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Pseudomonas
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{{short description|Genus of Gram-negative bacteria}}{{Automatic taxobox| image = Pseudomonas aeruginosa 01.jpg| image_caption = P. aeruginosa colonies on an agar plate| taxon = Pseudomonas- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
- it has been imported raw for GetWiki
Walter Migula>Migula 1894| type_species = Pseudomonas aeruginosa| subdivision_ranks = Species| subdivision = See text.| synonyms =
| bibcode = 2010EnvMi..12.1377P, Despite the vague description, the type species, Pseudomonas pyocyanea (basonym of Pseudomonas aeruginosa), proved the best descriptor.Classification historyLike most bacterial genera, the pseudomonad last common ancestor lived hundreds of millions of years ago. They were initially classified at the end of the 19th century when first identified by Walter Migula. The etymology of the name was not specified at the time and first appeared in the seventh edition of Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology (the main authority in bacterial nomenclature) as Greek pseudes (ÏÎµÏ Î´Î®Ï) "false" and -monas (μονάÏ/μονάδοÏ) "a single unit", which can mean false unit; however, Migula possibly intended it as false Monas, a nanoflagellated protist (subsequently, the term "monad" was used in the early history of microbiology to denote unicellular organisms). Soon, other species matching Migula's somewhat vague original description were isolated from many natural niches and, at the time, many were assigned to the genus. However, many strains have since been reclassified, based on more recent methodology and use of approaches involving studies of conservative macromolecules.BOOK,weblink Pseudomonas: Genomics and Molecular Biology, 2008, Caister Academic Press, 978-1-904455-19-6, Cornelis, Pierre, 1st, Recently, 16S rRNA sequence analysis has redefined the taxonomy of many bacterial species.JOURNAL, Anzai, Y., Kim, H., Park, J. Y., Wakabayashi, H., 2000, Phylogenetic affiliation of the pseudomonads based on 16S rRNA sequence, International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 50, 4, 1563â89, 10.1099/00207713-50-4-1563, 10939664, As a result, the genus Pseudomonas includes strains formerly classified in the genera Chryseomonas and Flavimonas.JOURNAL, Anzai, Yojiro, Kudo, Yuko, Oyaizu, Hiroshi, 1997, The phylogeny of the genera Chryseomonas, Flavimonas, and Pseudomonas supports synonymy of these three genera, International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, 47, 2, 249â251, 10.1099/00207713-47-2-249, 9103607, free, Other strains previously classified in the genus Pseudomonas are now classified in the genera Burkholderia and Ralstonia.JOURNAL, Yabuuchi, Eiko, Kosako, Yoshimasa, Oyaizu, Hiroshi, Yano, Ikuya, Hotta, Hisako, Hashimoto, Yasuhiro, Ezaki, Takayuki, Arakawa, Michio, Proposal of Burkholderia gen. Nov. And transfer of seven species of the genus Pseudomonas homology group II to the new genus, with the type species Burkholderia cepacia (Palleroni and Holmes 1981) comb. Nov, Microbiology and Immunology, 36, 12, 1251â1275, 1992, 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1992.tb02129.x, 46648461, free, 1283774, JOURNAL, Yabuuchi, Eiko, Kosako, Yoshimasa, Yano, Ikuya, Hotta, Hisako, Nishiuchi, Yukiko, Transfer of two Burkholderia and an Alcaligenes species to Ralstonia gen. Nov.: Proposal of Ralstonia pickettii (Ralston, Palleroni and Doudoroff 1973) comb. Nov., Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith 1896) comb. Nov. And Ralstonia eutropha (Davis 1969) comb. Nov., Microbiology and Immunology, 39, 11, 897â904, 1995, 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1995.tb03275.x, 28187828, free, 8657018, In 2020, a phylogenomic analysis of 494 complete Pseudomonas genomes identified two well-defined species (P. aeruginosa and P. chlororaphis) and four wider phylogenetic groups (P. fluorescens, P. stutzeri, P. syringae, P. putida) with a sufficient number of available proteomes.JOURNAL, Nikolaidis, Marios, Mossialos, Dimitris, Oliver, Stephen G., Amoutzias, Grigorios D., 2020-07-24, Comparative Analysis of the Core Proteomes among the Pseudomonas Major Evolutionary Groups Reveals Species-Specific Adaptations for Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas chlororaphis, Diversity, en, 12, 8, 289, 10.3390/d12080289, 1424-2818, free, The four wider evolutionary groups include more than one species, based on species definition by the Average Nucleotide Identity levels.JOURNAL, Richter, Michael, Rosselló-Móra, Ramon, 2009-11-10, Shifting the genomic gold standard for the prokaryotic species definition, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, en, 106, 45, 19126â19131, 10.1073/pnas.0906412106, 0027-8424, 2776425, 19855009, 2009PNAS..10619126R, free, In addition, the phylogenomic analysis identified several strains that were mis-annotated to the wrong species or evolutionary group. This mis-annotation problem has been reported by other analyses as well.JOURNAL, Tran, Phuong N., Savka, Michael A., Gan, Han Ming, 2017-07-12, In-silico Taxonomic Classification of 373 Genomes Reveals Species Misidentification and New Genospecies within the Genus Pseudomonas, Frontiers in Microbiology, 8, 1296, 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01296, 1664-302X, 5506229, 28747902, free,GenomicsIn 2000, the complete genome sequence of a Pseudomonas species was determined; more recently, the sequence of other strains has been determined, including P. aeruginosa strains PAO1 (2000), P. putida KT2440 (2002), P. protegens Pf-5 (2005), P. syringae pathovar tomato DC3000 (2003), P. syringae pathovar syringae B728a (2005), P. syringae pathovar phaseolica 1448A (2005), P. fluorescens Pf0-1, and P. entomophila L48.By 2016, more than 400 strains of Pseudomonas had been sequenced.JOURNAL, Koehorst, Jasper J., Dam, Jesse C. J., van Heck, Ruben G. A., van Saccenti, Edoardo, Martins dos Santos, Vitor A. P., Suarez-Diez, Maria, Schaap, Peter J., 2016-12-06, Comparison of 432 Pseudomonas strains through integration of genomic, functional, metabolic and expression data, Scientific Reports, en, 6, 1, 38699, 10.1038/srep38699, 27922098, 2045-2322, 2016NatSR...638699K, 5138606, Sequencing the genomes of hundreds of strains revealed highly divergent species within the genus. In fact, many genomes of Pseudomonas share only 50-60% of their genes, e.g. P. aeruginosa and P. putida share only 2971 proteins out of 5350 (or ~55%).By 2020, more than 500 complete Pseudomonas genomes were available in Genebank. A phylogenomic analysis utilized 494 complete proteomes and identified 297 core orthologues, shared by all strains. This set of core orthologues at the genus level was enriched for proteins involved in metabolism, translation, and transcription and was utilized for generating a phylogenomic tree of the entire genus, to delineate the relationships among the Pseudomonas major evolutionary groups. In addition, group-specific core proteins were identified for most evolutionary groups, meaning that they were present in all members of the specific group, but absent in other pseudomonads. For example, several P. aeruginosa-specific core proteins were identified that are known to play an important role in this species' pathogenicity, such as CntL, CntM, PlcB, Acp1, MucE, SrfA, Tse1, Tsi2, Tse3, and EsrC.CharacteristicsMembers of the genus display these defining characteristics:BOOK, Krieg, Noel, Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, Volume 1, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, 1984, 0-683-04108-8,
Biofilm formationAll species and strains of Pseudomonas have historically been classified as strict aerobes. Exceptions to this classification have recently been discovered in Pseudomonas biofilms.JOURNAL, Hassett, Daniel J., Cuppoletti, John, Trapnell, Bruce, Lymar, Sergei V., Rowe, John J., Sun Yoon, Sang, Hilliard, George M., Parvatiyar, Kislay, Kamani, Moneesha C., Wozniak, Daniel J., Hwang, Sung-Hei, McDermott, Timothy R., Ochsner, Urs A., 4, 2002, Anaerobic metabolism and quorum sensing by Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms in chronically infected cystic fibrosis airways: rethinking antibiotic treatment strategies and drug targets, Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 54, 11, 1425â1443, 10.1016/S0169-409X(02)00152-7, 12458153, A significant number of cells can produce exopolysaccharides associated with biofilm formation. Secretion of exopolysaccharides such as alginate makes it difficult for pseudomonads to be phagocytosed by mammalian white blood cells.BOOK, Sherris Medical Microbiology, 2004, McGraw Hill, 0-8385-8529-9, Ryan, Kenneth J., 4th, Ray, C. George, Sherris, John C., Exopolysaccharide production also contributes to surface-colonising biofilms that are difficult to remove from food preparation surfaces. Growth of pseudomonads on spoiling foods can generate a "fruity" odor.{{citation needed|date=September 2022}}Antibiotic resistanceMost Pseudomonas spp. are naturally resistant to penicillin and the majority of related beta-lactam antibiotics, but a number are sensitive to piperacillin, imipenem, ticarcillin, or ciprofloxacin. Aminoglycosides such as tobramycin, gentamicin, and amikacin are other choices for therapy.{{citation needed|date=September 2022}}This ability to thrive in harsh conditions is a result of their hardy cell walls that contain porins. Their resistance to most antibiotics is attributed to efflux pumps, which pump out some antibiotics before they are able to act.{{citation needed|date=September 2022}}Pseudomonas aeruginosa is increasingly recognized as an emerging opportunistic pathogen of clinical relevance. One of its most worrying characteristics is its low antibiotic susceptibility.JOURNAL, Van Eldere, Johan, February 2003, Multicentre surveillance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa susceptibility patterns in nosocomial infections, Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 51, 2, 347â352, 10.1093/jac/dkg102, 12562701, free, This low susceptibility is attributable to a concerted action of multidrug efflux pumps with chromosomally encoded antibiotic resistance genes (e.g., mexAB-oprM, mexXY, etc.JOURNAL, Poole, K, January 2004, Efflux-mediated multiresistance in Gram-negative bacteria, Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 10, 1, 12â26, 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2004.00763.x, 14706082, free, ) and the low permeability of the bacterial cellular envelopes. Besides intrinsic resistance, P. aeruginosa easily develops acquired resistance either by mutation in chromosomally encoded genes or by the horizontal gene transfer of antibiotic resistance determinants. Development of multidrug resistance by P. aeruginosa isolates requires several different genetic events that include acquisition of different mutations and/or horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes. Hypermutation favours the selection of mutation-driven antibiotic resistance in P. aeruginosa strains producing chronic infections, whereas the clustering of several different antibiotic resistance genes in integrons favours the concerted acquisition of antibiotic resistance determinants. Some recent studies have shown phenotypic resistance associated to biofilm formation or to the emergence of small-colony-variants, which may be important in the response of P. aeruginosa populations to antibiotic treatment.Sensitivity to galliumAlthough gallium has no natural function in biology, gallium ions interact with cellular processes in a manner similar to iron(III). When gallium ions are mistakenly taken up in place of iron(III) by bacteria such as Pseudomonas, the ions interfere with respiration, and the bacteria die. This happens because iron is redox-active, allowing the transfer of electrons during respiration, while gallium is redox-inactive.WEB, 2007-03-16, Scientists Discover Clays to Fight Deadly Bacteria,weblink 2008-11-20, www.infoniac.com, WEB, Smith, Michael, 2007-03-16, Gallium May Have Antibiotic-Like Properties,weblink dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20080918101502weblink">weblink 2008-09-18, MedPage Today,PathogenicityAnimal pathogensInfectious species include P. aeruginosa, P. oryzihabitans, and P. plecoglossicida. P. aeruginosa flourishes in hospital environments, and is a particular problem in this environment, since it is the second-most common infection in hospitalized patients (nosocomial infections).JOURNAL, Bodey, Gerald P., Bolivar, Ricardo, Fainstein, Victor, Jadeja, Leena, 1983-03-01, Infections Caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa,weblink Clinical Infectious Diseases, 5, 2, 279â313, 10.1093/clinids/5.2.279, 6405475, 1058-4838, This pathogenesis may in part be due to the proteins secreted by P. aeruginosa. The bacterium possesses a wide range of secretion systems, which export numerous proteins relevant to the pathogenesis of clinical strains.BOOK, Hardie, Kim R., Bacterial Secreted Proteins: Secretory Mechanisms and Role in Pathogenesis, Pommier, Stephanie, Wilhelm, Susanne, 2009, Caister Academic Press, 978-1-904455-42-4, The Secreted Proteins of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Their Export Machineries, and How They Contribute to Pathogenesis, Intriguingly, several genes involved in the pathogenesis of P. aeruginosa, such as CntL, CntM, PlcB, Acp1, MucE, SrfA, Tse1, Tsi2, Tse3, and EsrC are core group-specific, meaning that they are shared by the vast majority of P. aeruginosa strains, but they are not present in other Pseudomonads.Plant pathogensP. syringae is a prolific plant pathogen. It exists as over 50 different pathovars, many of which demonstrate a high degree of host-plant specificity. Numerous other Pseudomonas species can act as plant pathogens, notably all of the other members of the P. syringae subgroup, but P. syringae is the most widespread and best-studied.{{citation needed|date=September 2022}}Fungus pathogensP. tolaasii can be a major agricultural problem, as it can cause bacterial blotch of cultivated mushrooms.JOURNAL, Brodey, Catherine L., Rainey, Paul B., Tester, Mark, Johnstone, Keith, 1991, Bacterial blotch disease of the cultivated mushroom is caused by an ion channel forming lipodepsipeptide toxin, Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 1, 4, 407â411, 10.1094/MPMI-4-407, Similarly, P. agarici can cause drippy gill in cultivated mushrooms.JOURNAL, Young, J. M., 1970, Drippy gill: a bacterial disease of cultivated mushrooms caused by Pseudomonas agarici n. sp, New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research, 13, 4, 977â90, 10.1080/00288233.1970.10430530, free, 1970NZJAR..13..977Y,Use as biocontrol agentsSince the mid-1980s, certain members of the genus Pseudomonas have been applied to cereal seeds or applied directly to soils as a way of preventing the growth or establishment of crop pathogens. This practice is generically referred to as biocontrol. The biocontrol properties of P. fluorescens and P. protegens strains (CHA0 or Pf-5 for example) are currently best-understood, although it is not clear exactly how the plant growth-promoting properties of P. fluorescens are achieved. Theories include: the bacteria might induce systemic resistance in the host plant, so it can better resist attack by a true pathogen; the bacteria might outcompete other (pathogenic) soil microbes, e.g. by siderophores giving a competitive advantage at scavenging for iron; the bacteria might produce compounds antagonistic to other soil microbes, such as phenazine-type antibiotics or hydrogen cyanide. Experimental evidence supports all of these theories.JOURNAL, Haas, Dieter, Défago, Geneviève, Biological control of soil-borne pathogens by fluorescent pseudomonads, Nature Reviews Microbiology, 3, 4, 307â319, 2005, 15759041, 10.1038/nrmicro1129, 18469703, Other notable Pseudomonas species with biocontrol properties include P. chlororaphis, which produces a phenazine-type antibiotic active agent against certain fungal plant pathogens,JOURNAL, 4, Chin-A-Woeng TF, Root colonization by phenazine-1-carboxamide-producing bacterium Pseudomonas chlororaphis PCL1391 is essential for biocontrol of tomato foot and root rot, Mol Plant Microbe Interact, 13, 12, 1340â1345, 2000, 11106026, 10.1094/MPMI.2000.13.12.1340, Bloemberg, Guido V., Mulders, Ine H. M., Dekkers, Linda C., Lugtenberg, Ben J. J., free, 1887/62881, free, and the closely related species P. aurantiaca, which produces di-2,4-diacetylfluoroglucylmethane, a compound antibiotically active against Gram-positive organisms.JOURNAL, Esipov, SE, Adanin, VM, Baskunov, BP, Kiprianova, EA, Garagulia, AD, 4, 1975, NovyÄ antibioticheski aktivnyÄ florogliutsid iz Pseudomonas aurantiaca, New antibiotically active fluoroglucide from Pseudomonas aurantiaca, Antibiotiki, ru, 20, 12, 1077â81, 1225181,Use as bioremediation agentsSome members of the genus are able to metabolise chemical pollutants in the environment, and as a result, can be used for bioremediation. Notable species demonstrated as suitable for use as bioremediation agents include:
Risks associated with pseudomonasPseudomonas is a genus of bacteria known to be associated with several diseases affecting humans, plants, and animals.Humans & AnimalsOne of the most concerning strains of Pseudomonas is Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which is responsible for a considerable number of hospital-acquired infections. Numerous hospitals and medical facilities face persistent challenges in dealing with Pseudomonas infections. The symptoms of these infections are caused by proteins secreted by the bacteria and may include pneumonia, blood poisoning, and urinary tract infections.WEB, October 27, 2022, What Is Pseudomonas Aeruginosa?,weblink 2023-08-07, WebMD, en, Pseudomonas aeruginosa is highly contagious and has displayed resistance to antibiotic treatments, making it difficult to manage effectively. Some strains of Pseudomonas are known to target white blood cells in various mammal species, posing risks to humans, cattle, sheep, and dogs alike.WEB, Wood, Peter, 2021-03-16, Pseudomonas: How to Treat and Prevent in Commercial Water Systems,weblink 2023-08-07, Wychwood Water Systems, en-US,FishWhile Pseudomonas aeruginosa seems to be a pathogen that primarily affects humans, another strain known as Pseudomonas plecoglossicida poses risks to fish. This strain can cause gastric swelling and haemorrhaging in fish populations.Plants & FungiVarious strains of Pseudomonas are recognized as pathogens in the plant kingdom. Notably, the Pseudomonas syringae family is linked to diseases affecting a wide range of agricultural plants, with different strains showing adaptations to specific host species. In particular, the virulent strain Pseudomonas tolaasii is responsible for causing blight and degradation in edible mushroom species.Detection of food spoilage agents in milkOne way of identifying and categorizing multiple bacterial organisms in a sample is to use ribotyping.JOURNAL, Dasen, S. E., LiPuma, J. J., Kostman, J. R., Stull, T. L., Characterization of PCR-ribotyping for Burkholderia (Pseudomonas) cepacia., Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 1 October 1994, 32, 10, 2422â2424, en, 0095-1137, 7529239, 264078, 10.1128/JCM.32.10.2422-2424.1994, In ribotyping, differing lengths of chromosomal DNA are isolated from samples containing bacterial species, and digested into fragments. Similar types of fragments from differing organisms are visualized and their lengths compared to each other by Southern blotting or by the much faster method of polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Fragments can then be matched with sequences found on bacterial species. Ribotyping is shown to be a method to isolate bacteria capable of spoilage.JOURNAL, Dogan, Belgin, Boor, Kathryn J., Genetic Diversity and Spoilage Potentials among Pseudomonas spp. Isolated from Fluid Milk Products and Dairy Processing Plants, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 1 January 2003, 69, 1, 130â138, 10.1128/AEM.69.1.130-138.2003, 12513987, en, 0099-2240, 152439, 2003ApEnM..69..130D, Around 51% of Pseudomonas bacteria found in dairy processing plants are P. fluorescens, with 69% of these isolates possessing proteases, lipases, and lecithinases which contribute to degradation of milk components and subsequent spoilage. Other Pseudomonas species can possess any one of the proteases, lipases, or lecithinases, or none at all. Similar enzymatic activity is performed by Pseudomonas of the same ribotype, with each ribotype showing various degrees of milk spoilage and effects on flavour. The number of bacteria affects the intensity of spoilage, with non-enzymatic Pseudomonas species contributing to spoilage in high number.Food spoilage is detrimental to the food industry due to production of volatile compounds from organisms metabolizing the various nutrients found in the food product.JOURNAL, Casalinuovo, Ida A., Di Pierro, Donato, Coletta, Massimiliano, Di Francesco, Paolo, Application of Electronic Noses for Disease Diagnosis and Food Spoilage Detection, Sensors, 1 November 2006, 6, 11, 1428â1439, 10.3390/s6111428, en, 3909407, 2006Senso...6.1428C, free, Contamination results in health hazards from toxic compound production as well as unpleasant odours and flavours. Electronic nose technology allows fast and continuous measurement of microbial food spoilage by sensing odours produced by these volatile compounds. Electronic nose technology can thus be applied to detect traces of Pseudomonas milk spoilage and isolate the responsible Pseudomonas species.JOURNAL, Magan, Naresh, Pavlou, Alex, Chrysanthakis, Ioannis, Milk-sense: a volatile sensing system recognises spoilage bacteria and yeasts in milk, Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 5 January 2001, 72, 1, 28â34, 10.1016/S0925-4005(00)00621-3, The gas sensor consists of a nose portion made of 14 modifiable polymer sensors that can detect specific milk degradation products produced by microorganisms. Sensor data is produced by changes in electric resistance of the 14 polymers when in contact with its target compound, while four sensor parameters can be adjusted to further specify the response. The responses can then be pre-processed by a neural network which can then differentiate between milk spoilage microorganisms such as P. fluorescens and P. aureofaciens.SpeciesPseudomonas comprises the following species,{{lpsn|p/pseudomonas.html|Pseudomonas}} organized into genomic affinity groups:JOURNAL, Anzai, Y, Kim, H, Park, J Y, Wakabayashi, H, Oyaizu, H, 2000, Phylogenetic affiliation of the pseudomonads based on 16S rRNA sequence.,weblink International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 50, 4, 1563â1589, 10.1099/00207713-50-4-1563, 10939664, 1466-5034, JOURNAL, Jun, Se-Ran, Wassenaar, Trudy M., Nookaew, Intawat, Hauser, Loren, Wanchai, Visanu, Land, Miriam, Timm, Collin M., Lu, Tse-Yuan S., Schadt, Christopher W., Doktycz, Mitchel J., Pelletier, Dale A., Ussery, David W., 2016, Diversity of Pseudomonas Genomes, Including Populus-Associated Isolates, as Revealed by Comparative Genome Analysis, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, en, 82, 1, 375â383, 10.1128/AEM.02612-15, 0099-2240, 4702629, 26519390, 2016ApEnM..82..375J, JOURNAL, Mulet, Magdalena, Lalucat, Jorge, GarcÃa-Valdés, Elena, 2010, DNA sequence-based analysis of the Pseudomonas species, Environmental Microbiology, 12, 6, 1513â30, 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2010.02181.x, 20192968, 2010EnvMi..12.1513M, JOURNAL, Mulet, Magdalena, Gomila, Margarita, Scotta, Claudia, Sánchez, David, Lalucat, Jorge, GarcÃa-Valdés, Elena, 2012, Concordance between whole-cell matrix-assisted laser-desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and multilocus sequence analysis approaches in species discrimination within the genus Pseudomonas,weblink Systematic and Applied Microbiology, 35, 7, 455â464, 10.1016/j.syapm.2012.08.007, 0723-2020, 23140936, JOURNAL, Gomila, Margarita, Peña, Arantxa, Mulet, Magdalena, Lalucat, Jorge, GarcÃa-Valdés, Elena, 2015, Phylogenomics and systematics in Pseudomonas, Frontiers in Microbiology, 6, 214, 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00214, 1664-302X, 4447124, 26074881, free, JOURNAL, Hesse, Cedar, Schulz, Frederik, Bull, Carolee T., Shaffer, Brenda T., Yan, Qing, Shapiro, Nicole, Hassan, Karl A., Varghese, Neha, Elbourne, Liam D. H., Paulsen, Ian T., Kyrpides, Nikos, Woyke, Tanja, Loper, Joyce E., 2018, Genome-based evolutionary history of Pseudomonas spp,weblink Environmental Microbiology, en, 20, 6, 2142â2159, 10.1111/1462-2920.14130, 1462-2912, 29633519, 2018EnvMi..20.2142H, 1529110, 4737911, JOURNAL, Girard, Léa, Lood, Cédric, Höfte, Monica, Vandamme, Peter, Rokni-Zadeh, Hassan, van Noort, Vera, Lavigne, Rob, De Mot, René, 2021, The Ever-Expanding Pseudomonas Genus: Description of 43 New Species and Partition of the Pseudomonas putida Group, Microorganisms, en, 9, 8, 1766, 10.3390/microorganisms9081766, 2076-2607, 8401041, 34442845, free,P. aeruginosa Group{{div col|colwidth=300px}}
P. anguilliseptica Group{{div col|colwidth=300px}}
P. fluorescens GroupP. asplenii Subgroup{{div col|colwidth=300px}}
P. linyingensis Group{{div col|colwidth=300px}}
P. lutea Group{{div col|colwidth=300px}}
P. massiliensis Group{{div col|colwidth=300px}}
P. oleovorans Group{{div col|colwidth=300px}}
P. oryzihabitans Group{{div col|colwidth=300px}}
P. pohangensis Group{{div col|colwidth=300px}}
P. putida Group{{div col|colwidth=300px}}
P. resinovorans Group{{div col|colwidth=300px}}
P. rhizosphaerae Group{{div col|colwidth=300px}}
P. straminea Group{{div col|colwidth=300px}}
P. stutzeri Group{{div col|colwidth=300px}}
P. syringae Group{{div col|colwidth=300px}}
incertae sedis{{div col|colwidth=300px}}
Species previously classified in the genusRecently, 16S rRNA sequence analysis redefined the taxonomy of many bacterial species previously classified as being in the genus Pseudomonas. Species removed from Pseudomonas are listed below; clicking on a species will show its new classification. The term 'pseudomonad' does not apply strictly to just the genus Pseudomonas, and can be used to also include previous members such as the genera Burkholderia and Ralstonia.α proteobacteria: P. abikonensis, P. aminovorans, P. azotocolligans, P. carboxydohydrogena, P. carboxidovorans, P. compransoris, P. diminuta, P. echinoides, P. extorquens, P. lindneri, P. mesophilica, P. paucimobilis, P. radiora, P. rhodos, P. riboflavina, P. rosea, P. vesicularis.β proteobacteria: P. acidovorans, P. alliicola, P. antimicrobica, P. avenae, P. butanovora, P. caryophylli, P. cattleyae, P. cepacia, P. cocovenenans, P. delafieldii, P. facilis, P. flava, P. gladioli, P. glathei, P. glumae, P. huttiensis, P. indigofera, P. lanceolata, P. lemoignei, B. mallei, P. mephitica, P. mixta, P. palleronii, P. phenazinium, P. pickettii, P. plantarii, P. pseudoflava, B. pseudomallei, P. pyrrocinia, P. rubrilineans, P. rubrisubalbicans, P. saccharophila, P. solanacearum, P. spinosa, P. syzygii, P. taeniospiralis, P. terrigena, P. testosteroni.γ-β proteobacteria: P. boreopolis, P. cissicola, P. geniculata, P. hibiscicola, P. maltophilia, P. pictorum.γ proteobacteria: P. beijerinckii, P. diminuta, P. doudoroffii, P. elongata, P. flectens, P. marinus, P. halophila, P. iners, P. marina, P. nautica, P. nigrifaciens, P. pavonacea,JOURNAL, 10.1099/00207713-36-2-150, Intra- and Intergeneric Similarities of the Ribosomal Ribonucleic Acid Cistrons of Acinetobacter, International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, 36, 2, 150, 1986, Van Landschoot, A., Rossau, R., De Ley, J., free, P. piscicida, P. stanieri.δ proteobacteria: P. formicans.PhylogeneticsThe following relationships between genomic affinity groups have been determined by phylogenetic analysis:JOURNAL, Girard L, Lood C, ((Höfte M)), Vandamme P, ((Rokni-Zadeh H)), van Noort V, Lavigne R, ((De Mot R.)), The Ever-Expanding Pseudomonas Genus: Description of 43 New Species and Partition of the Pseudomonas putida Group, Microorganisms, 2021, 9, 8, 1766, 10.3390/microorganisms9081766, 34442845, 8401041, free, JOURNAL, Yi B, ((Dalpke AH.)), Revisiting the intrageneric structure of the genus Pseudomonas with complete whole genome sequence information: Insights into diversity and pathogen-related genetic determinants, Infect Genet Evol, 2022, 97, 105183, 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.105183, 34920102, 245180021, free, Note that the tree in this reference has the same topology, but looks different because it is unrooted.{hide}Clade | style=font-size:75%;line-height:75%|1={{clade
|1={{clade
}}|label1=Pseudomonas |1={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1=Pseudomonas fluorescens group |2={{clade |1=Pseudomonas syringae group |2=Pseudomonas lutea group {edih} }} |2=Pseudomonas putida group }} |2=Pseudomonas rhizosphaerae group }} |2=Pseudomonas massiliensis group }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1=Pseudomonas anguilliseptica group |2=Pseudomonas straminea group }} |2=Pseudomonas oleovorans group }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=Pseudomonas fluvialis |2=Pseudomonas alcaligenes }} |2=Pseudomonas pohangensis group }} }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=Pseudomonas linyingensis group |2=Pseudomonas flexibilis }} |2=Pseudomonas thermotolerans }} }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=Pseudomonas stutzeri group |2={{clade |1=Pseudomonas matsuisoli |2=Pseudomonas kuykendallii }} }} |2=Pseudomonas indica }} }} |2=Pseudomonas resinivorans group }} }} |2=Pseudomonas aeruginosa group }} |2=Pseudomonas oryzihabitans group }} |2=Halopseudomonas (formerly the P. pertucinogena group) }} |2=Cellvibrio japonicus (outgroup) }} BacteriophagesThere are a number of bacteriophages that infect Pseudomonas, e.g.
See also
Footnotes{{Reflist|group=note|refs={{#tag:ref|To aid in the flow of the prose in English, genus names can be "trivialised" to form a vernacular name to refer to a member of the genus: for the genus Pseudomonas it is "pseudomonad" (plural: "pseudomonads"), a variant on the non-nominative cases in the Greek declension of monas, monada.JOURNAL, 13259458 , For historical reasons, members of several genera that were formerly classified as Pseudomonas species can be referred to as pseudomonads, while the term "fluorescent pseudomonad" refers strictly to current members of the genus Pseudomonas, as these produce pyoverdin, a fluorescent siderophore.{{page needed|date=April 2023}} The latter term, fluorescent pseudomonad, is distinct from the term P. fluorescens group, which is used to distinguish a subset of members of the Pseudomonas sensu stricto and not as a whole|name=name}}}}, 10.1146/annurev.mi.09.100155.000245 , Buchanan, R. E. , Taxonomy , Annual Review of Microbiology , 9 , 1â20 , 1955 References{{Reflist|30em}}External links{{Commons category}}General
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