{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2011}}{{Year dab|1531}}{{Year nav|1531}}{{C16 year in topic}}File:Modovian army Polski Kronika from 1564.jpg|thumbnail|right|August 22: Battle of Obertyn Battle of ObertynYear 1531 (MDXXXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events

File:Schlacht bei Kappel.jpg|thumbnail|right|October 11: Second War of Kappel Second War of Kappel

January–June

January 26 – Lisbon, Portugal is hit by an earthquake, in which thousands die.BOOK, T. D. Kendrick, Thomas Downing Kendrick, The Lisbon Earthquake,weblink 1957, Lippincott, 144,
February 27 – Lutheran princes in the Holy Roman Empire form an alliance known as the Schmalkaldic League.BOOK, McEntegart, Rory, Henry VIII, the League of Schmalkalden, and the English Reformation, 2002, Boydell & Brewer Ltd, 978-0-86193-255-9, 13,weblink 10 August 2023, en, BOOK, Herzog, Johann Jakob, Real-encyklopÃ¤die fÃ¼r protestantische theologie und kirche: In verbindung mit vielen protestantischen theologen und gelehrten, 1857, R. Besser, 390,weblink 10 August 2023, de,
February or March – Battle of Antukyah: Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi of the Adal Sultanate defeats the Ethiopian army.BOOK, The Asiatic Quarterly Review, 1905, Oriental Institute, 445,weblink 10 August 2023, en,
April – Battle of PunÃ¡: Francisco Pizarro defeats the island's native inhabitants.BOOK, Burr Cartwright Brundage, Empire of the Inca,weblink 1963, University of Oklahoma Press, 978-0-8061-1924-3, 378,
April 12 – Askiya Musa is assassinated by his brothers in Songhai; Askia Mohammad Benkan is enthroned the same day.BOOK, Hunwick, John O., Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire: Al-SaÊ¿di's TaÊ¾rÄ«kh Al-SÅ«dÄn Down to 1613, and Other Contemporary Documents, 1 January 2003, BRILL, 978-90-04-12822-4, 124,weblink 10 August 2023, en,
April 16 – The city of Puebla, Mexico, is founded.BOOK, Marley, David F., Historic Cities of the Americas, 12 September 2005, Bloomsbury Publishing USA, 978-1-57607-574-6, 288,weblink 10 August 2023, en,
May – The third Dalecarlian rebellion in Sweden appears to be over, when the king accepts an offer made by the rebels, but in 1533 he properly deals with the rebellion and punishes those responsible.BOOK, Linder, Nils, RosÃ©n, John, Westrin, Theodor, Olsson, Bror Ferdinand, Meijer, Bernhard, Nordisk familjebok: konversationslexikon och realencyklopedi, innehÃ¥llande upplysningar och fÃ¶rklaringar om mÃ¤rkvÃ¤rdiga namn, fÃ¶remÃ¥l och begrepp, 1880, Expeditionen af Nordisk familjebok, 816â€“817,weblink 10 August 2023, sv,
June 24 – The city of San Juan del RÃo, Mexico, is founded.WEB, Historia,weblink www.sanjuandelrio.gob.mx, 10 August 2023,

July–December

July 25 – The city of Santiago de QuerÃ©taro, Mexico is founded.BOOK, Cubas, Antonio GarcÃa, Diccionario geogrÃ¡fico, histÃ³rico y biogrÃ¡fico de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos, 1890, Murguia, 400,weblink 10 August 2023, es,
August 22 – Battle of Obertyn: The Moldavians are defeated by Polish forces under Jan Tarnowski, allowing the Poles to recapture Pokucie.BOOK, Constantin C. Giurescu, Horia C. Matei, Marcel D. Popa, Chronological History of Romania,weblink 1972, Editura enciclopedicÄƒ romÃ¢nÄƒ, National Commission of the Socialist Republic of Romania for UNESCO, 100,
August 26 – Comet Halley achieves its perihelion.BOOK, Ganganatha Jha Research Institute, The Journal of the Ganganatha Jha Research Institute,weblink 1946, Honorary Secretary, Ganganatha Jha Research Institute, 20,
October 11 – Battle of Kappel: The forces of ZÃ¼rich are defeated by the Catholic cantons. Huldrych Zwingli, the Swiss religious reformer, is killed.BOOK, B. J. Van der Walt, Anatomy of Reformation: Flashes and Fragments of a Reformational Worldview,weblink 1991, Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education, 978-1-86822-036-6, 115,
October 28 – Battle of Amba Sel: Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi again defeats the army of Dawit II, Emperor of Ethiopia. The southern part of Ethiopia thus falls under Imam Ahmad's control.
November – Christian II`s invasion force arrives in Oslo.BOOK, Lockhart, Paul Douglas, Denmark, 1513-1660: The Rise and Decline of a Renaissance Monarchy, 23 August 2007, OUP Oxford, 978-0-19-153382-2, 22,weblink 10 August 2023, en,
December 9 – The Virgin of Guadalupe first appears to Juan Diego at Tepeyac, Mexico City.BOOK, Hastings, Adrian, A World History of Christianity, 5 July 2000, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 978-0-8028-4875-8, 342,weblink 10 August 2023, en, JOURNAL, Mong, Ambrose, Our Lady of Guadalupe: model of inculturation, International Journal for the Study of the Christian Church, 2 January 2018, 18, 1, 67â€“83, 10.1080/1474225X.2018.1493764, 149488177,weblink 10 August 2023, en, 1474-225X,
December 12 – Mary, mother of Jesus, in the guise of Our Lady of Guadalupe, appears imprinted on the tilmÃ tli of Juan Diego Cuauhtlatoatzin, an Aztec convert to Catholicism, in Tepeyac near Mexico City.BOOK, Literatura mexicana, 1990, Universidad Nacional AutÃ³noma de MÃ©xico, Instituto de Investigaciones FilolÃ³gicas, Centro de Estudios Literarios, 16,weblink 10 August 2023, es,

Date unknown

Andrea Alciato publishes Emblemata.WEB, Alciato at Glasgow: Alciato, Andrea: Emblematum liber (1531),weblink www.emblems.arts.gla.ac.uk, 10 August 2023,
Conquistador Francisco de Montejo claims Chichen Itza as capital of Spanish-ruled YucatÃ¡n.BOOK, The Rough Guide to Cancun and the Yucatan: Includes the Maya Sites of Tabasco & Chiapas, 1 September 2011, Penguin, 978-1-4053-8260-1, 275,weblink 10 August 2023, en,
The University of Sarajevo is founded by Gazi Husrev-beg based off Sufi philosophy.BOOK, Dizdar, Srebren, A Development and Perspectives of Teacher Education in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1998, Ministry of Education, Science, Culture and Sports, 978-9958-11-061-0, 2,weblink 11 August 2023, en,
KÃµpu Lighthouse is completed.WEB, KÃµpu Lighthouse,weblink IALA Heritage, 11 August 2023, BOOK, Ebelt, Thomas, Lighthouses of Europe, 15 November 2018, Bloomsbury Publishing, 978-1-4729-5875-4, 35,weblink 11 August 2023, en,
A severe drought in Henan province, China, coupled with a gigantic swarm of locusts in the summer, forces many in destitute agricultural communities to turn to cannibalism to avoid dying by starvation.BOOK, Brook, Timothy, The Confusions of Pleasure: Commerce and Culture in Ming China, 1998, University of California Press, 978-0-520-22154-3, 104,weblink 11 August 2023, en,
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor abolishes the worst abuses of the encomienda system, by pressure of BartolomÃ© de las Casas.
A witch-hunt is conducted in the town of Schiltach, Germany.

In present-day Czech Republic, the ZÃ¡stÅ™izl family held Bohdalice and Pavlovice from 1413 until 1531.BOOK, MaÅˆhalovÃ¡, Dagmar, Z dÄ›jin Bohdalic - 666. let od prvnÃ pÃsemnÃ© zmÃnky o obci, 2003, OÃš Bohdalice, cs, NEWS, Noga, Karel, 2001-01-01, Z minulosti tvrze a zÃ¡mku v BohdalicÃch, Czech, 71â€“72, VyÅ¡kovskÃ½ sbornÃk II,weblink 2020-06-25,

Births

January 26 – Jens Bille, Danish servant and poet (d. 1575)BOOK, Bricka, Carl Frederik, Dansk biografisk lexikon: tillige omfattende Norge for tidsrummet 1537-1814, 1888, F. Hegel & SÃ¸n, 232,weblink 12 August 2023, da,
April 6 – Wolfgang, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen (d. 1595)BOOK, Ersch, Johann Samuel, Gruber, Johann Gottfried, Allgemeine EnzyklopÃ¤die Der Wissenschaften und KÃ¼nste: In Alphabetischer Folge Von Genannten Schriftstellern, 1992, Akademische Druck-u. Verlagstalt, 978-3-201-00093-2, 42,weblink 12 August 2023, de,
May 15 – Maria of Austria, Duchess of JÃ¼lich-Cleves-Berg, daughter of Emperor Ferdinand I (d. 1581)BOOK, BeitrÃ¤ge zur Geschichte des Niederrheins: Jahrbuch des DÃ¼sseldorfer Geschichtsvereins, 1895, Der Verein, 32,weblink 12 August 2023, de,
May 20 – Viceroy Thado Minsaw of Ava (d. 1584)
June 1 – JÃ¡nos ZsÃ¡mboky, Hungarian scholar (d. 1584)BOOK, Sgarbi, Marco, Encyclopedia of Renaissance Philosophy, 27 October 2022, Springer Nature, 978-3-319-14169-5, 3578,weblink 12 August 2023, en,
July 17 – Antoine de CrÃ©qui Canaples, French Catholic cardinal (d. 1574)WEB, The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of March 12, 1565,weblink cardinals.fiu.edu, 12 August 2023,
July 22 – Leonhard Thurneysser, German scholar and quack at the court of John George, Elector of Brandenburg (d. 1595)BOOK, Der BÃ¤r von Berlin: Jahrbuch des Vereins fÃ¼r die Geschichte Berlins, 1963, Verein fÃ¼r die Geschichte Berlins., 29,weblink 12 August 2023, de,
September 2 – Francesco Cattani da Diacceto, Bishop of Fiesole (d. 1595)WEB, CATTANI DA DIACCETO, Francesco,weblink www.treccani.it, 12 August 2023, it-IT,
September 4 – Hans Fugger, German businessman (d. 1598)BOOK, Lieb, Norbert, Die Fugger und die kunst: Im zeitalter der hohen renaissance, 1958, Schnell & Steiner, 69,weblink 12 August 2023, de,
September 14 – Philipp Apian, German mathematician and medic (d. 1589)BOOK, GÃ¼nther, Siegmund, Peter und Philipp Apian, zwei deutsche Mathematiker u. Kartographen: Ein Beitrag zur Gelehrten-Geschichte des xvi. Jahrhunderts, 1882, Verlag der KÃ¶n. BÃ¶hmischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften, 81,weblink 12 August 2023, de,
Late September – Henry Stanley, 4th Earl of Derby, English noble and diplomat (d. 1594)ODNB, Stanley, Henry, fourth earl of Derby,weblink 2004, 8 August 2023, en, 10.1093/ref:odnb/26272,
October 7 – Scipione Ammirato, Italian historian (d. 1601)BOOK, Baudrillart, Alfred, Meyer, Albert de, Aubert, Roger, Dictionnaire d'histoire et de gÃ©ographie ecclÃ©siastiques, 1914, Letouzey et AnÃ©, 978-2-7063-0157-5, 1307,weblink 12 August 2023, fr,
October 12 – Jacques de Savoie, 2nd Duc de Nemours (d. 1585)BOOK, Vester, Matthew Allen, Jacques de Savoie-Nemours: l'apanage du Genevois au cÅ“ur de la puissance dynastique savoyarde au XVIe siÃ¨cle, 2008, Librairie Droz, 978-2-600-01211-9, 42,weblink 12 August 2023, fr,
October 25 – Matthew Wesenbeck, Belgian jurist (d. 1586)JOURNAL, Feenstra, R., Portretten van juristen uit de oude Nederlanden, Tijdschrift voor Rechtsgeschiedenis, 2011, 79, 129â€“135, 10.1163/157181911X563084,weblink 12 August 2023, en,
October 27 – Herbert Duifhuis, Dutch minister (d. 1581)BOOK, Van der Aa, A.J., Biographical dictionary of the Netherlands., 1858, 4, J.J. van Brederode, Harlem, 379,weblink 12 August 2023, nl,
November 14 – Richard Topcliffe, English torturer (d. 1604)WEB, TOPCLIFFE, Richard (1531-1604), of Somerby, Lincs. and Westminster. {{!, History of Parliament Online |url=https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1558-1603/member/topcliffe-richard-1531-1604 |website=www.historyofparliamentonline.org |access-date=26 October 2021}}
November 16 – Anna d'Este, duchess consort of Nemours (d. 1607)BOOK, Coester, Christiane, SchÃ¶n wie Venus, mutig wie Mars: Anna d'Este, Herzogin von Guise und von Nemours (1531-1607), 19 August 2014, Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG, 978-3-486-84058-2, 56,weblink 12 August 2023, de,
November 18 – Roberto di Ridolfi, Italian conspirator against Elizabeth I of England (d. 1612)BOOK, Stephen, Leslie, Lee, Sir Sidney, Dictionary of National Biography, 1909, 16, Oxford University Press, 1176,weblink 12 August 2023, en,
November 29 – Johannes Letzner, German Protestant priest and historian (d. 1613)BOOK, Kirstan, Ralf, Die Welt des Johannes Letzner: Ein lutherischer Landpfarrer und Geschichtsschreiber des 16. Jahrhunderts, 5 January 2015, Wallstein Verlag, 978-3-8353-2734-4, 51,weblink 12 August 2023, de,
December – Hendrick van Brederode, Dutch noble (d. 1568)BOOK, Aa, Abraham Jacob van der, Biographisch woordenboek der Nederlanden, 1855, 2, J.J. van Brederode, Haarlem, 1249,weblink 12 August 2023, nl,
December 6 – Vespasiano I Gonzaga, Italian noble and diplomat (d. 1591)BOOK, Le Tombe Ed I Monumenti Illustri D'Italia, 1822, Bettoni, Milan, 146,weblink 13 August 2023, it,
December 10 – Henry IX, Count of Waldeck (d. 1577)
date unknown
- Akiyama Nobutomo, Japanese nobleman (d. 1575)BOOK, æˆ¦å›½äººåè¾žå…¸, 1973, å‰å·å¼˜æ–‡é¤¨, 8,weblink 13 August 2023, ja,
- AntÃ³nio, Prior of Crato, claimant to the throne of Portugal (d. 1595)
- John Popham, Lord Chief Justice of England (d. 1607)ODNB, Popham, Sir John,weblink 2004, 8 August 2023, en, 10.1093/ref:odnb/22543,
- Åžehzade Cihangir, Ottoman prince (d. 1553)BOOK, Peirce, Leslie P., Empress of the east : how a European slave girl became queen of the Ottoman Empire, 2017, Basic Books, New York, 978-0-465-03251-8, 72,weblink 13 August 2023,

Deaths

January 14 – Walraven II van Brederode, Dutch noble (b. 1462)BOOK, Kronijk van het Historisch Genootschap gevestigd te Utrecht, 1876, Kemink en Zoon., 415,weblink 13 August 2023, nl,
January 31 – Edward Sutton, 2nd Baron Dudley (b. 1460)BOOK, The Ancestry of Allen Grinnell Cleaver and Martha Irene Jessup: 172 Allied Families, 1989, Gateway Press, 986,weblink 13 August 2023, en,
February 16 – Johannes StÃ¶ffler, German mathematician (b. 1452)BOOK, Allgemeine deutsche Biographie: Steinmetz - StÃ¼renburg. 36, 1893, Duncker & Humblot, 317,weblink 13 August 2023, de,
March – MarÃa Pacheco, Spanish heroine and defender of Toledo (b. 1496)BOOK, Lafuente, Modesto, Historia general de EspaÃ±a: desde los tiempos primitivos hasta la muerte de Fernando VII, 1888, Montaner y SimÃ³n, Editores, 132,weblink 13 August 2023, es,
March 6 – Pedrarias DÃ¡vila, Spanish colonial administrator (b. c. 1440)BOOK, Burguet, JosÃ© Luis, Barquilla, JosÃ© Barrado, SuÃ¡rez, Bernardo Fueyo, Influencia lascasiana en el siglo XVI, 2006, Editorial San Esteban, 978-84-8260-178-6, 220,weblink 13 August 2023, es,
May 19 – Jan Åaski, Polish statesman and diplomat (b. 1456)BOOK, Szymanowski, Wojciech, Dykcyonarz biograficzny powszechny, 1851, GlÃ¼cksberg, 45,weblink 13 August 2023, pl,
May 20 – Guy XVI, Count of Laval (b. 1476)BOOK, de La TrÃ©moille, FranÃ§ois, Inventaire de FranÃ§ois de La TrÃ©moille, 1542: et comptes d'Anne de Laval, publiÃ©s d'aprÃ¨s les originaux, 1887, E. Grimaud, 188,weblink 13 August 2023, fr,
May 10 – George I, Duke of Pomerania from the House of Griffins (b. 1493)BOOK, Plantiko, Otto, Pommersche Reformationsgeschichte, 1922, L. Bamberg, 38,weblink 13 August 2023, de,
July 7 – Tilman Riemenschneider, German sculptor (b. 1460)WEB, Rimenschneider [Rimschneider], Tilman,weblink Grove Art Online, 13 August 2023, en,
July 17 – Hosokawa Takakuni, Japanese military commander (b. 1484)
July 23 – Louis de BrÃ©zÃ©, seigneur d'Anet, Marshal of Normandy and husband of Diane de PoitiersBOOK, DEVILLE, Jean Achille, Tombeaux de la cathÃ©drale de Rouen, 1833, Nicetas Periaux, 123,weblink 13 August 2023, fr,
August 30 – Diego Hurtado de Mendoza, 3rd Duke of the Infantado, Spanish noble (b. 1461)BOOK, Sliwa, Krzysztof, Vida de Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra, 2006, Edition Reichenberger, 978-3-937734-13-2, 147,weblink 13 August 2023, es,
September 18 – Lorenzo Pucci, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1458)WEB, PUCCI, Lorenzo,weblink www.treccani.it, 13 August 2023, it-IT,
September 22 – Louise of Savoy, French regent (b. 1476)WEB, Louise Of Savoy {{!, French regent |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Louise-of-Savoy |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=21 September 2020 |language=en}}
October 11 – Huldrych Zwingli, Swiss reformer (in battle) (b. 1484)
November 24 – Johannes Oecolampadius, German religious reformer (b. 1482)BOOK, Herbermann, Charles George, The Catholic Encyclopedia, 1913, Encyclopedia Press, 213,weblink 13 August 2023, en,
November 28 – Hedwig of MÃ¼nsterberg-Oels, German noble (b. 1508)BOOK, Brann, Marcus, Geschichte der Juden in Schlesien: I -VI, 1896, W. Jacobsohn, 161,weblink 13 August 2023, de,
December 1 – Maud Green, English noble (b. 1492)BOOK, James, Susan E., Catherine Parr : Henry VIII's last love, 2009, The History Press, Stroud, 978-0-7524-4853-4, 55,weblink 13 August 2023,
date unknown
- Henrique of Kongo, bishop (b. 1495)BOOK, LaGamma, Alisa, Kongo: Power and Majesty, 16 September 2015, Metropolitan Museum of Art, 978-1-58839-575-7, 95,weblink 13 August 2023, en,
- Eva von Isenburg, sovereign Princess Abbess of Thorn Abbey
- Bars Bolud Jinong, Mongol khan (b. 1490)
- Vallabha Acharya, Indian founder of the Hindu Vallabha sect (b. 1479)BOOK, Flood, Gavin, The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Hinduism, 13 May 2022, John Wiley & Sons, 978-1-119-14488-5, 235,weblink 13 August 2023, en,
- GerÃ³nimo de Aguilar, Spanish Franciscan friar who participated in the Spanish conquest of Mexico (b. 1489)BOOK, McClure, Julia, The Franciscan Invention of the New World, 30 November 2016, Springer, 978-3-319-43023-2, 101,weblink 13 August 2023, en,
probable
- Fernan Perez de Oliva, Spanish man of letters (b. 1492)BOOK, Bleiberg, GermÃ¡n, Ihrie, Maureen, PÃ©rez, Janet, Dictionary of the Literature of the Iberian Peninsula, 1993, Greenwood Publishing Group, 978-0-313-28732-9, 1263,weblink 13 August 2023, en,
- Antonio Pigafetta, Italian navigator (b. 1491)

References

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