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{{Short description|Barium sulfate mineral}}

factoids

| molweight =| strunz = 7.AD.35| dana = 28.03.01.01| system = Orthorhombic| class = Dipyramidal (mmm)H-M symbol: (2/m 2/m 2/m)| symmetry = Pnma| unit cell = a = 8.884(2) Ã…,b = 5.457(3) Ã…,c = 7.157(2) Ã…; Z = 4| color = Colorless, white, light shades of blue, yellow, grey, brown| habit = Tabular parallel to base, fibrous, nodular to massive| twinning =| cleavage = Perfect cleavage parallel to base and prism faces: {001} Perfect, {210} Perfect, {010} Imperfect| fracture = Irregular/uneven| tenacity = Brittle| mohs = 3–3.5| luster = Vitreous, pearly| refractive = nα = 1.634–1.637nβ = 1.636–1.638nγ = 1.646–1.648| opticalprop = biaxial positive| birefringence =0.012| pleochroism =| streak = White| gravity = 4.3–5YEAR=2000 JOURNAL=REVIEWS IN MINERALOGY ISSUE= 1 ISBN=0-939950-52-9 LOCATION= WASHINGTON, DCBIBCODE= 2000RVMG...40..193H, | melt =| fusibility = 4, yellowish green barium flame| diagnostic = white color, high specific gravity, characteristic cleavage and crystals| solubility = low| diaphaneity = transparent to opaque| other =AUTHOR1-LINK=JAMES DWIGHT DANA FIRST2= WILLIAM EBENEZER YEAR= 1915 URL= HTTPS://ARCHIVE.ORG/DETAILS/DANASMANUALMINE00FORDGOOG PAGES=299–300, Barite at MindatWebmineral data for bariteBaryte, Handbook of Mineralogy}}Baryte, barite or barytes ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|ær|aɪ|t|,_|ˈ|b|ɛər|-}}DICTIONARY,www.lexico.com/definition/baryte,web.archive.org/web/20200308133037/https://www.lexico.com/definition/baryte, dead, March 8, 2020, baryte, Lexico UK English Dictionary, Oxford University Press, or {{IPAc-en|b|É™|ˈ|r|aɪ|t|i:|z}}{{MW|barytes}}) is a mineral consisting of barium sulfate (BaSO4). Baryte is generally white or colorless, and is the main source of the element barium. The baryte group consists of baryte, celestine (strontium sulfate), anglesite (lead sulfate), and anhydrite (calcium sulfate). Baryte and celestine form a solid solution {{Chem2|(Ba,Sr)SO4}}.

Names and history

(File:Barite-unit-cell-3D-balls.png|thumb|left|The unit cell of baryte)The radiating form, sometimes referred to as Bologna Stone,BOOK, Jackson, Julia A., Glossary of geology., 1997, American Geological Institute, Alexandria, Virginia, 0922152349, Fourth, Bologna stone, attained some notoriety among alchemists for specimens found in the 17th century near Bologna by Vincenzo Casciarolo. These became phosphorescent upon being calcined.History of the Bologna stone {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061202172123www.isbc.unibo.it/Files/10_SE_BoStone.htm |date=2006-12-02}}JOURNAL, Lastusaari, Mika, Laamanen, Taneli, Malkamäki, Marja, Eskola, Kari O., Kotlov, Aleksei, Carlson, Stefan, Welter, Edmund, Brito, Hermi F., Bettinelli, Marco, Jungner, Högne, Hölsä, Jorma, The Bologna Stone: history’s first persistent luminescent material, European Journal of Mineralogy, 26 September 2012, 24, 5, 885–890, 10.1127/0935-1221/2012/0024-2224, 2012EJMin..24..885L, 97905966,gfzpublic.gfz-potsdam.de/pubman/item/item_27238_1/component/file_27236/Lastusaari.pdf, Carl Scheele determined that baryte contained a new element in 1774, but could not isolate barium, only barium oxide. Johan Gottlieb Gahn also isolated barium oxide two years later in similar studies. Barium was first isolated by electrolysis of molten barium salts in 1808 by Sir Humphry Davy in England.BOOK, 80,books.google.com/books?id=yb9xTj72vNAC, The history and use of our earth’s chemical elements: a reference guide, Krebs, Robert E., Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006, 978-0-313-33438-2, The American Petroleum Institute specification API 13/ISO 13500, which governs baryte for drilling purposes, does not refer to any specific mineral, but rather a material that meets that specification.WEB, ISO 13500:2008 Petroleum and natural gas industries — Drilling fluid materials — Specifications and tests,www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso:13500:ed-3:v1:en, ISO, 2 February 2022, 2008, In practice, however, this is usually the mineral baryte.BOOK, Nesse, William D., Introduction to mineralogy, 2000, Oxford University Press, New York, 9780195106916, 345–346, The term “primary barytes” refers to the first marketable product, which includes crude baryte (run of mine) and the products of simple beneficiation methods, such as washing, jigging, heavy media separation, tabling, and flotation. Most crude baryte requires some upgrading to minimum purity or density. Baryte that is used as an aggregate in a “heavy” cement is crushed and screened to a uniform size. Most baryte is ground to a small, uniform size before it is used as a filler or extender, an addition to industrial products, in the production of barium chemicals or as a weighting agent in petroleum well drilling mud.{{Free-content attribution|| title = Barite Statistics and Information| author = National Minerals Information Center| publisher = U.S. Geological Survey| documentURL =www.usgs.gov/centers/national-minerals-information-center/barite-statistics-and-information| license = Public domain| access-date = 1 February 2022}}

Name

The name baryte is derived from the , ‘heavy’. The American spelling is barite.M. Michael Miller Barite, 2009 Minerals Yearbook The International Mineralogical Association initially adopted “barite” as the official spelling, but recommended adopting the older “baryte” spelling later. This move was controversial and was notably ignored by American mineralogists.WEB,www.minerals.net/mineral/barite.aspx, Barite: The mineral Barite information and pictures, www.minerals.net, 2017-12-14, Other names have been used for baryte, including barytine,JOURNAL, March 1971, International Mineralogical Association: Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names, Mineralogical Magazine, 38, 293, 102–5, 10.1180/minmag.1971.038.293.14, 1971MinM...38..102., 40823176, barytite, barytes,WEB,ibm.nic.in/index.php?c=pages&m=index&id=680, Monograph on Barytes, Indian Bureau of Mines, 1995, 14 July 2017, heavy spar, tiff, and blanc fixe.WEB,www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/blanc%20fixe, Definition of blanc fixe, Merriam-Webster, Merriam-Webster Dictionary, 14 July 2017,

Mineral associations and locations

(File:Baryte Poland.jpg|thumb|left|Baryte with galena and hematite from Poland)(File:Barite FRIZINGTON.jpg|thumb|left|Baryte (top) and dolomite from Cumbria, England)(File:Abandoned baryte mine shaft at Ben Eagach near Aberfeldy, Perthshire, Scotland.JPG|thumb|Abandoned baryte mine shaft near Aberfeldy, Perthshire, Scotland)Baryte occurs in many depositional environments, and is deposited through many processes including biogenic, hydrothermal, and evaporation, among others. Baryte commonly occurs in lead-zinc veins in limestones, in hot spring deposits, and with hematite ore. It is often associated with the minerals anglesite and celestine. It has also been identified in meteorites.JOURNAL, Mineralogy of meteorite groups, Rubin, Alan E., Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 32, 2, 231–247, March 1997, 1997M&PS...32..231R, 10.1111/j.1945-5100.1997.tb01262.x, free, Baryte has been found at locations in Australia, Brazil, Nigeria, Canada, Chile, China, India, Pakistan, Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Iran, Ireland (where it was mined on BenbulbenBen Bulben. Mhti.com. Retrieved on 2011-05-05.), Liberia, Mexico, Morocco, Peru, Romania (Baia Sprie), Turkey, South Africa (Barberton Mountain Land),JOURNAL, Duchač, K. C, Hanor, J. S., September 1987, Origin and timing of the metasomatic silicification of an early Archaean komatiite sequence, Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa, Precambrian Research, 37, 2, 125–146, 10.1016/0301-9268(87)90075-1, 1987PreR...37..125D, Thailand, United Kingdom (Cornwall, Cumbria, Dartmoor/Devon, Derbyshire, Durham, Shropshire,Muirshiel Mine. Clyde Muirshiel Regional Park. Scotland. Perthshire, Argyllshire, and Surrey) and in the US from Cheshire, Connecticut, De Kalb, New York, and Fort Wallace, New Mexico. It is mined in Arkansas, Connecticut, Virginia, North Carolina, Georgia, Tennessee, Kentucky, Nevada, and Missouri.The global production of baryte in 2019 was estimated to be around 9.5 million metric tons, down from 9.8 million metric tons in 2012.WEB, Production of barite worldwide 2019,www.statista.com/statistics/799487/global-barite-production/, 2020-08-30, Statista, The major barytes producers (in thousand tonnes, data for 2017) are as follows: China (3,600), India (1,600), Morocco (1,000), Mexico (400), United States (330), Iran (280), Turkey (250), Russia (210), Kazakhstan (160), Thailand (130) and Laos (120).WEB,barytes.org/statistics.html, The Barytes Association, Barytes Statistics, 2015-05-11,barytes.org/statistics.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20150518113437barytes.org/statistics.html,">web.archive.org/web/20150518113437barytes.org/statistics.html, 2015-05-18, dead, The main users of barytes in 2017 were (in million tonnes) US (2.35), China (1.60), Middle East (1.55), the European Union and Norway (0.60), Russia and CIS (0.5), South America (0.35), Africa (0.25), and Canada (0.20). 70% of barytes was destined for oil and gas well drilling muds. 15% for barium chemicals, 14% for filler applications in automotive, construction, and paint industries, and 1% other applications.Natural baryte formed under hydrothermal conditions may be associated with quartz or silica.JOURNAL, Fedele, L., Todesca, R., Boni, M., Barite-silica mineralization at the inter-Ordovician unconformity in southwestern Sardinia (Italy): a fluid inclusion study, Mineralogy and Petrology, 77, 3–4, 2003, 197–213, 10.1007/s00710-002-0200-9, 2003MinPe..77..197F, 129874363, In hydrothermal vents, the baryte-silica mineralisation can also be accompanied by precious metals.JOURNAL, Binns, R.A., Parr, J.M., Gemmell, J.B., Whitford, D.J., Dean, J.A., Precious metals in barite-silica chimneys from Franklin Seamount, Woodlark Basin, Papua New Guinea, Marine Geology, 142, 1–4, 1997, 119–141, 10.1016/S0025-3227(97)00047-9, 1997MGeol.142..119B, Information about the mineral resource base of baryte ores is presented in some scientific articles.JOURNAL, Boyarko, G. Yu. , Bolsunovskaya, L. M. , 2023-11-13, World’s barite resources as critical raw material,mst.misis.ru/jour/article/view/572, Gornye Nauki I Tekhnologii = Mining Science and Technology (Russia), 8, 4, 264–277, 10.17073/2500-0632-2023-02-85, 2500-0632, free,

Uses

(File:BariteWorldProductionUSGS.PNG|thumb)

In oil and gas drilling

Worldwide, 69–77% of baryte is used as a weighting agent for drilling fluids in oil and gas exploration to suppress high formation pressures and prevent blowouts. As a well is drilled, the bit passes through various formations, each with different characteristics. The deeper the hole, the more baryte is needed as a percentage of the total mud mix. An additional benefit of baryte is that it is non-magnetic and thus does not interfere with magnetic measurements taken in the borehole, either during logging-while-drilling or in separate drill hole logging. Baryte used for drilling petroleum wells can be black, blue, brown or gray depending on the ore body. The baryte is finely ground so that at least 97% of the material, by weight, can pass through a 200-mesh (75 Î¼m) screen, and no more than 30%, by weight, can be less than 6 Î¼m diameter. The ground baryte also must be dense enough so that its specific gravity is 4.2 or greater, soft enough to not damage the bearings of a tricone drill bit, chemically inert, and containing no more than 250 milligrams per kilogram of soluble alkaline salts. In August 2010, the American Petroleum Institute published specifications to modify the 4.2 drilling grade standards for baryte to include 4.1 SG materials.

In oxygen and sulfur isotopic analysis

File:Baryte Morocco.jpg|thumb|Baryte (salmon-colored) with cerussite from MoroccoMoroccoIn the deep ocean, away from continental sources of sediment, pelagic baryte precipitates and forms a significant amount of the sediments. Since baryte has oxygen, systematics in the δ18O of these sediments have been used to help constrain paleotemperatures for oceanic crust.The variations in sulfur isotopes (34S/32S) are being examined in evaporite minerals containing sulfur (e.g. baryte) and carbonate associated sulfates (CAS) to determine past seawater sulfur concentrations which can help identify specific depositional periods such as anoxic or oxic conditions. The use of sulfur isotope reconstruction is often paired with oxygen when a molecule contains both elements.JOURNAL, Kastner, Miriam, Oceanic minerals: Their origin, nature of their environment, and significance, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 96, 7, 3380–7, 30 March 1999, 10097047, 34278, 10.1073/pnas.96.7.3380, 1999PNAS...96.3380K, free,

Geochronological dating

Dating the baryte in hydrothermal vents has been one of the major methods to determine their ages.JOURNAL, Grasty, Robert L., Smith, Charles, Franklin, James M., Jonasson, Ian R., 1988-09-01, Radioactive orphans in barite-rich chimneys, Axial Caldera, Juan De Fuca Ridge,pubs.geoscienceworld.org/canmin/article-abstract/26/3/627/12059/Radioactive-orphans-in-barite-rich-chimneys-Axial, The Canadian Mineralogist, 26, 3, 627–636, JOURNAL, Noguchi, Takuroh, Shinjo, Ryuichi, Ito, Michihiro, Takada, Jitsuya, Oomori, Tamotsu, 2011, Barite geochemistry from hydrothermal chimneys of the Okinawa Trough: insight into chimney formation and fluid/sediment interaction, Journal of Mineralogical and Petrological Sciences, 106, 1, 26–35, 10.2465/jmps.090825, 2011JMPeS.106...26N, free, JOURNAL, Takamasa, Asako, Nakai, Shun’ichi, Sato, Fumihiro, Toyoda, Shin, Banerjee, Debabrata, Ishibashi, Junichiro, February 2013, U–Th radioactive disequilibrium and ESR dating of a barite-containing sulfide crust from South Mariana Trough,linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1871101412001896, Quaternary Geochronology, 15, 38–46, 10.1016/j.quageo.2012.12.002, 2013QuGeo..15...38T, 129020357, {{Citation |last1=Fujiwara |first1=Taisei |title=ESR Dating of Barite in Sea-Floor Hydrothermal Sulfide Deposits in the Okinawa Trough |date=2015 |work=Subseafloor Biosphere Linked to Hydrothermal Systems |pages=369–386 |editor-last=Ishibashi |editor-first=Jun-ichiro |place=Tokyo |publisher=Springer Japan |doi=10.1007/978-4-431-54865-2_29 |isbn=978-4-431-54864-5 |last2=Toyoda |first2=Shin |last3=Uchida |first3=Ai |last4=Ishibashi |first4=Jun-ichiro |last5=Nakai |first5=Shun’ichi |last6=Takamasa |first6=Asako |editor2-last=Okino |editor2-first=Kyoko |editor3-last=Sunamura |editor3-first=Michinari|doi-access=free }}JOURNAL, Tsang, Man-Yin, Toyoda, Shin, Tomita, Makiko, Yamamoto, Yuzuru, 2022-08-01, Thermal stability and closure temperature of barite for electron spin resonance dating, Quaternary Geochronology, 71, 101332, 10.1016/j.quageo.2022.101332, 2022QuGeo..7101332T, 248614826, free, Common methods to date hydrothermal baryte include radiometric dating and electron spin resonance dating.

Other uses

Baryte is used in added-value applications which include filler in paint and plastics, sound reduction in engine compartments, coat of automobile finishes for smoothness and corrosion resistance, friction products for automobiles and trucks, radiation shielding concrete, glass ceramics, and medical applications (for example, a barium meal before a contrast CT scan). Baryte is supplied in a variety of forms and the price depends on the amount of processing; filler applications commanding higher prices following intense physical processing by grinding and micronising, and there are further premiums for whiteness and brightness and color. It is also used to produce other barium chemicals, notably barium carbonate which is used for the manufacture of LED glass for television and computer screens (historically in cathode ray tubes); and for dielectrics.Historically, baryte was used for the production of barium hydroxide for sugar refining, and as a white pigment for textiles, paper, and paint.Although baryte contains the toxic alkaline earth metal barium, it is not detrimental for human health, animals, plants and the environment because barium sulfate is extremely insoluble in water.It is also sometimes used as a gemstone.Thomas, Arthur (2009). Gemstones: Properties, identification and use. New Holland Publishers. p. 138. {{ISBN|1847734847}}

See also

• Hokutolite
• Rose rock

References

{{Reflist}}

Further reading

{{EB1911 poster|Barytes}}{{Commons category|Baryte}}

• JOURNAL, Johnson, Craig A., Piatak, Nadine M., Miller, M. Michael, Schulz, Klaus J., DeYoung, John H., Seal, Robert R., Bradley, Dwight C., Barite (Barium). Chapter D of: Critical Mineral Resources of the United States—Economic and Environmental Geology and Prospects for Future Supply. Professional Paper 1802–D, U.S. Geological Survey Professional Papers, 2017, 10.3133/pp1802D,

{{USGS|title=Barite|url=https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/barite/myb1-2009-barit.pdf}}{{Ores}}{{Authority control}}