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Legislative elections were held in Russia on 4 December 2011.NEWS, Russian political parties to kick off pre-election debates,en.ria.ru/russia/20111108/168513644.html, RIA Novosti, 8 November 2011, 4 December 2011, At stake were the 450 seats in the 6th State Duma, the lower house of the Federal Assembly (the legislature). United Russia won the elections with 49.32% of the vote, taking 238 seats or 52.88% of the Duma seats.This result was down from 64.30% of the vote and 70% of the seats in the 2007 elections. The Communist Party of the Russian Federation received 19.19% of the vote and 92 seats, its best result since 1999, while A Just Russia received 13.24% and 64 seats, with the Liberal Democratic Party of Russia getting 56 seats with 11.67% of the vote. Yabloko, Patriots of Russia and Right Cause did not cross the 7% election threshold. The list of parties represented in the parliament did not change.United Russia lost the two-thirds constitutional majority it had held prior to the election, but it still won a majority of seats in the Duma, even though it had slightly less than 50% of the popular vote. The Communist Party, Liberal Democratic Party and A Just Russia all gained new seats compared to the previous 2007 elections.The election received various assessments from abroad: positive from the Commonwealth of Independent States observers, mixed from the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe and critical from some European Union representatives and the United States. Reports of election fraud and voter discontent with the current government led to major protests particularly in Moscow and Saint Petersburg. The government and United Russia were in their turn supported by rallies of the youth organizations Nashi and Young Guard of United Russia. Later, the actions of anti-government protesters sparked the fear of a colour revolution in Russian society, and a number of the “anti-Orange” protests were set upАнтиоранжевый митинг проходит на Поклонной горе RIAN {{in lang|ru}} (the name alludes to the Orange Revolution in Ukraine, the most widely known color revolution to Russians) including one on the Poklonnaya Hill in Moscow, the largest protest action of all the protests so far according to the police.NEWS, ru:Путин: На митинге на Поклонной мог быть задействован адмресурс, но только на нем собрать так много людей невозможно,www.interfax.ru/russia/229319, Interfax, Rosa village, 4 February 2012, ru, 1 April 2019, Померились цифрами vz.ru {{in lang|ru}}Как митинг на Поклонной собрал около 140 000 человек politonline.ru {{in lang|ru}}The Central Electoral Commission issued a report on 3 February 2012, in which it said that it received a total of 1686 reports on irregularities, of which only 195 (11.5%) were confirmed true after investigation, a third (584) actually contained questions about the unclear points of electoral law, and only 60 complaints claimed falsifications of the elections results. On 4 February 2012 the Investigation Committee of the Office of the Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation announced that the majority of videos allegedly showing falsifications at polling stations were falsified themselves.СКР объявил ролики с нарушениями на выборах смонтированными Lenta.ru {{in lang|ru}}Statistical analysis of poll data have shown massive abnormalities that most researchers explain bymass-scale electoral fraud.JOURNAL, Enikolopov, Ruben, Korovkin, Vasily, Petrova, Maria, Sonin, Konstantin, Zakharov, Alexei, 8 January 2013, Field experiment estimate of electoral fraud in Russian parliamentary elections, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, en, 110, 2, 448–452, 10.1073/pnas.1206770110, 0027-8424, 3545790, 23267093, 2013PNAS..110..448E, free, JOURNAL, Bader, Max, Ham, Carolien van, 2015, What explains regional variation in election fraud? Evidence from Russia: a research note, Post-Soviet Affairs, 31, 6, 514–528, 10.1080/1060586X.2014.969023, 154548875, 1060-586X,ris.utwente.nl/ws/files/276252005/Bader2015what.pdf, JOURNAL, Moser, Robert G., White, Allison C., 2017, Does electoral fraud spread? The expansion of electoral manipulation in Russia, Post-Soviet Affairs, 33, 2, 85–99, 10.1080/1060586X.2016.1153884, 54037737, 1060-586X,

Electoral system

The threshold for eligibility to win seats is 7.0 percent. In addition, a party which receives between 5.0 and 6.0 percent will get 1 seat in the Duma and those which receive between 6.0 and 7.0 percent will get 2 seats.{{in lang|ru}} FEDERAL LAW ON THE ELECTION OF DEPUTIES OF THE STATE DUMA FEDERAL ASSEMBLY OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106093535www.cikrf.ru/law/federal_law/zakon_51/gl11.html |date=6 January 2012 }} – Article 82.1. Point 2 and 3File:Bulleten Gosduma 2011.jpg|150px|thumb|right|Ballot to the 2011 State Duma election with list of Political parties.]]

Political parties

All seven registered political parties were approved to participate in the elections. Parties which were present in the State Duma (United Russia, Communist Party, Liberal Democratic Party and A Just Russia) were automatically eligible to participate in the elections. Other parties needed to present at least 150,000 signatures (with a maximum of 5000 signatures per region) to the Central Electoral Commission before 19 October.NEWS, ru:“Яблоко” сдало на проверку в Центризбирком 150 тысяч подписей,ria.ru/politics/20111017/462206310.html, RIA Novosti, ru, 17 October 2011, 4 December 2011, «ЯБЛОКО» сдало в ЦИК подписи для регистрации на выборах {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426041849www.ncnews.su/2011-10-18/yabloko-sdalo-v-cik-podpisi-dlya-registracii-na-vyborax/ |date=26 April 2012 }} – NSNews{| class=“wikitable“! style="text-align:center;” colspan=“2“| Ballot number ! style="text-align:center;“| Party! style="text-align:center;“| Party leader! style="text-align:center“| No. 1 in party list! style="text-align:center;“|Conventions dateWEB,cikrf.ru/banners/duma_2011/polit_part/info.html, Предварительная информация о проведении съездов политических партий по вопросу выдвижения федеральных списков кандидатов на выборы в Государственную Думу Федерального Собрания Российской Федерации шестого созыва, 8 September 2011, Electoral Commission, 21 October 2011, ! style="text-align:center“| Ideology|1 A Just Russia |Nikolai Levichev|Sergey Mironov |24 September 2011|Social democracy Democratic Socialism|2 Liberal Democratic Party of Russia|Vladimir Zhirinovsky |Vladimir Zhirinovsky |13 September 2011 Right-wing populism>Right-wing nationalism Anti-Communism|3 Patriots of Russia|Gennady Semigin|Gennady Semigin |10 September 2011|Democratic Socialism Left-wing Nationalism|4 Communist Party of the Russian Federation|Gennady Zyuganov|Gennady Zyuganov |24 September 2011|Communism / Left-wing nationalism|5 Yabloko |Sergey Mitrokhin|Grigory Yavlinsky|10–11 September 2011 |Social liberalism Pro-Europeanism|6 United Russia|Vladimir Putin|Dmitry Medvedev |23–24 September 2011|Statism / Centrism|7 Right Cause (political party)>Right Cause|Andrey Dunaev|Andrey Dunaev |20 September 2011|Neoliberalism / Economic Liberalism

Campaign

There was relatively little sign of campaign activity on the ground: few posters, few street agitators, and few people gathering at non-United Russia campaign rallies. Candidates debates were often brief and aired at odd times of day (such as 7 a.m. on First Channel) and typically featured strange pairings of parties and not always the top figures on their party lists.

United Russia

The main parliamentary party, the ruling United Russia headed by Vladimir Putin (he is not a member of the party, yet he is its leader), went into the next elections with a renewed platform. Putin announced the creation of a pre-election People’s Front to allow non-party candidates (up to 25%) to win election on the United Russia ticket. At the party conference which nominated Putin to the presidency and Medvedev to head the party list leader, the pre-election program was published, with 8 basic guidelines:WEB, Sras.Org,www.sras.org/united_russia_program_address, United Russia: Election Program, 2011, Sras.org, 1 April 2012,www.sras.org/united_russia_program_address," title="web.archive.org/web/20140906085306www.sras.org/united_russia_program_address,">web.archive.org/web/20140906085306www.sras.org/united_russia_program_address, 6 September 2014, dead,

• Modernize the economy, the educational system, and the technical-military industry.
• Fulfill social obligations. Raise salaries, pensions, and increase grants. Combat poverty and modernize public health services.
• Eradicate corruption. Achieve transparency in bureaucrat’s salaries, state purchases, and measures taken by ministries and departments.
• Strengthen the judicial system on the principles of independence, transparency, and justice. Make the penal code more humane on so-called economic crimes and toughen punishments for violent crime, most of for all crimes committed against children and for terrorist acts.
• Support international and interfaith peace. Fight against illegal migration, ethnic crime, and displays of xenophobia and separatism. Support the free growth of all cultures and all confessional traditions of the peoples of Russia.
• Develop a modern political system which will allow everyone including the smallest social groups to be heard and included in state and social administration processes and to be assured that there are no people without rights or protections in the country.
• Ensure our internal and external security with an effective police force and a powerful Armed Forces. Raise the prestige of serving in the army, the navy, and law enforcement agencies.
• An independent and rational domestic policy ultimately pursues only one goal: to improve the welfare of the people and to guarantee their safety. Our integration projects must create new possibilities for development, for citizens and for business. The customs union between Russia, Belarus, and Kazakhstan is working. A united economic space will become a reality starting 1 January of next year, leading to an even deeper degree of integration. And then we will advance even further to the creation of the Eurasian Union.

This program was reportedly constructed from excerpts taken from speeches previously given by Prime Minister Putin and President Medvedev.United Russia Party Chairman Putin and party list leader Medvedev did not participate in them at all. Television campaign ads were not frequently aired, and what ads that ran tended to be of strikingly low production value.Euroasian Review, Putin Machine Sputters: First Impressions Of 2011 Duma Election Campaign, Accessed on 3 March 2012

A Just Russia

A Just Russia (Russian: Spravedlivaya Rossia) hoped that being “persecuted by the authorities” will give it a more useful oppositional image. The party managed to turn itself into a credible receptacle for anti-United Russia votes through an aggressive campaign attacking the party. While some of its critical ads were blocked, it still managed to air others that blasted official corruption and declared that “swindlers and thieves” (a clear implicit reference to United Russia) were not needed.ad broadcast on First Channel, 29 November 2011, 07:25, after a debate and before the popular morning pro- gram “Dobroe Utro Rossii.”

The Communist Party

In its programme entitled “The majority is destined to win. Return the Motherland stolen from us!”, the CPRF promoted a stronger role of the state in the political and social sphere and the nationalization of mineral resources and other raw materials. It called for a re-appraisal of Russia’s foreign policy posture, the creation of a ‘Union of Brotherhood’ on the territory of the former Soviet Union, a stronger role for the United Nations and the dissolution of NATO. The CPRF demanded ‘genuine democratisation’ of the Russian political system including a stronger role for the parliament, the restoration of regional elections, and the confiscation of property acquired through corruption. It tasked itself with representing the ‘patriotic majority’ of the population in the parliament and with making sure that executive power is being exercised for the sake of the common good.WEB,www.iss.europa.eu/fr/publications/detail-page/article/state-duma-elections-2011-and-the-marginal-role-of-russian-parties-part-2/,www.iss.europa.eu/fr/publications/detail-page/article/state-duma-elections-2011-and-the-marginal-role-of-russian-parties-part-2/," title="archive.today/20120909095022www.iss.europa.eu/fr/publications/detail-page/article/state-duma-elections-2011-and-the-marginal-role-of-russian-parties-part-2/,">archive.today/20120909095022www.iss.europa.eu/fr/publications/detail-page/article/state-duma-elections-2011-and-the-marginal-role-of-russian-parties-part-2/, dead, 9 September 2012, State Duma elections 2011 and the marginal role of Russian parties. Part 2, Iss.europa.eu, 1 April 2012,

The Liberal Democratic party

In the run-up to this election, the party had been highlighting the need to defend the interests of ethnic Russians, although it had generally been careful not to cross the line into openly nationalist rhetoric.NEWS,www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-15939801, Russia parliament elections: How the parties line up, Bbc.co.uk, 6 March 2012, 20 April 2021,

Opinion polls{| class“wikitable” style@font-size:95%; line-height:14px”

! rowspan=“2” style="width:150px;” |Polling firm! rowspan=“2” style="width:200px;” |Fieldwork date!United Russia!Communist Party ! style="width:130px;“|Liberal Democratic Party!A Just Russia!Yabloko!Patriots of Russia!Right CauseUnited Russia}}” |Communist Party of the Russian Federation}}” |Liberal Democratic Party of Russia}}” |A Just Russia}}” |Yabloko}}” |Patriots of Russia}}” |Right Cause (political party)}}” | style="text-align:center;”VTSIOM>VCIOMВЦИОМ: Всероссийский Центр Изучения Общественного Мнения: Информационные материалы {{Webarchivewciom.ru/index.php?id=195&uid=13991 >date=19 April 2012 }}. Wciom.ru. 12 November 2010. Retrieved on 7 December 2011.| November 2010| 2.6% style="text-align:center;”Levada Center>Levada{{in langЛевада-Центр > АРХИВ > ПРЕСС-ВЫПУСКИ {{webarchive>url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425083337old.levada.ru/press/2011021806.html |date=25 April 2012 }}. Old.levada.ru (18 February 2011). Retrieved on 7 December 2011.| January 2011 url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425083444old.levada.ru/press/2011082505.html |date=25 April 2012 }}. Old.levada.ru. 25 August 2011 Retrieved on 7 December 2011.| August 2011| 3% style="text-align:center;”Пресс-выпуски {{Webarchive>url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111220145854vybory.wciom.ru/index.php?id=566&uid=111908 |date=20 December 2011 }}. Vybory.wciom.ru. 2 September 2011. Retrieved on 7 December 2011.| August 2011| 4.9% style="text-align:center;”Октябрьские рейтинги одобрения, доверия и положения дел в стране. Электоральные рейтинги партий {{webarchive>url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111203163104www.levada.ru/27-10-2011/oktyabrskie-reitingi-odobreniya-doveriya-i-polozheniya-del-v-strane-elektoralnye-reitingi |date=3 December 2011 }}. Levada.ru (27 October 2011). Retrieved on 7 December 2011.| September 2011 | 2% style="text-align:center;“| Levada| 30 September–2 October 2011 | 2% style="text-align:center;”Пресс-выпуски {{Webarchive>url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111220132549vybory.wciom.ru/index.php?id=566&uid=112052 |date=20 December 2011 }}. Vybory.wciom.ru. 19 October 2011. Retrieved on 7 December 2011.| October 2011| 2.1% style="text-align:center;”Рейтинги одобрения первых лиц, положения дел в стране, электоральные предпочтения {{webarchive>url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111210082933www.levada.ru/08-11-2011/reitingi-odobreniya-pervykh-lits-polozheniya-del-v-strane-elektoralnye-predpochteniya |date=10 December 2011 }}. Levada.ru (11 August 2011). Retrieved on 7 December 2011.| 21–24 October 2011 |