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{{Redirect-distinguish|Χ|X|×}}{{Dist|Xi (letter)}}{{Short description|Twenty-second letter of the Greek alphabet}}{{Greek Alphabet|letter=chi}}Chi ({{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-chi.ogg|’|k|aɪ|,_|“|x|i:}};BOOK, The Chambers Dictionary, Chambers, 2003, 0-550-10105-5, 9th, chi, {{OED|chi}} uppercase Χ, lowercase χ; ) is the twenty-second letter of the Greek alphabet.

Greek

File:NAMA Alphabet grec.jpg|thumb|The Greek alphabet on a black figureblack figure

Pronunciation

Ancient Greek

Its value in Ancient Greek was an aspirated velar stop {{IPA|/kÊ°/}} (in the Western Greek alphabet: /ks/).

Koine Greek

In Koine Greek and later dialects it became a fricative ({{IPA|[x]}}/{{IPA|[ç]}}) along with Θ and Φ.

Modern Greek

In Modern Greek, it has two distinct pronunciations: In front of high or front vowels ({{IPA|/e/}} or {{IPA|/i/}}) it is pronounced as a voiceless palatal fricative {{IPA|[ç]}}, as in German ich or like some pronunciations of “h” in English words like hew and human. In front of low or back vowels ({{IPA|/a/}}, {{IPA|/o/}} or {{IPA|/u/}}) and consonants, it is pronounced as a voiceless velar fricative ({{IPA|[x]}}), as in German ach or Spanish j. This distinction corresponds to the ich-Laut and ach-Laut of German.

Transliteration

Chi is romanized as {{angle bracket|ch}} in most systematic transliteration conventions, but sometimes {{angle bracket|kh}} is used.Encyclopædia Britannica In addition, in Modern Greek, it is often also romanized as {{angle bracket|h}} or {{angle bracket|x}} in informal practice.

Greek numeral

In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 600.

Xi

In ancient times, some local forms of the Greek alphabet used the chi instead of xi to represent the /ks/ sound. This was borrowed into the early Latin language, which led to the use of the letter X for the same sound in Latin, and many modern languages that use the Latin alphabet.

Cyrillic

Chi was also included in the Cyrillic script as the letter Х, with the phonetic value /x/ or /h/.

International Phonetic Alphabet

In the International Phonetic Alphabet, {{angbr IPA|ê­“}} represents a voiceless uvular fricative.

Chiasmus

Chi is the basis for the name literary chiastic structure and the name of chiasmus.

Symbolism

In Plato’s Timaeus, it is explained that the two bands that form the soul of the world cross each other like the letter Χ. Plato’s analogy, along with several other examples of chi as a symbol occur in Thomas Browne’s discourse The Garden of Cyrus (1658).Chi or X is often used to abbreviate the name Christ, as in the holiday Christmas (Xmas). When fused within a single typeface with the Greek letter rho, it is called the Chi Rho and used to represent the person of Jesus Christ.

Character encodings

Greek chi

{{charmap

name1=Greek Capital Letter Chi

name2=Greek Small Letter Chi

name3=Modifier Letter Small Chi

name4=Greek Subscript Small Letter Chi

name5=Chi Rho

map2char1=94|map2char2=AD

map3char1=D2|map3char2=F3

map4char1=D6|map4char2=F6

TeX>ref1char2=chi}}Unicode Code Charts: Greek and Coptic (Range: 0370-03FF) Coptic khi {{charmap

name1=Coptic Capital Letter Khi

name2=Coptic Small Letter Khi

name3=Coptic Symbol Khi Rho}} Latin chi {{charmap

name1=Latin Capital Letter Chi

name2=Latin Small Letter Chi

name3=Latin Small Letter ChiWith Low Right Ring

name4=Latin Small Letter ChiWith Low Left Serif}} Mathematical chi {{charmap

name1=Mathematical BoldCapital Chi

name2=Mathematical BoldSmall Chi

name3=Mathematical ItalicCapital Chi

name4=Mathematical ItalicSmall Chi

name5=Mathematical Bold ItalicCapital Chi

name6=Mathematical Bold ItalicSmall Chi}}{{charmap

name1=Mathematical Sans-SerifBold Capital Chi

name2=Mathematical Sans-SerifBold Small Chi

name3=Mathematical Sans-SerifBold Italic Capital Chi

name4=Mathematical Sans-SerifBold Italic Small Chi}}These characters are used only as mathematical symbols. Stylized Greek text should be encoded using the normal Greek letters, with markup and formatting to indicate text style. Math and science In statistics, the term chi-squared or chi^2 has various uses, including the chi-squared distribution, the chi-squared test, and chi-squared target models.In algebraic topology, Chi is used to represent the Euler characteristic of a surface.In neuroanatomy, crossings of peripheral nerves (such as the optic chiasm) are named for the letter Chi because of its Χ-shape.BOOK, The Human Brain, Asimov, Isaac, Isaac Asimov, 1963, Houghton Mifflin, Boston, In chemistry, the mole fractionBOOK, Zumdahl, Steven S., Chemistry,archive.org/details/chemistrythediti00zumd, limited, 2008, Cengage Learning, 978-0547125329, 8th, 201, BOOK, James N., Spencer, George M., Bodner, Lyman H., Rickard, Chemistry: structure and dynamics,archive.org/details/chemistrystructu00spen_759, limited, 2010, Wiley, Hoboken, NJ, 9780470587119, 5th, 357, and electronegativity{{GoldBookRef|file=E01990|title=Electronegativity}} may be denoted by the lowercase chi.In physics, chi denotes electric or magnetic susceptibility.In rhetoric, both chiastic structure (a literary device) and the figure of speech Chiasmus derive from their names from the shape of the letter Chi.In mechanical engineering, chi is used as a symbol for the reduction factor of relevant buckling loads in the EN 1993, a European Standard for the design of steel structures.In graph theory, a lowercase chi is used to represent a graph’s chromatic number.In analytic number theory, chi is used for the Dirichlet character. See also {{Wiktionary|Χ|χ}} Chi (disambiguation) Ð¥, Ñ… - Kha (Cyrillic) References