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{{short description|Railroad freight car used for transporting loose bulk commodities}}{{use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}{{Lead too long|date=November 2022}}File:Covered hopper car.jpg|thumb|Covered hopper frac sand cars on the BNSF Railway through La Crosse ]]A hopper car (US) or hopper wagon (UIC) is a type of railroad freight car used to transport loose bulk commodities such as coal, ore, grain, and track ballast.WEB,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20100916213706weblink">weblink dead, 16 September 2010, Covered Hopper Railcars, GATX Corporation, 11 September 2012, WEB,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20100916213808weblink">weblink dead, 16 September 2010, Small Cube Open-Top Hoppers and Gondolas, GATX Corporation, 11 September 2012, WEB,weblink Covered Hopper Cars, Chicago Freight Car Leasing Company, 11 September 2012, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20120416165540weblink">weblink 16 April 2012, Two main types of hopper car exist: covered hopper cars, which are equipped with a roof, and open hopper cars, which do not have a roof.This type of car is distinguished from a gondola car in that it has opening doors on the underside or on the sides to discharge its cargo. The development of the hopper car went along with the development of automated handling of such commodities, with automated loading and unloading facilities.Covered hopper cars are used for bulk cargo such as grain, sugar, and fertilizer that must be protected from exposure to the weather. Open hopper cars are used for commodities such as coal, which can suffer exposure with less detrimental effect. Hopper cars have been used by railways worldwide whenever automated cargo handling has been desired. "Ore jennies" is predominantly a term for shorter open hopper cars hauling taconite by the Duluth, Missabe and Iron Range Railway on Minnesota's Iron Range.A rotary car dumper permits the use of simpler and more compact (because sloping ends are not required) gondola cars instead of hoppers. Covered hoppers, though, are still in widespread use.These are known as "Dual-purpose" hoppers, a type of the car referring to coal hopper car with rotary coupler on one end or on both ends. They can be used in both rotary or bottom-dump operations.

Gallery

File:Iron ore hopper (SJ, 1900).JPG|Swedish iron ore hopper (mineral wagon), built in 1900File:Вагон.jpg|Kambarka Engineering Works hopper car to transport track ballast, {{RailGauge|750mm|lk=on}} gaugeFile:BOBRN class Hopper cars Freight rakes at Samalkot Junction 01.jpg|BOBRN class hopper cars freight rakes used by Indian Railways File:Selbstentladewagen-Fccs6450-Mechanik.jpg|Unloading mechanism of a German hopper car

Special hopper trains

The Coke Express, a CSX unit train of hopper cars loaded with coke, with the words "Coke Express" painted on the sides of the hoppers.">

Typical American freight car weights and wheel loads {| class"wikitable"

! colspan=3 | Common net car loads! colspan=2 | Gross car weights! colspan=2 | Wheel loads! Short tons !! Long tons !! Tonnes! Pounds !! Kilograms! Pounds !! Kilograms

80	LT t	disp=table}}	{{convert	lb	disp=table}}	{{convert	lb	disp=table}}

100	LT t	disp=table}}	{{convert	lb	disp=table}}	{{convert	lb	disp=table}}

101	LT t	disp=table}}	{{convert	lb	disp=table}}	{{convert	lb	disp=table}}

111	LT t	disp=table}}	{{convert	lb	disp=table}}	{{convert	lb	disp=table}}

125	LT t	disp=table}}	{{convert	lb	disp=table}}	{{convert	lb	disp=table}}

Increase in wheel loads has important implications for the rail infrastructure needed to accommodate future grain hopper car shipments. The weight of the car is transmitted to the rails and the underlying track structure through these wheel loads. As wheel loads increase, track maintenance expenses increase and the ability of a given rail weight, ballast depth, and tie configuration to handle prolonged rail traffic decreases. Moreover, the ability of a given bridge to handle prolonged rail traffic also decreases as wheel loads increase.WEB,weblink The Economics of Heavy Hopper Cars, Bitzan, John D., Denver D., Tolliver, October 2001, Mountain-Plains.org, Mountain Plains, 2010-08-07,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20110723174647weblink">weblink 23 July 2011, The axle load is twice the wheel load.

Gallery

File:Coke Express.jpg|The Coke Express rolls through a level crossing. Cars display both the CSX logo and the words COKE EXPRESSFile:Hopper cars.jpg|Two-bay hopper cars of the Reading RailroadFile:Pittsburg August 2015 17 (hopper car).jpg|NOKL hopper car at Pittsburg, Texas, in 2015 File:2009-07-05 Hopper car at N&W Durham Yard.jpg|N&W ballast hopper car.

Etymology

The word "hopper", meaning a "container with a narrow opening at bottom", goes back to the thirteenth century,WEB, Online Etymology dictionary,weblink Hopper, and is found in Chaucer's story "The Reeve's Tale" (written late fourteenth century) in reference to a machine for grinding grain into flour.

See also

• CDA wagon
• Gravity wagon, also called a slant wagon
• Hopper barge
• Victorian Railways hopper wagons

References

{{Reflist}}

Further reading

• Bernard Ciry, "Les wagons-trémies à céréales et à bogies", (:fr:Rail Miniature Flash), {{n°|632}}, Paris, Rigel Editions, juin 2018, pages 28-41.

External links

{{Commons category|Hopper railway wagons}}

• weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20060509071410weblink">Union Pacific 7801 – Photos and short history of an example of a typical self-clearing, open-top triple hopper
• weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140327040407weblink">Rail car manufacturing
• weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20111007195551weblink">Guide to Rail Cars

{{Freight cars}}{{Mining equipment}}