GetWiki
katakana
ARTICLE SUBJECTS
being →
database →
ethics →
fiction →
history →
internet →
language →
linux →
logic →
method →
news →
policy →
purpose →
religion →
science →
software →
truth →
unix →
wiki →
ARTICLE TYPES
essay →
feed →
help →
system →
wiki →
ARTICLE ORIGINS
critical →
forked →
imported →
original →
katakana
please note:
- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
- it has been imported raw for GetWiki
{{Short description|Japanese syllabary}}{{For|the Unicode block|Katakana (Unicode block)}}{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
- it has been imported raw for GetWiki
factoids | |
---|---|
Writing system
Overview {| alignright border"0" cellpadding"0" style"width: 14em; margin-left: 1em; margin-bottom:1em"
- 5 nucleus vowels
- 42 core or body (onset-nucleus) syllabograms, consisting of nine consonants in combination with each of the five vowels, of which three possible combinations (yi, ye, wu) are not canonical
- 1 coda consonant
Japanese
Syllabary and orthography {| alignright style"margin-left:1em;"
- wi and we are pronounced as vowels in modern Japanese and are therefore obsolete, having been supplanted by i and e, respectively.
- wo is now used only as a particle, and is normally pronounced the same as vowel 㪠o. As a particle, it is usually written in hiragana (ã) and the katakana form, ã², is almost obsolete.
Extensions
Small versions of the five vowel kana are sometimes used to represent trailing off sounds (ãã¡ haa, ã㧠nee), but in katakana they are more often used in yÅon-like extended digraphs designed to represent phonemes not present in Japanese; examples include ã㧠(che) in ãã§ã³ã¸ chenji ("change"), ãã¡ (fa) in ãã¡ããªã¼ famirÄ« ("family") and ã¦ã£ (wi) and ã㣠(di) in ã¦ã£ãããã£ã¢ Wikipedia; see below for the full list.Usage
File:Myoe_Shonin_Kashu.jpg|thumb|Collection of poems by priest MyÅeMyÅeIn modern Japanese, katakana is most often used for transcription of words from foreign languages or loanwords (other than words historically imported from Chinese), called gairaigo."The Japanese Writing System (2) Katakana", p. 29 in Yookoso! An Invitation to Contemporary Japanese. McGraw-Hill, 1993, {{ISBN|0070722935}} For example, "ice cream" is written {{Nihongo krt||ã¢ã¤ã¹ã¯ãªã¼ã |aisukurÄ«mu}}. Similarly, katakana is usually used for country names, foreign places, and foreign personal names. For example, the United States is usually referred to as {{Nihongo krt||ã¢ã¡ãªã«|Amerika}}, rather than in its ateji kanji spelling of {{Nihongo krt||äºç±³å©å |Amerika}}.Katakana are also used for onomatopoeia, words used to represent sounds â for example, {{Nihongo krt||ãã³ãã³|pinpon}}, the "ding-dong" sound of a doorbell.Technical and scientific terms, such as the names of animal and plant species and minerals, are also commonly written in katakana.WEB,weblink Hiragana, Katakana & Kanji, 8 September 2010, Japanese Word Characters, 15 October 2011, Homo sapiens, as a species, is written {{Nihongo krt||ãã|hito}}, rather than its kanji {{nihongo2|人}}.Katakana are often (but not always) used for transcription of Japanese company names. For example, Suzuki is written , and Toyota is written . As these are common family names, Suzuki being the second most common in Japan,PRESS RELEASE, ææ²»å®ç°çå½ å
¨å½åå§èª¿æ» [Meiji Yasuda Life Insurance Company â National same family name investigation]
, Meiji Yasuda Life, Meiji Yasuda Life Insurance Company
, 2008-09-24
,weblink
, 2018-05-24
,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20120117124916weblink">weblink
, 17 January 2012
, dead
, using katakana helps distinguish company names from surnames in writing. Katakana are commonly used on signs, advertisements, and hoardings (i.e., billboards), for example, {{nihongo krt|"here"|ã³ã³|koko}}, {{nihongo krt|"trash"|ã´ã|gomi}}, or {{nihongo krt|"glasses"|ã¡ã¬ã|megane}}. Words the writer wishes to emphasize in a sentence are also sometimes written in katakana, mirroring the usage of italics in European languages.
PreâWorld War II official documents mix katakana and kanji in the same way that hiragana and kanji are mixed in modern Japanese texts, that is, katakana were used for okurigana and particles such as wa or o.Katakana was also used for telegrams in Japan before 1988, and for computer systems â before the introduction of multibyte characters â in the 1980s. Most computers of that era used katakana instead of kanji or hiragana for output.Although words borrowed from ancient Chinese are usually written in kanji, loanwords from modern Chinese languages that are borrowed directly use katakana instead.{|class="wikitable"|+ Examples of modern Chinese loanwords in Japanese! Japanese !!title="Hepburn romanization of Japanese kana"| Hepburn !! Meaning !! Chinese !!title="modern Hà nyÇ PÄ«nyÄ«n romanization of Chinese Hanzi"| Pinyin/Yale !! Source language, Meiji Yasuda Life, Meiji Yasuda Life Insurance Company
, 2008-09-24
,weblink
, 2018-05-24
,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20120117124916weblink">weblink
, 17 January 2012
, dead
, using katakana helps distinguish company names from surnames in writing. Katakana are commonly used on signs, advertisements, and hoardings (i.e., billboards), for example, {{nihongo krt|"here"|ã³ã³|koko}}, {{nihongo krt|"trash"|ã´ã|gomi}}, or {{nihongo krt|"glasses"|ã¡ã¬ã|megane}}. Words the writer wishes to emphasize in a sentence are also sometimes written in katakana, mirroring the usage of italics in European languages.
Ainu
Katakana is commonly used by Japanese linguists to write the Ainu language. In Ainu katakana usage, the consonant that comes at the end of a syllable is represented by a small version of a katakana that corresponds to that final consonant followed by a vowel (for details of which vowel, please see the table at Ainu language § Special katakana for the Ainu language). For instance, the Ainu word {{transl|ain|up}} is represented by ( [u followed by small pu]). Ainu also uses three handakuten modified katakana: ({{IPA|[tse]}}) and either or ({{IPA|[tuÌ]}}). In Unicode, the Katakana Phonetic Extensions block (U+31F0âU+31FF) exists for Ainu language support. These characters are used for the Ainu language only.Taiwanese
Taiwanese kana (ã¿ã¤(File:Taiwanese kana normal tone 5.png|15px) ã²ã¡ã(File:Taiwanese kana normal tone 5.png|15px) ã®ã¤(File:Taiwanese kana normal tone 2.png|15px) ã«ã¢(File:Taiwanese kana normal tone 2.png|15px) ãã§ã³(File:Taiwanese kana normal tone 5.png|15px)) is a katakana-based writing system once used to write Holo Taiwanese, when Taiwan was under Japanese rule. It functioned as a phonetic guide for Chinese characters, much like furigana in Japanese or ZhùyÄ«n fúhà o in Chinese. There were similar systems for other languages in Taiwan as well, including Hakka and Formosan languages.Unlike Japanese or Ainu, Taiwanese kana are used similarly to the zhùyÄ«n fúhà o characters, with kana serving as initials, vowel medials and consonant finals, marked with tonal marks. A dot below the initial kana represents aspirated consonants, and ã, ã, ãµ, ã», ã½, 㦠and 㪠with a superpositional bar represent sounds found only in Taiwanese.Okinawan
Katakana is used as a phonetic guide for the Okinawan language, unlike the various other systems to represent Okinawan, which use hiragana with extensions. The system was devised by the Okinawa Center of Language Study of the University of the Ryukyus. It uses many extensions and yÅon to show the many non-Japanese sounds of Okinawan.Table of katakana
This is a table of katakana together with their Hepburn romanization and rough IPA transcription for their use in Japanese. Katakana with dakuten or handakuten follow the gojūon kana without them.Characters {{transl|ja|shi}} , {{transl|ja|tsu}} , {{transl|ja|so}} , and {{transl|ja|n}} look very similar in print except for the slant and stroke shape. These differences in slant and shape are more prominent when written with an ink brush.{{Katakana table}}Extended katakana
Using small versions of the five vowel kana, many digraphs have been devised, mainly to represent the sounds in words of other languages. Digraphs with orange backgrounds are the general ones used for loanwords or foreign places or names, and those with blue backgrounds are used for more accurate transliterations of foreign sounds, both suggested by the Cabinet of Japan's Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology.WEB,weblink å¹³æ3å¹´6æ28æ¥å é£å示第2å·:å¤æ¥èªã®è¡¨è¨, Japanese cabinet order No.2 (28 June 1991):The notation of loanword, Cabinet of Japan, Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, 25 May 2011, Cabinet of Japan,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20190106125953weblink">weblink 6 January 2019, dead, Katakana combinations with beige backgrounds are suggested by the American National Standards InstituteWEB,weblink ç±³å½è¦æ ¼(ANSI Z39.11-1972)âè¦ç´, 27 February 2016, {{self-published source|date=February 2016}} and the British Standards Institution as possible uses.WEB,weblink è±å½è¦æ ¼(BS 4812 : 1972)âè¦ç´, 27 February 2016, {{self-published source|date=February 2016}} Ones with purple backgrounds appear on the 1974 version of the HyÅjun-shiki formatting.WEB,weblink æ¨æºå¼ãã¼ãåã¤ã¥ãâå¼ç¨, 27 February 2016, {{self-published source|date=February 2016}}Pronunciations are shown in Hepburn romanization.{| border="0" style="width:80%;" cellpadding="2px" cellspacing="2px"- â The use of {{nihongo2|ã¦}} in these two cases to represent {{transl|ja|w}} is rare in modern Japanese except for Internet slang and customary transcription of the Latin sound [w] into katakana. E.g.: ({{transl|ja|Mineruwa}} "Minerva", from Latin [mɪËnÉrwa]); (WurukÄnusu "Vulcan", from Latin , [wÊlËkaËnÊs]). The {{transl|ja|wa}}-type of foreign sounds (as in watt or white) is usually transcribed to ({{transl|ja|wa}}), while the {{transl|ja|wu}}-type (as in wood or woman) is usually to 㦠({{transl|ja|u}}) or ({{transl|ja|Å«}}).
- â The spellings are employed in transcription of hard consonants + i in Slavic languages.
- â These are mentioned in Note 1 ({{nihongo2|çæäºé ãã®1}}) of 1991 Cabinet Order No. 2 as examples of other "usage unregulated" by the guidelines.
- ii â {{nihongo2|ã´}} has a rarely-used hiragana form in {{nihongo2|ã}} that is also {{transl|ja|vu}} in Hepburn romanization systems.
- iii â The characters in {{green|green}} are obsolete in modern Japanese and very rarely used.WEB,weblink ja:æå21å¹´å é£å示第33å· ãç¾ä»£ããªã¥ããã, Japanese Cabinet Order No.33 in 1946 â Modern kana usage, 16 November 1946, Cabinet of Japan, ja, 25 May 2011, Cabinet of Japan, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20011006222929weblink">weblink 6 October 2001, WEB,weblink ja:æå61å¹´å é£å示第1å· ãç¾ä»£ä»®åé£ãã, Japanese Cabinet Order No.1 in 1986 â Modern kana usage, 1 July 1986, Cabinet of Japan, Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, ja, 25 May 2011, Cabinet of Japan,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20110524004651weblink">weblink 24 May 2011, dead,
History
(File:Katakana origine.svg|thumb|Roots of katakana highlighted)(File:Syougaku11.jpg|thumb|Syougaku11)Katakana was developed in the 9th century (during the early Heian period) by Buddhist monks in Nara in order to transliterate texts and works of arts from India, by taking parts of man'yÅgana characters as a form of shorthand, hence this kana is so-called {{Nihongo||ç|kata|"partial, fragmented"}}. For example, {{Nihongo||ã«|ka}} comes from the left side of {{Nihongo||å |ka|lit. "increase", but the original meaning is no longer applicable to kana}}. The adjacent table shows the origins of each katakana: the red markings of the original Chinese character (used as man'yÅgana) eventually became each corresponding symbol.Japanese katakana. Omniglot.com Katakana is also heavily influenced by Sanskrit due to the original creators having travelled and worked with Indian Buddhists based in East Asia during the era.NEWS, Aiyar, Pallavi, 2018-06-09, The oldest recorded Indian in Japan impacts the country's culture even today, en-IN, The Hindu,weblink 2022-09-18, 0971-751X, WEB, The Influence of Sanskrit on the Japanese Sound System â सà¤à¤¸à¥à¤à¥à¤¤à¤¾ वाà¤à¥,weblink 2022-09-18, sites.google.com, 20 September 2014,weblink dead, Official documents of the Empire of Japan were written exclusively with kyÅ«jitai and katakana.Obsolete kana
Variant forms
{{see also|hentaigana}}Katakana have variant forms. For example, (File:Katakana letter Ne 2.svg|20px)(ã) and (File:Katakana letter Wi 2.svg|20px)(ã°).ãå°å¦ç¥åæææ³ããäºåé³å³ã However, katakana's variant forms are fewer than hiragana's ones. Katakana's choices of man'yÅgana segments had stabilized early on and established â with few exceptions â an unambiguous phonemic orthography (one symbol per sound) long before the 1900 script regularization.BOOK, Tranter, Nicolas, The Languages of Japan and Korea,weblink 2012, Routledge, 978-0-415-46287-7, 218,Polysyllabic kana
{{see also|kana ligature}}Yi, Ye and Wu
{{see also|Yi (kana)|Ye (kana)|Wu (kana)}}Stroke order
The following table shows the method for writing each katakana character. It is arranged in a traditional manner, where characters are organized by the sounds that make them up. The numbers and arrows indicate the stroke order and direction, respectively.(File:Table katakana.svg|center)Computer encoding
In addition to fonts intended for Japanese text and Unicode catch-all fonts (like Arial Unicode MS), many fonts intended for Chinese (such as MS Song) and Korean (such as Batang) also include katakana.Hiragana and katakana
{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2009}}In addition to the usual {{nihongo|full-width|å ¨è§|zenkaku}} display forms of characters, katakana has a second form, {{nihongo|half-width|åè§|hankaku}}. The half-width forms were originally associated with the JIS X 0201 encoding. Although their display form is not specified in the standard, in practice they were designed to fit into the same rectangle of pixels as Roman letters to enable easy implementation on the computer equipment of the day. This space is narrower than the square space traditionally occupied by Japanese characters, hence the name "half-width". In this scheme, diacritics (dakuten and handakuten) are separate characters. When originally devised, the half-width katakana were represented by a single byte each, as in JIS X 0201, again in line with the capabilities of contemporary computer technology.In the late 1970s, two-byte character sets such as JIS X 0208 were introduced to support the full range of Japanese characters, including katakana, hiragana and kanji. Their display forms were designed to fit into an approximately square array of pixels, hence the name "full-width". For backward compatibility, separate support for half-width katakana has continued to be available in modern multi-byte encoding schemes such as Unicode, by having two separate blocks of characters â one displayed as usual (full-width) katakana, the other displayed as half-width katakana.Although often said to be obsolete, the half-width katakana are still used in many systems and encodings. For example, the titles of mini discs can only be entered in ASCII or half-width katakana, and half-width katakana are commonly used in computerized cash register displays, on shop receipts, and Japanese digital television and DVD subtitles. Several popular Japanese encodings such as EUC-JP, Unicode and Shift JIS have half-width katakana code as well as full-width. By contrast, ISO-2022-JP has no half-width katakana, and is mainly used over SMTP and NNTP.Unicode
Katakana was added to the Unicode Standard in October, 1991 with the release of version 1.0.The Unicode block for (full-width) katakana is U+30A0âU+30FF.Encoded in this block along with the katakana are the nakaguro word-separation middle dot, the chÅon vowel extender, the katakana iteration marks, and a ligature of ã³ã sometimes used in vertical writing.{{unicode chart Katakana}}Half-width equivalents to the usual full-width katakana also exist in Unicode. These are encoded within the Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms block (U+FF00âU+FFEF) (which also includes full-width forms of Latin characters, for instance), starting at U+FF65 and ending at U+FF9F (characters U+FF61âU+FF64 are half-width punctuation marks). This block also includes the half-width dakuten and handakuten. The full-width versions of these characters are found in the Hiragana block.{{Unicode chart Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms|subset=katakana}}Circled katakana are code points U+32D0âU+32FE in the Enclosed CJK Letters and Months block (U+3200âU+32FF). A circled ã³ (n) is not included.{{Unicode chart Enclosed CJK Letters and Months|subset=katakana}}Extensions to Katakana for phonetic transcription of Ainu and other languages were added to the Unicode standard in March 2002 with the release of version 3.2.The Unicode block for Katakana Phonetic Extensions is U+31F0âU+31FF:{{Unicode chart Katakana Phonetic Extensions}}Historic and variant forms of Japanese kana characters were added to the Unicode standard in October 2010 with the release of version 6.0.The Unicode block for Kana Supplement is U+1B000âU+1B0FF:{{Unicode chart Kana Supplement}}The Unicode block for Small Kana Extension is U+1B130âU+1B16F:{{Unicode chart Small Kana Extension}}The Kana Extended-A Unicode block is U+1B100â1B12F. It contains hentaigana (non-standard hiragana) and historic kana characters.{{Unicode chart Kana Extended-A}}The Kana Extended-B Unicode block is U+1AFF0â1AFFF. It contains kana originally created by Japanese linguists to write Taiwanese Hokkien known as Taiwanese kana.{{Unicode chart Kana Extended-B}}Katakana in other Unicode blocks:- Dakuten and handakuten diacritics are located in the Hiragana block:
- U+3099 COMBINING KATAKANA-HIRAGANA VOICED SOUND MARK (non-spacing dakuten): ã
- U+309A COMBINING KATAKANA-HIRAGANA SEMI-VOICED SOUND MARK (non-spacing handakuten): ã
- U+309B KATAKANA-HIRAGANA VOICED SOUND MARK (spacing dakuten): ã
- U+309C KATAKANA-HIRAGANA SEMI-VOICED SOUND MARK (spacing handakuten): ã
- Two katakana-based emoji are in the Enclosed Ideographic Supplement block:
- U+1F201 SQUARED KATAKANA KOKO ('here' sign): ð
- U+1F202 SQUARED KATAKANA SA ('service' sign): ð
- A katakana-based Japanese TV symbol from the ARIB STD-B24 standard is in the Enclosed Ideographic Supplement block:
- U+1F213 SQUARED KATAKANA DE ('data broadcasting service linked with a main program' symbol): ð
See also
- Japanese phonology
- Hiragana
- Historical kana usage
- RÅmaji
- Gugyeol
- TÅdaiji FujumonkÅ, oldest example of kanji text with katakana annotations
- (:File:Beschrijving van Japan - ABC (cropped).jpg) for the kana as described by Engelbert Kaempfer in 1727
References
{{Reflist}}External links
{{Commons and category}}{{Wiktionary|katakana}}- Katakana study tool
- Katakana Unicode chart
- weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20120119075907weblink">Japanese dictionary with Katakana, Hiragana and Kanji on-screen keyboards
- content above as imported from Wikipedia
- "katakana" does not exist on GetWiki (yet)
- time: 4:02am EDT - Sat, May 18 2024
- "katakana" does not exist on GetWiki (yet)
- time: 4:02am EDT - Sat, May 18 2024
[ this remote article is provided by Wikipedia ]
LATEST EDITS [ see all ]
GETWIKI 23 MAY 2022
The Illusion of Choice
Culture
Culture
GETWIKI 09 JUL 2019
Eastern Philosophy
History of Philosophy
History of Philosophy
GETWIKI 09 MAY 2016
GetMeta:About
GetWiki
GetWiki
GETWIKI 18 OCT 2015
M.R.M. Parrott
Biographies
Biographies
GETWIKI 20 AUG 2014
GetMeta:News
GetWiki
GetWiki
© 2024 M.R.M. PARROTT | ALL RIGHTS RESERVED