GetWiki

{{short description|Hollow cylindrical container}}{{about|the container|use as a unit of measurement|Barrel (unit)|the gun part|Gun barrel|other uses}}{{Redirect|Cask}}(File:Oak-wine-barrel-at-toneleria-nacional-chile.jpg|thumb|Traditional oak barrels made by Chilean cooperage Tonelería Nacional)File:Castle Rock Brewery - Nottingham - England - 2004-11-04.jpg|thumb|Modern stainless steel casks and kegs outside the Castle Rock microbrewery in Nottingham, EnglandEnglandFile:MESAP 2015. - bačva.jpg|thumb|Wooden wine barrel at an exhibition in CroatiaCroatiaA barrel or cask is a hollow cylindrical container with a bulging center, longer than it is wide.{{OED|barrel|id=15730}}{{OED|cask|id=28447}} They are traditionally made of wooden staves and bound by wooden or metal hoops. The word vat is often used for large containers for liquids, usually alcoholic beverages;{{OED|vat|id=221698}} a small barrel or cask is known as a keg.{{OED|keg|id=102804}}Barrels have a variety of uses, including storage of liquids such as water, oil, and alcohol. They are also employed to hold maturing beverages such as wine, cognac, armagnac, sherry, port, whiskey, beer, arrack, and sake. Other commodities once stored in wooden casks include gunpowder, meat, fish, paint, honey, nails, and tallow. Modern wooden barrels for wine-making are made of French common oak (Quercus robur), white oak (Quercus petraea), American white oak (Quercus alba), more exotic is mizunara oak (Quercus crispula),JOURNAL, Terebelo, Binyomin, 2022-01-01, Oak Used To Create Casks For Aging Spirits Such As Made At Terebelo Distillery,weblink Terebelo, and recently Oregon oak (Quercus garryana) has been used.WEB, Vierra, George, Barrel Flavors from Oak,weblink Someone who makes traditional wooden barrels is called a cooper. Today, barrels and casks can also be made of aluminum, stainless steel, and different types of plastic, such as HDPE.Early casks were bound with wooden hoops and in the 19th century these were gradually replaced by metal hoops that were stronger, more durable and took up less space.Barrel has also been used as a standard size of measure, referring to a set capacity or weight of a given commodity. For example, in the UK and Ireland, a barrel of beer refers to a quantity of {{convert|36|impgal|L USgal}}, and is distinguished from other unit measurements, such as firkins, hogsheads, and kilderkins.WEB, Guinness Collectors Club, The Guinness Coopers,weblink 13 January 2024, Wine was shipped in barrels of {{convert|119|L|USgal impgal}}. A barrel of oil, defined as {{convert|42|USgal|impgal L}}, is still used as a measure of volume for oil, although oil is no longer shipped in barrels. The barrel has also come into use as a generic term for a wooden cask of any size.

History

An Egyptian wall-painting in the tomb of Hesy-Ra, dating to 2600 BC, shows a wooden tub made of staves, bound together with wooden hoops, and used to measure wheat.BOOK, Kilby, K., The Cooper and His Trade, Linden Publishing Company, 1989, 978-0-941936-16-3,weblink 91, Another Egyptian tomb painting dating to 1900 BC shows a cooper and tubs made of staves in use at the grape harvest.JOURNAL,weblink 10.1002/pts.696, The cask age: The technology and history of wooden barrels, 2005, Twede, Diana, Packaging Technology and Science, 18, 5, 253–264, 110088268, Palm-wood casks were also reported in use in ancient Babylon. In Europe, buckets and casks dating to 200 BC have been found preserved in the mud of lake villages.Kilby, p. 93. A lake village near Glastonbury dating to the late Iron Age has yielded one complete tub and a number of wooden staves.The Roman historian Pliny the Elder reports that cooperage in Europe originated with the Gauls in Alpine villages where they stored their beverages in wooden casks bound with hoops.Pliny the Elder, The Natural History, Book XIV, Chap. 27, translated by John Bostock, H.T. Riley, Ed. Pliny identified three different types of coopers: ordinary coopers, wine coopers and coopers who made large casks.Kilby, p. 96. Large casks contain more and bigger staves and are correspondingly more difficulty to assemble. Roman coopers tended to be independent tradesmen, passing their skills on to their sons. The Greek geographer Strabo records that wooden pithoi (barrels) were lined with pitch to stop leakage and preserve the wine.Kilby, p. 98.Barrels were sometimes used for military purposes. Julius Caesar used catapults to hurl burning barrels of tar into towns under siege to start fires.Kilby, p. 99. The Romans also used empty barrels to make pontoon bridges to cross rivers.File:Gestapelde tonnen Zeesluisweg (links) hoek Schokkerweg bij reder Vrolijk te Scheveningen Den Haag.jpg|thumb|Pyramidal pile of herring barrels in 1940}}Empty casks were used to line the walls of shallow wells from at least Roman times. Such casks were found in 1897 during archaeological excavation in Britain of Roman Silchester. They were made of Pyrenean silver fir and the staves were {{cvt|38|mm}} thick and featured grooves where the heads fitted. They had Roman numerals scratched on the surface of each stave to help with reassembly.In Anglo-Saxon Britain, wooden barrels were used to store ale, butter, honey and mead. Drinking containers were also made from small staves of oak, yew or pine. These items required considerable craftsmanship to hold liquids and might be bound with finely worked precious metals. They were highly valued items and were sometimes buried with the dead as grave goods.Kilby, p. 102.

Uses today

Beverage maturing

{{uncited section|date=February 2024}}(File:Lightmatter wine barrels.jpg|thumb|Wine barrels in Napa Valley, California, US)File:Epernay fass mercier side view.jpg|thumb|This Mercier oak barrel with a capacity of 200,000 Champagne bottles was created for the 1889 world exposition in Paris.]](File:Saka-daru,Sake barrels,Itako-city,Japan.jpg|thumb|right|160px|Opened Japanese Sake barrel for move.)An "ageing barrel" is used to age wine; distilled spirits such as whiskey, brandy, or rum; beer; tabasco sauce; or (in smaller sizes) traditional balsamic vinegar. When a wine or spirit ages in a barrel, small amounts of oxygen are introduced as the barrel lets some air in (compare to microoxygenation where oxygen is deliberately added). Oxygen enters a barrel when water or alcohol is lost due to evaporation, a portion known as the "angels' share". In an environment with 100% relative humidity, very little water evaporates and so most of the loss is alcohol, a useful trick if one has a wine with very high proof. Most beverages are topped up from other barrels to prevent significant oxidation, although others such as vin jaune and sherry are not.Beverages aged in wooden barrels take on some of the compounds in the barrel, such as vanillin and wood tannins. The presence of these compounds depends on many factors, including the place of origin, how the staves were cut and dried, and the degree of "toast" applied during manufacture. Barrels used for aging are typically made of French or American oak, but chestnut and redwood are also used. Some Asian beverages (e.g., Japanese sake) use Japanese cedar, which imparts an unusual, minty-piney flavor. In Peru and Chile, a grape distillate named pisco is either aged in oak or in earthenware.

Wines

Some wines are fermented "on barrel", as opposed to in a neutral container like steel or wine-grade HDPE (high-density polyethylene) tanks. Wine can also be fermented in large wooden tanks, which—when open to the atmosphere—are called "open-tops". Other wooden cooperage for storing wine or spirits range from smaller barriques to huge casks, with either elliptical or round heads.The tastes yielded by French and American species of oak are slightly different, with French oak being subtler, while American oak gives stronger aromas.Oak Barrels: French vs. American {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070602161329weblink |date=2007-06-02}}. To retain the desired measure of oak influence, a winery will replace a certain percentage of its barrels every year, although this can vary from 5 to 100%. Some winemakers use "200% new oak", where the wine is put into new oak barrels twice during the aging process. Bulk wines are sometimes more cheaply flavored by soaking in oak chips or added commercial oak flavoring instead of being aged in a barrel because of the much lower cost.

Sherry

File:FLOR-ValdiviaJerez59.jpg|thumb|Sherry barrel made with glass barrel head to show the layer of florflorSherry is stored in {{convert|600|L|adj=on}} casks made of North American oak, which is slightly more porous than French or Spanish oak. The casks, or butts, are filled five-sixths full, leaving "the space of two fists" empty at the top to allow flor to develop on top of the wine. Sherry is also commonly swapped between barrels of different ages, a process that is known as solera.

Spirits

Whiskey

File:Beam Rack House.jpg|thumb|Charred white oak barrels are filled with new bourbon whiskey and resting in a rack house for a period of typically 4 to 9 years (for good-quality bourbon), with the char giving the bourbon its characteristic copper color.]]Laws in several jurisdictions require that whiskey be aged in wooden barrels. The law in the United States requires that "straight whiskey" (with the exception of corn whiskey) must be stored for at least two years in new, charred oak containers.WEB,weblink 27 C.F.R. sec 5.22(b)(1)(i), Ecfr.GPOAccess.gov, 2010-08-05, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20120817003820weblink">weblink 2012-08-17, Other forms of whiskey aged in used barrels cannot be called "straight".International laws require any whisky bearing the label "Scotch" to be distilled and matured in Scotland for a minimum of three years and one day in oak casks.WEB,weblink ASIL Insight: WTO Protections for Food Geographic Indications, 2007-08-25,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20070814193958weblink">weblink 14 August 2007, live, By Canadian law,weblink" title="archive.today/20120709161352weblink">"Canadian Food and Drug Regulations (C.R.C., c. 870) – Canadian Whisky, Canadian Rye Whisky or Rye Whisky (B.02.020)". Accessed on December 15, 2010. Canadian whiskies must "be aged in small wood for not less than three years", and "small wood" is defined as a wood barrel not exceeding {{convert|700|L}} capacity.Since the U.S. law requires the use of new barrels for several popular types of whiskey, which is not typically considered necessary elsewhere, whiskey made elsewhere is usually aged in used barrels that previously contained American whiskey (usually bourbon whiskey). The typical bourbon barrel is {{convert|53|usgal}} in size, which is thus the de facto standard whiskey barrel size worldwide.WEB,weblink Seen Through a Glass, Lew Bryson, lewbryson.blogspot.com, 22 December 2008, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150103020738weblink">weblink 2015-01-03, WEB,weblink Barrels, iscbarrels.com, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150103020446weblink">weblink 2015-01-03, Some distillers transfer their whiskey into different barrels to "finish" or add qualities to the final product. These finishing barrels frequently aged a different spirit (such as rum) or wine. Other distillers, particularly those producing Scotch, often disassemble five used bourbon barrels and reassemble them into four casks with different barrel ends for aging Scotch, creating a type of cask referred to as a hogshead."Casks (barrels, butts, punchons, pipes, barriques, and hogsheads)", Difford's Guide {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222134205weblink |date=2015-12-22}}. Accessed on December 17, 2015.

Brandy

Maturing is very important for a good brandy, which is typically aged in oak casks. The wood used for those barrels is selected because of its ability to transfer certain aromas to the spirit. Cognac is aged only in oak casks made from wood from the Forest of Tronçais and more often from the Limousin forests.

Tequila

Some types of tequila are aged in oak barrels to mellow its flavor. "Reposado" tequila is aged for a period of two months to one year, "Añejo" tequila is aged for up to three years, and "Extra Añejo" tequila is aged for at least three years. Like with other spirits, longer aging results in a more pronounced flavor.

Beer

{{See also|Barrel-aged beer}}File:Schaenke im Schottenhammel Faesser Zapfzeug.JPG|thumb|Beer barrels at the Munich OktoberfestOktoberfestBeers are sometimes aged in barrels which were previously used for maturing wines or spirits. This is most common in darker beers such as stout, which is sometimes aged in oak barrels identical to those used for whiskey. Whisky distiller Jameson notably purchases barrels used by Franciscan Well brewery for their Shandon Stout to produce a whisky branded as "Jameson Caskmates". Cask ale is aged in the barrel (usually steel) for a short time before serving. Extensive barrel aging is required of many sour beers.

Condiments

Balsamic vinegar

Traditional balsamic vinegar is aged in a series of wooden barrels.

Tabasco sauce

The pepper mash used to make Tabasco sauce is aged for three years in previously used oak whiskey barrels since its invention in 1868.WEB, Tabasco Sauce History and Lore,weblink 2023-06-14, The Spruce Eats, en, WEB, thùng gỗ sồi,weblink 14 June 2023,

Soft drinks

Vernors ginger ale is marketed as having a "barrel-aged" flavor, and the syrup used to produce the beverage was originally aged in oak barrels when first manufactured in the 19th century.WEB, López-Alt, J. Kenji, Soda: The Dubious History (and Great Flavor) of Vernors Ginger Ale,weblink Serious Eats, 3 April 2017, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20170105073113weblink">weblink 5 January 2017, Whether the syrup continues to be aged in oak is unclear.{{anchor|AngelsShare|Angels|Share}}

Angels' share

{{redirect|Angels' Share|the film|The Angels' Share}}File:Sherry cellar, Solera system 2, 2003.jpg|thumb|The angels' share in the sherrysherryFile:Baudoinia compniacensis on Sycamore and fungus free bark.JPG|thumb|The angels' share fungus, Baudoinia compniacensisBaudoinia compniacensis"Angels' share" is a term for the portion (share) of a wine or distilled spirit's volume that is lost to evaporation during aging in oak barrels. The ambient humidity tends to affect the composition of this share. Drier conditions tend to make the barrels evaporate more water, strengthening the spirit. However, in higher humidities, more alcohol than water will evaporate, therefore reducing the alcoholic strength of the product. This alcoholic evaporate encourages the growth of a darkly colored fungus, the angels' share fungus, Baudoinia compniacensis, which tends to appear on the exterior surfaces of most things in the immediate area.JOURNAL, Dixon, B., The mystery of the warehouse stains (Animacules), Microbe, March 2009, 4, 3, 104–105,weblink live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20160303201547weblink">weblink 2016-03-03, WEB,weblink Whiskey Aging Warehouses and the Effects to Surrounding Residential Neighborhoods in Louisville, Ky., September 4, 2012, Hannah, Byland, Louisville, Kentucky, Louisville, Kentucky government, July 30, 2014, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20130510043831weblink">weblink May 10, 2013,

Water storage

Water barrels are often used to collect the rainwater from dwellings (so that it may be used for irrigation or other purposes). This usage, known as rainwater harvesting, requires (besides a large rainwater barrel or water butt) adequate (waterproof) roof-covering and an adequate rain pipe.

Oil storage

(File:Drum (container).jpg|thumb|upright|Blue 55-US gallon (44 imp gal, 200 L) barrel (drum))Wooden casks of various sizes were used to store whale oil on ships in the age of sail. Its viscous nature made sperm whale oil a particularly difficult substance to contain in staved containers. Oil coopers were probably the most skilled coopers in pre-industrial cooperage. Olive oil, seed oils and other organic oils were also placed in wooden casks for storage or transport.Wooden casks were also used to store mineral oil. The standard size barrel of crude oil or other petroleum product (abbreviated bbl) is {{convert|42|USgal|impgal L|1|lk=on}}. This measurement originated in the early Pennsylvania oil fields, and permitted both British and American merchants to refer to the same unit, based on the old English wine measure, the tierce.Earlier, another size of whiskey barrel was the most common size; this was the {{convert|40|USgal|impgal L|1}} barrel for proof spirits, which was of the same volume as five US bushels. However, by 1866, the oil barrel was standardized at 42 US gallons.Oil has not been shipped in barrelsWEB,weblink Does oil come in barrels?, Slate Magazine, Slate, 24 March 2005, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20050905204234weblink">weblink 2005-09-05, since the introduction of oil tankers, but the 42 US gallon size is still used as a unit of measurement for pricing and tax and regulatory codes. Each barrel is refined into about {{convert|20|USgal|impgal L}} of gasoline,WEB,weblink Frequently Asked Questions, doe.gov, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20081104211502weblink">weblink 2008-11-04, 2008-11-05, the rest becoming other products such as jet fuel and heating oil, using fractional distillation.WEB,weblink What's In A Barrel of Oil?, 19 July 2005, ca.gov, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20090430075200weblink">weblink 30 April 2009,

Barrel shape, construction and parts

{{also|Cooper (profession)#Construction process}}{|

thumb		thumb|Shaping barrel staves)

(File:Unfertiges Fass 9105.jpg|thumb|right|A half-completed beer barrel; in wine barrel cooperage this set-up is called "mise en rose")Barrels have a convex shape and bulge at their center, called bilge. This facilitates rolling a well-built wooden barrel on its side and allows the roller to change directions with little friction, compared to a cylinder. It also helps to distribute stress evenly in the material by making the container more curved{{Citation needed|date=October 2009}}. Barrels have reinforced edges to enable safe displacement by rolling them at an angle (in addition to rolling on their sides as described).{{cn|date=January 2024}} Casks used for ale or beer have shives and keystones in their openings. Before serving the beer, a spile is hammered into the shive and a tap into the keystone.{{cn|date=January 2024}} The wooden parts that make up a barrel are called staves, the top and bottom are both called heads or headers, and the rings that hold the staves together are called hoops. These are usually made of galvanized iron, though historically they were made of flexible bits of wood called withies. While wooden hoops could require barrels to be "fully hooped", with hoops stacked tightly together along the entire top and bottom third of a barrel, iron-hooped barrels only require a few hoops on each end.BOOK, Keenan, D., Ireland 1603-1702, Society and History, Xlibris, 2013, 978-1-4797-7919-2,weblink {{page needed|date=January 2024}}Wine barrels typically come in two hoop configurations. An American barrel features six hoops, from top to center: head- or chime hoop, quarter hoop and bilge hoop (times two), while a French barrel features eight, including a so-called French hoop, located between the quarter- and bilge hoops (see "wine barrel parts" illustration).{{cn|date=January 2024}} The opening at the center of a barrel is called a bung hole and the stopper used to seal it is a bung. The latter is generally made of white silicone.{{cn|date=January 2024}}

Sizes

A barrel is one of several units of volume, with dry barrels, fluid barrels (UK beer barrel, US beer barrel), oil barrel, etc. The volume of some barrel units is double others, with various volumes in the range of about {{convert|100|–|200|L}}.

English wine casks

{{English wine casks}}Pre-1824 definitions continued to be used in the US, the wine gallon of 231 cubic inches being the standard gallon for liquids (the corn gallon of 268.8 cubic inches for solids). In Britain, the wine gallon was replaced by the imperial gallon.The tierce later became the petrol barrel.The tun was originally 256 gallons, which explains from where the quarter, 8 bushels or 64 (wine) gallons, comes.

Brewery casks

{{English brewery casks}}Although it is common to refer to draught beer containers of any size as barrels, in the UK this is strictly correct only if the container holds 36 imperial gallons. The terms "keg" and "cask" refer to containers of any size, the distinction being that kegs are used for beers intended to be served using external gas cylinders. Cask ales undergo part of their fermentation process in their containers, called casks.Casks are available in several sizes, and it is common to refer to "a firkin" or "a kil" (kilderkin) instead of a cask.The modern US beer barrel is {{convert|31|USgal|L|5}}, half a gallon less than the traditional wine barrel. (26 U.S.C. §5051WEB,weblink 27 CFR 25.11 - Meaning of terms., cornell.edu, live,weblink 2017-07-09, )

Dry goods

Barrels are also used as a unit of measurement for dry goods (dry groceries), such as flour or produce. Traditionally, a barrel is {{convert|196|lb}} of flour (wheat or rye), with other substances such as pork subject to more local variation. In modern times, produce barrels for all dry goods, excepting cranberries, contain 7,056 cubic inches, about 115.627 L.WEB,weblink How big is the U.S. dry goods barrel?, sizes.com, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20120926105649weblink">weblink 2012-09-26, In the northeastern United States, nails, bolts, and plumbing fittings were commonly shipped in small rough barrels. These were small, 18 inches high by about 10–12 inches in diameter. The wood was the quality of pallet lumber. The binding was sometimes by wire or metal hoops or both. This practice seems to have been prevalent up till the 1980s. Older hardware stores probably still have some of these barrels.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}}

See also

{{Div col|colwidth=50em}}

• Bankruptcy barrel
• Barrel racing
• Barrel (unit)
• Cask ale
• Cooper (profession)
• Drum (container)
• Drum handler
• Drunkard's cloak
• hogshead
• Storage tank
• tierce
• Wine barrel

{{div col end}}

References

{{Reflist|30em}}

External links

{{Commons category|Barrels}}{{Wiktionary|barrel|cask}}

• EB1911, Barrel,

{{Packaging}}{{Authority control}}

- content above as imported from Wikipedia
- "barrel" does not exist on GetWiki (yet)
- time: 8:46am EDT - Thu, Apr 25 2024