{{short description|Genus of Gram-positive bacteria}}{{Distinguish|Streptococcus}}{{redirect-distinguish|Staph|Staff (disambiguation){{!}}Staff}}{{Automatic taxobox| image = Staphylococcus aureus 01.jpg| image_caption = Scanning electron micrograph of S. aureus colonies: Note the grape-like clustering common to Staphylococcus species.| taxon = Staphylococcus

Friedrich Julius Rosenbach>Rosenbach 1884| subdivision_ranks =

Staphylococcus argenteus>S. argenteus

Staphylococcus is a genus of Gram-positive bacteria in the family Staphylococcaceae from the order Bacillales. Under the microscope, they appear spherical (cocci), and form in grape-like clusters. Staphylococcus species are facultative anaerobic organisms (capable of growth both aerobically and anaerobically).The name was coined in 1880 by Scottish surgeon and bacteriologist Alexander Ogston (1844â€“1929), following the pattern established five years earlier with the naming of Streptococcus.WEB,weblink staphylococcus {{!, Origin and meaning of staphylococcus by Online Etymology Dictionary|website=www.etymonline.com|language=en|access-date=2018-07-25}} It combines the prefix "staphylo-" (from {{LSJ|ÏƒÏ„Î±Ï†Ï…Î»Î®|stafulh/|longref}}), and suffixed by the (from {{LSJ|ÎºÏŒÎºÎºÎ¿Ï‚|ko)kkos|shortref}}).Staphylococcus was one of the leading infections in hospitals and many strains of this bacterium have become antibiotic resistant. Despite strong attempts to get rid of them, staph bacteria stay present in hospitals, where they can infect people who are most at risk of infection.WEB,weblink Staph infections, mayoclinic.org, 2022-11-27, Staphylococcus includes at least 44 species. Of these, nine have two subspecies, one has three subspecies, and one has four subspecies.JOURNAL, Harris LG, Foster SJ, Richards RG, An introduction to Staphylococcus aureus, and techniques for identifying and quantifying S. aureus adhesins in relation to adhesion to biomaterials: review, European Cells & Materials, 4, 39â€“60, December 2002, 14562246,weblink 10.22203/ecm.v004a04, free, Many species cannot cause disease and reside normally on the skin and mucous membranes of humans and other animals. Staphylococcus species have been found to be nectar-inhabiting microbes.JOURNAL, Jacquemyn H, Lenaerts M, Brys R, Willems K, Honnay O, Lievens B, Among-population variation in microbial community structure in the floral nectar of the bee-pollinated forest herb Pulmonaria officinalis L., PLOS ONE, 8, 3, e56917, 2013, 23536759, 3594240, 10.1371/journal.pone.0056917, 2013PLoSO...856917J, free, They are also a small component of the soil microbiome.BOOK, Madigan M, Martinko J, Brock Biomlogy of Microorganisms, 11th, Prentice Hall, 2005, 978-0-13-144329-7, {{page needed|date=April 2018}}

Taxonomy

The taxonomy is based on 16s rRNA sequences,JOURNAL, Takahashi T, Satoh I, Kikuchi N, Phylogenetic relationships of 38 taxa of the genus Staphylococcus based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, 49, 2, 725â€“8, April 1999, 10319495, 10.1099/00207713-49-2-725, free, and most of the staphylococcal species fall into 11 clusters:

S. aureus group â€“ S. argenteus, S. aureus, S. schweitzeri, S. simiae
S. auricularis group â€“ S. auricularis
S. carnosus group â€“ S. carnosus, S. condimenti, S. debuckii, S. massiliensis, S. piscifermentans, S. simulans
S. epidermidis group â€“ S. capitis, S. caprae, S. epidermidis, S. saccharolyticus
S. haemolyticus group â€“ S. borealis, S. devriesei, S. haemolyticus, S. hominis
S. hyicus-intermedius group â€“ S. agnetis, S. chromogenes, S. cornubiensis, S. felis, S. delphini, S. hyicus, S. intermedius, S. lutrae, S. microti, S. muscae, S. pseudintermedius, S. rostri, S. schleiferi
S. lugdunensis group â€“ S. lugdunensis
S. saprophyticus group â€“ S. arlettae, S. caeli, S. cohnii, S. equorum, S. gallinarum, S. kloosii, S. leei, S. nepalensis, S. saprophyticus, S. succinus, S. xylosus
S. sciuri group â€“ S. fleurettii, S. lentus, S. sciuri, S. stepanovicii, S. vitulinus
S. simulans group â€“ S. simulans
S. warneri group â€“ S. pasteuri, S. warneri

A twelfth group â€“ that of S. caseolyticus â€“ has now been removed to a new genus, Macrococcus, the species of which are currently the closest known relatives of Staphylococcus.JOURNAL, Kloos WE, Ballard DN, George CG, Webster JA, Hubner RJ, Ludwig W, Schleifer KH, Fiedler F, Schubert K, Delimiting the genus Staphylococcus through description of Macrococcus caseolyticus gen. nov., comb. nov. and Macrococcus equipercicus sp. nov., and Macrococcus bovicus sp. no. and Macrococcus carouselicus sp. nov, International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, 48, 3, 859â€“77, July 1998, 9734040, 10.1099/00207713-48-3-859, free, Two species were described in 2015 â€“ Staphylococcus argenteus and Staphylococcus schweitzeri â€“ both of which were previously considered variants of S. aureus.JOURNAL, Tong SY, Schaumburg F, Ellington MJ, Corander J, Pichon B, Leendertz F, Bentley SD, Parkhill J, Holt DC, Peters G, Giffard PM, Novel staphylococcal species that form part of a Staphylococcus aureus-related complex: the non-pigmented Staphylococcus argenteus sp. nov. and the non-human primate-associated Staphylococcus schweitzeri sp. nov, International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 65, Pt 1, 15â€“22, January 2015, 25269845, 4298100, 10.1099/ijs.0.062752-0, A new coagulase negative species â€“ Staphylococcus edaphicus â€“ has been isolated from Antarctica.JOURNAL, PantÅ¯Äek R, SedlÃ¡Äek I, IndrÃ¡kovÃ¡ A, VrbovskÃ¡ V, MaÅ¡laÅˆovÃ¡ I, KovaÅ™ovic V, Å vec P, KrÃ¡lovÃ¡ S, KriÅ¡tofovÃ¡ L, KeklÃ¡kovÃ¡ J, PetrÃ¡Å¡ P, DoÅ¡kaÅ™ J, mecCgene and genomic islands with suspected role in adaptation to extreme environment, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 84, 2, e01746â€“17, October 2017, 29079617, 5752872, 10.1128/AEM.01746-17, This species is probably a member of the S. saprophyticus group.

Groups

Based on an analysis of orthologous gene content three groups (A, B and C) have been proposed.Coates-Brown R, Moran JC, Pongchaikul P, Darby AC and MJ Horsburgh MJ (2018) "Comparative genomics of Staphylococcus reveals determinants of speciation and diversification of antimicrobial defense". Front MicrobiolGroup A includes S. aureus, S. borealis, S. capitis, S. epidermidis, S. haemolyticus, S. hominis, S. lugdunensis, S. pettenkoferi, S. simiae and S. warneri.Group B includes S. arlettae, S. cohnii, S. equorum, S. saprophyticus and S. xylosus.Group C includes S. delphini, S. intermedius and S. pseudintermedius.

Notes

The S. saprophyticus and S. sciuri groups are generally novobiocin-resistant, as is S. hominis subsp. novobiosepticus.Members of the S. sciuri group are oxidase-positive due to their possession of the enzyme cytochrome c oxidase. This group is the only clade within the staphylococci to possess this gene.The S. sciuri group appears to be the closest relations to the genus Macrococcus.S. pulvereri has been shown to be a junior synonym of S. vitulinus.JOURNAL, Svec P, Vancanneyt M, SedlÃ¡cek I, Engelbeen K, Stetina V, Swings J, PetrÃ¡s P, Reclassification of Staphylococcus pulvereri Zakrzewska-Czerwinska et al. 1995 as a later synonym of Staphylococcus vitulinus Webster et al. 1994, International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 54, Pt 6, 2213â€“5, November 2004, 15545460, 10.1099/ijs.0.63080-0, free, Within these clades, the S. haemolyticus and S. simulans groups appear to be related, as do the S. aureus and S. epidermidis groups.JOURNAL, Ghebremedhin B, Layer F, KÃ¶nig W, KÃ¶nig B, Genetic classification and distinguishing of Staphylococcus species based on different partial gap, 16S rRNA, hsp60, rpoB, sodA, and tuf gene sequences, Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 46, 3, 1019â€“25, March 2008, 18174295, 10.1128/JCM.02058-07, 2268370, S. lugdunensis appears to be related to the S. haemolyticus group.S. petrasii may be related to S. haemolyticus, but this needs to be confirmed.The taxonomic position of S. lyticans,S. petrasii, and S. pseudolugdunensis has yet to be clarified. The published descriptions of these species do not appear to have been validly published.

Biochemical identification

Assignment of a strain to the genus Staphylococcus requires it to be a Gram-positive coccusJOURNAL, 2021-12-15, Identification of marine sponge-associated bacteria of the Saint Martin's island of the Bay of Bengal emphasizing on the prevention of motile Aeromonas septicemia in Labeo rohita,weblink Aquaculture, en, 545, 737156, 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.737156, 0044-8486, Paul, Sulav Indra, Rahman, Md. Mahbubur, Salam, Mohammad Abdus, Khan, Md. Arifur Rahman, Islam, Md. Tofazzal, that forms clusters, has an appropriate cell wall structure (including peptidoglycan type and teichoic acid presence) and G + C content of DNA in a range of 30â€“40 mol%.Staphylococcus species can be differentiated from other aerobic and facultative anaerobic, Gram-positive cocci by several simple tests. Staphylococcus species are facultative anaerobes (capable of growth both aerobically and anaerobically). All species grow in the presence of bile salts.All species of Staphylococcus aureus were once thought to be coagulase-positive, but this has since been disproven.BOOK, Ryan KJ, Ray CG, Sherris Medical Microbiology, 4th, McGraw Hill, 2004, 978-0-8385-8529-0, {{page needed|date=April 2018}}PreTest, Surgery, 12th ed., p. 88JOURNAL, Matthews KR, Roberson J, Gillespie BE, Luther DA, Oliver SP, Identification and Differentiation of Coagulase-Negative Staphylococcus aureus by Polymerase Chain Reaction, Journal of Food Protection, 60, 6, 686â€“8, 1997, 10.4315/0362-028X-60.6.686, 31195568, free, Growth can also occur in a 6.5% NaCl solution. On Baird-Parker medium, Staphylococcus species grow fermentatively, except for S. saprophyticus, which grows oxidatively. Staphylococcus species are resistant to bacitracin (0.04 U disc: resistance =

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