GetWiki
distortion (optics)
ARTICLE SUBJECTS
being →
database →
ethics →
fiction →
history →
internet →
language →
linux →
logic →
method →
news →
policy →
purpose →
religion →
science →
software →
truth →
unix →
wiki →
ARTICLE TYPES
essay →
feed →
help →
system →
wiki →
ARTICLE ORIGINS
critical →
forked →
imported →
original →
distortion (optics)
please note:
- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
- it has been imported raw for GetWiki
{{short description|Deviation from rectilinear projection (optics)}}{{hatnote|Not to be confused with spherical aberration, a loss of image sharpness that can result from spherical lens surfaces.}}{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}In geometric optics, distortion is a deviation from rectilinear projection; a projection in which straight lines in a scene remain straight in an image. It is a form of optical aberration.- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
- it has been imported raw for GetWiki
Radial distortion
{{multiple image
| direction = vertical
| width = 100
| footer = Examples of radial distortions
| image1 = Barrel distortion.svg
| alt1 = Barrel distortion
| caption1 = Barrel
| image2 = Pincushion distortion.svg
| alt2 = Pincushion distortion
| caption2 = Pincushion
| image3 = Mustache distortion.svg
| alt3 = Mustache distortion
| caption3 = Mustache
}}Although distortion can be irregular or follow many patterns, the most commonly encountered distortions are radially symmetric, or approximately so, arising from the symmetry of a photographic lens. These radial distortions can usually be classified as either barrel distortions or pincushion distortions.WEB,weblink Distortion, Paul van Walree, Photographic optics, 2 February 2009,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20090129134205weblink">weblink 29 January 2009, dead, {{glossary}}{{term|Barrel distortion}}{{defn|1=In barrel distortion, image magnification decreases with distance from the optical axis. The apparent effect is that of an image which has been mapped around a sphere (or barrel). Fisheye lenses, which take hemispherical views, utilize this type of distortion as a way to map an infinitely wide object plane into a finite image area. In a zoom lens, barrel distortion appears in the middle of the lens's focal length range and is worst at the wide-angle end of the range.WEB,weblink Tamron 18-270mm f/3.5-6.3 Di II VC PZD, 20 March 2013, Concave (minus) spherical lenses tend to have barrel distortion.}}{{term|Pincushion distortion}}{{defn|1=In pincushion distortion, image magnification increases with the distance from the optical axis. The visible effect is that lines that do not go through the centre of the image are bowed inwards, towards the centre of the image, like a pincushion.Convex (plus) spherical lenses tend to have pincushion distortion.}}{{term|Mustache distortion}}{{defn|1=A mixture of both types, sometimes referred to as mustache distortion (moustache distortion) or complex distortion, is less common but not rare. It starts out as barrel distortion close to the image center and gradually turns into pincushion distortion towards the image periphery, making horizontal lines in the top half of the frame look like a handlebar mustache.}}{{glossary end}}Mathematically, barrel and pincushion distortion are quadratic, meaning they increase as the square of distance from the center. In mustache distortion the quartic (degree 4) term is significant: in the center, the degree 2 barrel distortion is dominant, while at the edge the degree 4 distortion in the pincushion direction dominates. Other distortions are in principle possible â pincushion in center and barrel at the edge, or higher order distortions (degree 6, degree 8) â but do not generally occur in practical lenses, and higher order distortions are small relative to the main barrel and pincushion effects.| width = 100
| footer = Examples of radial distortions
| image1 = Barrel distortion.svg
| alt1 = Barrel distortion
| caption1 = Barrel
| image2 = Pincushion distortion.svg
| alt2 = Pincushion distortion
| caption2 = Pincushion
| image3 = Mustache distortion.svg
| alt3 = Mustache distortion
| caption3 = Mustache
Occurrence
(File:globe effect.gif|thumb|Simulated animation of globe effect (right) compared with a simple pan (left))In photography, distortion is particularly associated with zoom lenses, particularly large-range zooms, but may also be found in prime lenses, and depends on focal distance â for example, the Canon EF 50mm {{f/}}1.4 exhibits barrel distortion at extremely short focal distances. Barrel distortion may be found in wide-angle lenses, and is often seen at the wide-angle end of zoom lenses, while pincushion distortion is often seen in older or low-end telephoto lenses. Mustache distortion is observed particularly on the wide end of zooms, with certain retrofocus lenses, and more recently on large-range zooms such as the Nikon 18â200 mm.A certain amount of pincushion distortion is often found with visual optical instruments, e.g., binoculars, where it serves to counteract the globe effect.(File:WA 80 cm archery target.svg|thumb|Radial distortions can be understood by their effect on concentric circles, as in an archery target.)In order to understand these distortions, it should be remembered that these are radial defects; the optical systems in question have rotational symmetry (omitting non-radial defects), so the didactically correct test image would be a set of concentric circles having even separation â like a shooter's target. It will then be observed that these common distortions actually imply a nonlinear radius mapping from the object to the image: What is seemingly pincushion distortion, is actually simply an exaggerated radius mapping for large radii in comparison with small radii. A graph showing radius transformations (from object to image) will be steeper in the upper (rightmost) end. Conversely, barrel distortion is actually a diminished radius mapping for large radii in comparison with small radii. A graph showing radius transformations (from object to image) will be less steep in the upper (rightmost) end.Chromatic aberration
{{Further|Chromatic aberration}}Radial distortion that depends on wavelength is called "lateral chromatic aberration" â "lateral" because radial, "chromatic" because dependent on color (wavelength). This can cause colored fringes in high-contrast areas in the outer parts of the image. This should not be confused with axial (longitudinal) chromatic aberration, which causes aberrations throughout the field, particularly purple fringing.Origin of terms
The names for these distortions come from familiar objects which are visually similar.File:Barrel (PSF).png|In barrel distortion, straight lines bulge outwards at the center, as in a barrel.File:Cushion.jpg|In pincushion distortion, corners of squares form elongated points, as in a cushion.File:Handlebar-moustache.svg|In mustache distortion, horizontal lines bulge up in the center, then bend the other way as they approach the edge of the frame (if in the top of the frame), as in curly handlebar mustaches.Software correction
{{See also|Image rectification|Image stitching#straightening}}(file:ENIAC at Ft. Sill, OK, US, with barrel distortion.jpg|right|thumb|With uncorrected barrel distortion (at 26mm))file:ENIAC, Ft. Sill, OK, US (78).jpg|right|thumb|Barrel distortion corrected with software (this is the ENIACENIACRadial distortion, whilst primarily dominated by low-order radial components,CONFERENCE, de Villiers, J. P., Leuschner, F.W., Geldenhuys, R., Centi-pixel accurate real-time inverse distortion correction, 2008 International Symposium on Optomechatronic Technologies, SPIE, 17â19 November 2008,weblink 10.1117/12.804771, can be corrected using Brown's distortion model,JOURNAL, Brown, Duane C., Decentering distortion of lenses, Photogrammetric Engineering, 32, 3, 444â462, May 1966,weblinkweblink dead, 2018-03-12, also known as the BrownâConrady model based on earlier work by Conrady.JOURNAL, 1919MNRAS..79..384C, Decentred Lens-Systems, Conrady, A. E., Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 79, 5, 384â390, 1919, 10.1093/mnras/79.5.384, free, The BrownâConrady model corrects both for radial distortion and for tangential distortion caused by physical elements in a lens not being perfectly aligned. The latter is also known as decentering distortion. See ZhangTECH REPORT, Zhengyou, Zhang, A Flexible New Technique for Camera Calibration, MSR-TR-98-71, Microsoft Research, 1998,weblink for additional discussion of radial distortion. The Brown-Conrady distortion model isbegin{alignat}{3}x_mathrm{u} = x_mathrm{d} & + (x_mathrm{d} - x_mathrm{c})(K_1r^2 + K_2r^4 + cdots) + (P_1(r^2 + 2(x_mathrm{d} - x_mathrm{c})^2) & + 2P_2(x_mathrm{d} - x_mathrm{c})(y_mathrm{d} - y_mathrm{c}))(1 + P_3r^2 + P_4r^4 cdots) y_mathrm{u} = y_mathrm{d} & + (y_mathrm{d} - y_mathrm{c})(K_1r^2 + K_2r^4 + cdots) + (2P_1(x_mathrm{d} - x_mathrm{c})(y_mathrm{d} - y_mathrm{c}) & + P_2(r^2 + 2(y_mathrm{d} - y_mathrm{c})^2))(1 + P_3r^2 + P_4r^4 cdots),end{alignat}where- (x_mathrm{d}, y_mathrm{d}) is the distorted image point as projected on image plane using specified lens;
- (x_mathrm{u}, y_mathrm{u}) is the undistorted image point as projected by an ideal pinhole camera;
- (x_mathrm{c}, y_mathrm{c}) is the distortion center;
- K_n is the n^{mathrm{th}} radial distortion coefficient;
- P_n is the n^{mathrm{th}} tangential distortion coefficient; and
- r = sqrt{(x_mathrm{d}-x_mathrm{c})^2 + (y_mathrm{d}-y_mathrm{c})^2}, the Euclidean distance between the distorted image point and the distortion center.
- r_u = sqrt{(x_mathrm{u}-x_mathrm{c})^2 + (y_mathrm{u}-y_mathrm{c})^2}, the Euclidean distance between the undistorted image point and the undistortion/distortion center.
Calibrated
Calibrated systems work from a table of lens/camera transfer functions:- Adobe Photoshop Lightroom and Photoshop CS5 can correct complex distortion.
- PTlens is a Photoshop plugin or standalone application which corrects complex distortion. It not only corrects for linear distortion, but also second degree and higher nonlinear components.WEB,weblink PTlens, 2 January 2012,
- Lensfun is a free to use database and library for correcting lens distortion.WEB,weblink Lensfun, 16 April 2022, WEB,weblinkweblink" title="archive.today/20131013142525weblink">weblink dead, 13 October 2013, lensfun â Rev 246 â /trunk/README, 13 October 2013,
- OpenCV is an open-source BSD-licensed library for computer vision (multi-language, multi-OS). It features a module for camera calibration.WEB, OpenCV,weblink opencv.org/, 22 January 2018,
- DxO's PhotoLab software can correct complex distortion, and takes into account the focus distance.
- proDAD Defishr includes an Unwarp-tool and a Calibrator-tool. Due to the distortion of a checkerboard pattern, the necessary unwrap is calculated.
- The Micro Four Thirds system cameras and lenses perform automatic distortion correction using correction parameters that are stored in each lens's firmware, and are applied automatically by the camera and raw converter software. The optics of most of these lenses feature substantially more distortion than their counterparts in systems that do not offer such automatic corrections, but the software-corrected final images show noticeably less distortion than competing designs.WEB, Wiley, Carlisle,weblink Articles: Digital Photography Review, Dpreview.com, 2013-07-03, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20120707100436weblink">weblink 7 July 2012,
Manual
Manual systems allow manual adjustment of distortion parameters:- ImageMagick can correct several distortions; for example the fisheye distortion of the popular GoPro Hero3+ Silver camera can be corrected by the commandWEB,weblink ImageMagick v6 Examples -- Lens Corrections,
convert distorted_image.jpg -distort barrel "0.06335 -0.18432 -0.13009" corrected_image.jpg
- Photoshop CS2 and Photoshop Elements (from version 5) include a manual Lens Correction filter for simple (pincushion/barrel) distortion
- Corel Paint Shop Pro Photo includes a manual Lens Distortion effect for simple (barrel, fisheye, fisheye spherical and pincushion) distortion.
- GIMP includes manual lens distortion correction (from version 2.4).
- PhotoPerfect has interactive functions for general pincushion adjustment, and for fringe (adjusting the size of the red, green and blue image parts).
- Hugin can be used to correct distortion, though that is not its primary application.WEB, Hugin tutorial â Simulating an architectural projection,weblink 9 September 2009,
- FFMPEG using the "lenscorrection" video filter.WEB,weblink FFmpeg Filters Documentation,
- Blender by using the node editor to insert a "Distort/Lens Distortion" node between the input and output nodes.
Related phenomena
Radial distortion is a failure of a lens to be rectilinear: a failure to image lines into lines. If a photograph is not taken straight-on then, even with a perfect rectilinear lens, rectangles will appear as trapezoids: lines are imaged as lines, but the angles between them are not preserved (tilt is not a conformal map). This effect can be controlled by using a perspective control lens, or corrected in post-processing.Due to perspective, cameras image a cube as a square frustum (a truncated pyramid, with trapezoidal sides) â the far end is smaller than the near end. This creates perspective, and the rate at which this scaling happens (how quickly more distant objects shrink) creates a sense of a scene being deep or shallow. This cannot be changed or corrected by a simple transform of the resulting image, because it requires 3D information, namely the depth of objects in the scene. This effect is known as perspective distortion; the image itself is not distorted, but is perceived as distorted when viewed from a normal viewing distance.Note that if the center of the image is closer than the edges (for example, a straight-on shot of a face), then barrel distortion and wide-angle distortion (taking the shot from close) both increase the size of the center, while pincushion distortion and telephoto distortion (taking the shot from far) both decrease the size of the center. However, radial distortion bends straight lines (out or in), while perspective distortion does not bend lines, and these are distinct phenomena. Fisheye lenses are wide-angle lenses with heavy barrel distortion and thus exhibit both these phenomena, so objects in the center of the image (if shot from a short distance) are particularly enlarged: even if the barrel distortion is corrected, the resulting image is still from a wide-angle lens, and will still have a wide-angle perspective.See also
- Anamorphosis
- Angle of view
- Cylindrical perspective
- Distortion
- Texture gradient
- Underwater vision
- Vignetting
References
External links
{{Commons category}}- Lens distortion estimation and correction with source code and online demonstration
- 3D modeling Lens distortion and camera field of view in CCTV design
- content above as imported from Wikipedia
- "distortion (optics)" does not exist on GetWiki (yet)
- time: 5:07am EDT - Sat, May 18 2024
- "distortion (optics)" does not exist on GetWiki (yet)
- time: 5:07am EDT - Sat, May 18 2024
[ this remote article is provided by Wikipedia ]
LATEST EDITS [ see all ]
GETWIKI 23 MAY 2022
The Illusion of Choice
Culture
Culture
GETWIKI 09 JUL 2019
Eastern Philosophy
History of Philosophy
History of Philosophy
GETWIKI 09 MAY 2016
GetMeta:About
GetWiki
GetWiki
GETWIKI 18 OCT 2015
M.R.M. Parrott
Biographies
Biographies
GETWIKI 20 AUG 2014
GetMeta:News
GetWiki
GetWiki
© 2024 M.R.M. PARROTT | ALL RIGHTS RESERVED