alkaline pH ranges, combined with the presence of thermophiles in the genus, has led to the development of a variety of new commercial enzyme products with the desired temperature, pH activity, and stability properties to address a variety of specific applications. Classical mutation and (or) selection techniques, together with advanced cloning and protein engineering strategies, have been exploited to develop these products.{{cn|date=February 2023}}Efforts to produce and secrete high yields of foreign recombinant proteins in Bacillus hosts initially appeared to be hampered by the degradation of the products by the host proteases.{{cn|date=February 2023}} Recent studies have revealed that the slow folding of heterologous proteins at the membrane-cell wall interface of Gram-positive bacteria renders them vulnerable to attack by wall-associated proteases.{{cn|date=February 2023}} In addition, the presence of thiol-disulphide oxidoreductases in B. subtilis may be beneficial in the secretion of disulphide-bond-containing proteins. Such developments from our understanding of the complex protein translocation machinery of Gram-positive bacteria should allow the resolution of current secretion challenges and make Bacillus species preeminent hosts for heterologous protein production.{{cn|date=February 2023}}Bacillus strains have also been developed and engineered as industrial producers of nucleotides, the vitamin riboflavin, the flavor agent ribose, and the supplement poly-gamma-glutamic acid. With the recent characterization of the genome of B. subtilis 168 and of some related strains, Bacillus species are poised to become the preferred hosts for the production of many new and improved products as we move through the genomic and proteomic era.JOURNAL, Schallmey M, Singh A, Ward OP, Developments in the use of Bacillus species for industrial production, Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 50, 1, 1–17, January 2004, 15052317, 10.1139/w03-076,

Use as model organism

File:Bacillus subtilis colonies.jpg|thumb|left|Colonies of the model species Bacillus subtilisBacillus subtilisBacillus subtilis is one of the best understood prokaryotes, in terms of molecular and cellular biology. Its superb genetic amenability and relatively large size have provided the powerful tools required to investigate a bacterium from all possible aspects. Recent improvements in fluorescent microscopy techniques have provided novel insight into the dynamic structure of a single cell organism. Research on B. subtilis has been at the forefront of bacterial molecular biology and cytology, and the organism is a model for differentiation, gene/protein regulation, and cell cycle events in bacteria.BOOK, Graumann P, Bacillus: Cellular and Molecular Biology, 2nd, Caister Academic Press, 2012,www.horizonpress.com/bacillus, , 978-1-904455-97-4, {{clear}}

See also

• Paenibacillus and Virgibacillus, genera of bacteria formerly included in Bacillus.JOURNAL, Ash C, Priest FG, Collins MD, Molecular identification of rRNA group 3 bacilli (Ash, Farrow, Wallbanks and Collins) using a PCR probe test. Proposal for the creation of a new genus Paenibacillus, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 64, 3–4, 253–260, 1994, 8085788, 10.1007/BF00873085, 7391845, JOURNAL, Heyndrickx M, Lebbe L, Kersters K, De Vos P, Forsyth G, Logan NA, Virgibacillus: a new genus to accommodate Bacillus pantothenticus (Proom and Knight 1950). Emended description of Virgibacillus pantothenticus, International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, January 1998, 48, 1, 99–106, 10.1099/00207713-48-1-99, free,

References

{{Reflist}}

External links

{{Commons category|Bacillus}}

• Bacillus genomes and related information at PATRIC, a Bioinformatics Resource Center funded by NIAID

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