GetWiki
acoustics
ARTICLE SUBJECTS
being →
database →
ethics →
fiction →
history →
internet →
language →
linux →
logic →
method →
news →
policy →
purpose →
religion →
science →
software →
truth →
unix →
wiki →
ARTICLE TYPES
essay →
feed →
help →
system →
wiki →
ARTICLE ORIGINS
critical →
forked →
imported →
original →
acoustics
please note:
- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
- it has been imported raw for GetWiki
{{short description|Branch of physics involving mechanical waves}}{{other uses}}(File:Lindsay’s Wheel of Acoustics.svg|thumb|alt=Lindsay’s Wheel of acoustics|upright=1.75|Lindsay’s Wheel of Acoustics, which shows fields within acoustics)Acoustics is a branch of physics that deals with the study of mechanical waves in gases, liquids, and solids including topics such as vibration, sound, ultrasound and infrasound. A scientist who works in the field of acoustics is an acoustician while someone working in the field of acoustics technology may be called an acoustical engineer. The application of acoustics is present in almost all aspects of modern society with the most obvious being the audio and noise control industries.Hearing is one of the most crucial means of survival in the animal world and speech is one of the most distinctive characteristics of human development and culture. Accordingly, the science of acoustics spreads across many facets of human societyâmusic, medicine, architecture, industrial production, warfare and more. Likewise, animal species such as songbirds and frogs use sound and hearing as a key element of mating rituals or for marking territories. Art, craft, science and technology have provoked one another to advance the whole, as in many other fields of knowledge. Robert Bruce Lindsay’s “Wheel of Acoustics” is a well accepted overview of the various fields in acoustics.{{citation|title=What is acoustics?|url=https://acoustics.byu.edu/what-is|website=Acoustical Research Group|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416224358acoustics.byu.edu/what-is|publisher=Brigham Young University|access-date=2021-04-16|archive-date=2021-04-16|url-status=live}}- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
- it has been imported raw for GetWiki
History
Etymology
The word “acoustic” is derived from the Greek word á¼ÎºÎ¿Ï ÏÏικÏÏ (akoustikos), meaning “of or for hearing, ready to hear“Akoustikos {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200123045124www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%233396&redirect=true |date=2020-01-23 }} Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, at Perseus and that from á¼ÎºÎ¿Ï ÏÏÏÏ (akoustos), “heard, audible”,Akoustos {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200123045124www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%233397&redirect=true |date=2020-01-23 }} Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, at Perseus which in turn derives from the verb á¼ÎºÎ¿ÏÏ(akouo), “I hear”.Akouo {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200123045114www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%233399&redirect=true |date=2020-01-23 }} Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, at PerseusThe Latin synonym is “sonic”, after which the term sonics used to be a synonym for acousticsBOOK, Kenneth Neville Westerman, Emergent Voice,books.google.com/books?id=xNQrAAAAMAAJ, 1947, C. F. Westerman, 2016-02-28, 2023-03-01,web.archive.org/web/20230301145219/https://books.google.com/books?id=xNQrAAAAMAAJ, live, and later a branch of acoustics. Frequencies above and below the audible range are called “ultrasonic” and “infrasonic”, respectively.Early research in acoustics
missing image!
- Harmonic partials on strings.svg|thumb|The fundamental and the first 6 overtones of a vibrating string. The earliest records of the study of this phenomenon are attributed to the philosopher PythagorasPythagorasIn the 6th century BC, the ancient Greek philosopher Pythagoras wanted to know why some combinations of musical sounds seemed more beautiful than others, and he found answers in terms of numerical ratios representing the harmonic overtone series on a string. He is reputed to have observed that when the lengths of vibrating strings are expressible as ratios of integers (e.g. 2 to 3, 3 to 4), the tones produced will be harmonious, and the smaller the integers the more harmonious the sounds. For example, a string of a certain length would sound particularly harmonious with a string of twice the length (other factors being equal). In modern parlance, if a string sounds the note C when plucked, a string twice as long will sound a C an octave lower. In one system of musical tuning, the tones in between are then given by 16:9 for D, 8:5 for E, 3:2 for F, 4:3 for G, 6:5 for A, and 16:15 for B, in ascending order.C. Boyer and U. Merzbach. A History of Mathematics. Wiley 1991, p. 55.Aristotle (384â322 BC) understood that sound consisted of compressions and rarefactions of air which “falls upon and strikes the air which is next to it...”,WEB, How Sound Propagates,press.princeton.edu/chapters/s9912.pdf,press.princeton.edu/chapters/s9912.pdf," title="ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009press.princeton.edu/chapters/s9912.pdf,">ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009press.princeton.edu/chapters/s9912.pdf, 2022-10-09, live, Princeton University Press, 9 February 2016, (quoting from Aristotle’s Treatise on Sound and Hearing)BOOK, Whewell, William, 1794â1866., History of the inductive sciences : from the earliest to the present times. Volume 2, 978-0-511-73434-2, Cambridge, 889953932, 295, a very good expression of the nature of wave motion. On Things Heard, generally ascribed to Strato of Lampsacus, states that the pitch is related to the frequency of vibrations of the air and to the speed of sound.BOOK, Greek musical writings, 2004, Cambridge University Press, Barker, Andrew, 0-521-38911-9, 1st pbk., Cambridge, 63122899, 98, In about 20 BC, the Roman architect and engineer Vitruvius wrote a treatise on the acoustic properties of theaters including discussion of interference, echoes, and reverberationâthe beginnings of architectural acoustics.ACOUSTICS, Bruce Lindsay, Dowden â Hutchingon Books Publishers, Chapter 3 In Book V of his (The Ten Books of Architecture) Vitruvius describes sound as a wave comparable to a water wave extended to three dimensions, which, when interrupted by obstructions, would flow back and break up following waves. He described the ascending seats in ancient theaters as designed to prevent this deterioration of sound and also recommended bronze vessels of appropriate sizes be placed in theaters to resonate with the fourth, fifth and so on, up to the double octave, in order to resonate with the more desirable, harmonious notes.Vitruvius Pollio, Vitruvius, the Ten Books on Architecture (1914) Tr. Morris Hickey Morgan BookV, Sec.6â8(wikiquote:Vitruvius#Book V|Vitruvius) article @WikiquoteErnst Mach, Introduction to The Science of Mechanics: A Critical and Historical Account of its Development (1893, 1960) Tr. Thomas J. McCormackDuring the Islamic golden age, AbÅ« RayhÄn al-BÄ«rÅ«nÄ« (973-1048) is believed to have postulated that the speed of sound was much slower than the speed of light.JOURNAL, 1312.7288, The Science of Al-Biruni, Amelia Carolina, Sparavigna, 119230163, 10.18483/ijSci.364, 2, 12, December 2013, International Journal of Sciences, 52â60,www.ijsciences.com/pub/pdf/V220131220.pdf, 2013arXiv1312.7288S, 2018-11-04, 2018-07-21,web.archive.org/web/20180721215451/https://www.ijsciences.com/pub/pdf/V220131220.pdf, live, WEB,www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/Biographies/Al-Biruni.html, Abu Arrayhan Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Biruni, School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St. Andrews, Scotland, November 1999, 2018-08-20,www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/Biographies/Al-Biruni.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20161121101131www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/Biographies/Al-Biruni.html,">web.archive.org/web/20161121101131www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/Biographies/Al-Biruni.html, 2016-11-21, dead, File:Amman Roman theatre.jpg -
The physical understanding of acoustical processes advanced rapidly during and after the Scientific Revolution. Mainly Galileo Galilei (1564â1642) but also Marin Mersenne (1588â1648), independently, discovered the complete laws of vibrating strings (completing what Pythagoras and Pythagoreans had started 2000 years earlier). Galileo wrote “Waves are produced by the vibrations of a sonorous body, which spread through the air, bringing to the tympanum of the ear a stimulus which the mind interprets as sound”, a remarkable statement that points to the beginnings of physiological and psychological acoustics. Experimental measurements of the speed of sound in air were carried out successfully between 1630 and 1680 by a number of investigators, prominently Mersenne. Meanwhile, Newton (1642â1727) derived the relationship for wave velocity in solids, a cornerstone of physical acoustics (Principia, 1687).- Harmonic partials on strings.svg|thumb|The fundamental and the first 6 overtones of a vibrating string. The earliest records of the study of this phenomenon are attributed to the philosopher PythagorasPythagorasIn the 6th century BC, the ancient Greek philosopher Pythagoras wanted to know why some combinations of musical sounds seemed more beautiful than others, and he found answers in terms of numerical ratios representing the harmonic overtone series on a string. He is reputed to have observed that when the lengths of vibrating strings are expressible as ratios of integers (e.g. 2 to 3, 3 to 4), the tones produced will be harmonious, and the smaller the integers the more harmonious the sounds. For example, a string of a certain length would sound particularly harmonious with a string of twice the length (other factors being equal). In modern parlance, if a string sounds the note C when plucked, a string twice as long will sound a C an octave lower. In one system of musical tuning, the tones in between are then given by 16:9 for D, 8:5 for E, 3:2 for F, 4:3 for G, 6:5 for A, and 16:15 for B, in ascending order.C. Boyer and U. Merzbach. A History of Mathematics. Wiley 1991, p. 55.Aristotle (384â322 BC) understood that sound consisted of compressions and rarefactions of air which “falls upon and strikes the air which is next to it...”,WEB, How Sound Propagates,press.princeton.edu/chapters/s9912.pdf,press.princeton.edu/chapters/s9912.pdf," title="ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009press.princeton.edu/chapters/s9912.pdf,">ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009press.princeton.edu/chapters/s9912.pdf, 2022-10-09, live, Princeton University Press, 9 February 2016, (quoting from Aristotle’s Treatise on Sound and Hearing)BOOK, Whewell, William, 1794â1866., History of the inductive sciences : from the earliest to the present times. Volume 2, 978-0-511-73434-2, Cambridge, 889953932, 295, a very good expression of the nature of wave motion. On Things Heard, generally ascribed to Strato of Lampsacus, states that the pitch is related to the frequency of vibrations of the air and to the speed of sound.BOOK, Greek musical writings, 2004, Cambridge University Press, Barker, Andrew, 0-521-38911-9, 1st pbk., Cambridge, 63122899, 98, In about 20 BC, the Roman architect and engineer Vitruvius wrote a treatise on the acoustic properties of theaters including discussion of interference, echoes, and reverberationâthe beginnings of architectural acoustics.ACOUSTICS, Bruce Lindsay, Dowden â Hutchingon Books Publishers, Chapter 3 In Book V of his (The Ten Books of Architecture) Vitruvius describes sound as a wave comparable to a water wave extended to three dimensions, which, when interrupted by obstructions, would flow back and break up following waves. He described the ascending seats in ancient theaters as designed to prevent this deterioration of sound and also recommended bronze vessels of appropriate sizes be placed in theaters to resonate with the fourth, fifth and so on, up to the double octave, in order to resonate with the more desirable, harmonious notes.Vitruvius Pollio, Vitruvius, the Ten Books on Architecture (1914) Tr. Morris Hickey Morgan BookV, Sec.6â8(wikiquote:Vitruvius#Book V|Vitruvius) article @WikiquoteErnst Mach, Introduction to The Science of Mechanics: A Critical and Historical Account of its Development (1893, 1960) Tr. Thomas J. McCormackDuring the Islamic golden age, AbÅ« RayhÄn al-BÄ«rÅ«nÄ« (973-1048) is believed to have postulated that the speed of sound was much slower than the speed of light.JOURNAL, 1312.7288, The Science of Al-Biruni, Amelia Carolina, Sparavigna, 119230163, 10.18483/ijSci.364, 2, 12, December 2013, International Journal of Sciences, 52â60,www.ijsciences.com/pub/pdf/V220131220.pdf, 2013arXiv1312.7288S, 2018-11-04, 2018-07-21,web.archive.org/web/20180721215451/https://www.ijsciences.com/pub/pdf/V220131220.pdf, live, WEB,www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/Biographies/Al-Biruni.html, Abu Arrayhan Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Biruni, School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St. Andrews, Scotland, November 1999, 2018-08-20,www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/Biographies/Al-Biruni.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20161121101131www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/Biographies/Al-Biruni.html,">web.archive.org/web/20161121101131www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/Biographies/Al-Biruni.html, 2016-11-21, dead, File:Amman Roman theatre.jpg -
Age of Enlightenment and onward
Substantial progress in acoustics, resting on firmer mathematical and physical concepts, was made during the eighteenth century by Euler (1707â1783), Lagrange (1736â1813), and d’Alembert (1717â1783). During this era, continuum physics, or field theory, began to receive a definite mathematical structure. The wave equation emerged in a number of contexts, including the propagation of sound in air.BOOK, Acoustics : an introduction to its physical principles and applications, Pierce, Allan D., 1989, Acoustical Society of America, 0-88318-612-8, 1989, Woodbury, N.Y., 21197318, In the nineteenth century the major figures of mathematical acoustics were Helmholtz in Germany, who consolidated the field of physiological acoustics, and Lord Rayleigh in England, who combined the previous knowledge with his own copious contributions to the field in his monumental work The Theory of Sound (1877). Also in the 19th century, Wheatstone, Ohm, and Henry developed the analogy between electricity and acoustics.The twentieth century saw a burgeoning of technological applications of the large body of scientific knowledge that was by then in place. The first such application was Sabine’s groundbreaking work in architectural acoustics, and many others followed. Underwater acoustics was used for detecting submarines in the first World War. Sound recording and the telephone played important roles in a global transformation of society. Sound measurement and analysis reached new levels of accuracy and sophistication through the use of electronics and computing. The ultrasonic frequency range enabled wholly new kinds of application in medicine and industry. New kinds of transducers (generators and receivers of acoustic energy) were invented and put to use.Definition
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = horizontal
| header = Jay Pritzker Pavilion
| header_align = left/right/center
| header_background =
| footer = At Jay Pritzker Pavilion, a LARES system is combined with a zoned sound reinforcement system, both suspended on an overhead steel trellis, to synthesize an indoor acoustic environment outdoors.
| footer_align = left/right/center
| footer_background =
| image1 = 20070919 Pritzker Pavilion from stage.JPG
| width1 = 178
| image2 = 20070919 Pritzker Pavilion speakers.JPG
| width2 = 100
}}Acoustics is defined by ANSI/ASA S1.1-2013 as “(a) Science of sound, including its production, transmission, and effects, including biological and psychological effects. (b) Those qualities of a room that, together, determine its character with respect to auditory effects.“The study of acoustics revolves around the generation, propagation and reception of mechanical waves and vibrations.
| direction = horizontal
| header = Jay Pritzker Pavilion
| header_align = left/right/center
| header_background =
| footer = At Jay Pritzker Pavilion, a LARES system is combined with a zoned sound reinforcement system, both suspended on an overhead steel trellis, to synthesize an indoor acoustic environment outdoors.
| footer_align = left/right/center
| footer_background =
| image1 = 20070919 Pritzker Pavilion from stage.JPG
| width1 = 178
| image2 = 20070919 Pritzker Pavilion speakers.JPG
| width2 = 100
(File:Cause-effect diagram for acoustics.svg|The fundamental acoustical process)
Fundamental concepts
Wave propagation: pressure levels
missing image!
- Oh No Girl Spectrogram 2.jpg -
Spectrogram of a young girl saying “oh, no”
In fluids such as air and water, sound waves propagate as disturbances in the ambient pressure level. While this disturbance is usually small, it is still noticeable to the human ear. The smallest sound that a person can hear, known as the threshold of hearing, is nine orders of magnitude smaller than the ambient pressure. The loudness of these disturbances is related to the sound pressure level (SPL) which is measured on a logarithmic scale in decibels.- Oh No Girl Spectrogram 2.jpg -
Spectrogram of a young girl saying “oh, no”
Wave propagation: frequency
{{further|Sound#Frequency}}Physicists and acoustic engineers tend to discuss sound pressure levels in terms of frequencies, partly because this is how our ears interpret sound. What we experience as “higher pitched” or “lower pitched” sounds are pressure vibrations having a higher or lower number of cycles per second. In a common technique of acoustic measurement, acoustic signals are sampled in time, and then presented in more meaningful forms such as octave bands or time frequency plots. Both of these popular methods are used to analyze sound and better understand the acoustic phenomenon.The entire spectrum can be divided into three sections: audio, ultrasonic, and infrasonic. The audio range falls between 20 Hz and 20,000 Hz. This range is important because its frequencies can be detected by the human ear. This range has a number of applications, including speech communication and music. The ultrasonic range refers to the very high frequencies: 20,000 Hz and higher. This range has shorter wavelengths which allow better resolution in imaging technologies. Medical applications such as ultrasonography and elastography rely on the ultrasonic frequency range. On the other end of the spectrum, the lowest frequencies are known as the infrasonic range. These frequencies can be used to study geological phenomena such as earthquakes.Analytic instruments such as the spectrum analyzer facilitate visualization and measurement of acoustic signals and their properties. The spectrogram produced by such an instrument is a graphical display of the time varying pressure level and frequency profiles which give a specific acoustic signal its defining character.Transduction in acoustics
missing image!
- 3.5 Inch Speaker.jpg -
An inexpensive low fidelity 3.5 inch driver, typically found in small radios
A transducer is a device for converting one form of energy into another. In an electroacoustic context, this means converting sound energy into electrical energy (or vice versa). Electroacoustic transducers include loudspeakers, microphones, particle velocity sensors, hydrophones and sonar projectors. These devices convert a sound wave to or from an electric signal. The most widely used transduction principles are electromagnetism, electrostatics and piezoelectricity.The transducers in most common loudspeakers (e.g. woofers and tweeters), are electromagnetic devices that generate waves using a suspended diaphragm driven by an electromagnetic voice coil, sending off pressure waves. Electret microphones and condenser microphones employ electrostaticsâas the sound wave strikes the microphone’s diaphragm, it moves and induces a voltage change. The ultrasonic systems used in medical ultrasonography employ piezoelectric transducers. These are made from special ceramics in which mechanical vibrations and electrical fields are interlinked through a property of the material itself.- 3.5 Inch Speaker.jpg -
An inexpensive low fidelity 3.5 inch driver, typically found in small radios
Acoustician
An acoustician is an expert in the science of sound.BOOK, Schwarz, C, Chambers concise dictionary, 1991,Education
There are many types of acoustician, but they usually have a Bachelor’s degree or higher qualification. Some possess a degree in acoustics, while others enter the discipline via studies in fields such as physics or engineering. Much work in acoustics requires a good grounding in Mathematics and science. Many acoustic scientists work in research and development. Some conduct basic research to advance our knowledge of the perception (e.g. hearing, psychoacoustics or neurophysiology) of speech, music and noise. Other acoustic scientists advance understanding of how sound is affected as it moves through environments, e.g. underwater acoustics, architectural acoustics or structural acoustics. Other areas of work are listed under subdisciplines below. Acoustic scientists work in government, university and private industry laboratories. Many go on to work in Acoustical Engineering. Some positions, such as Faculty (academic staff) require a Doctor of Philosophy.Subdisciplines
Archaeoacoustics
(File:Gibraltar 2015 10 19 1964 (24110677143).jpg|thumb|St. Michael’s Cave)Archaeoacoustics, also known as the archaeology of sound, is one of the only ways to experience the past with senses other than our eyes.WEB,www.dailygrail.com/2016/01/archaeoacoustics-listening-to-the-sounds-of-history/, Archaeoacoustics: Listening to the Sounds of History, Clemens, Martin J., 2016-01-31, The Daily Grail, en-AU, 2019-04-13, 2019-04-13,web.archive.org/web/20190413223442/https://www.dailygrail.com/2016/01/archaeoacoustics-listening-to-the-sounds-of-history/, live, Archaeoacoustics is studied by testing the acoustic properties of prehistoric sites, including caves. Iegor Rezkinoff, a sound archaeologist, studies the acoustic properties of caves through natural sounds like humming and whistling.WEB,www.atlasobscura.com/articles/archaeoacoustics, With Archaeoacoustics, Researchers Listen for Clues to the Prehistoric Past, Jacobs, Emma, 2017-04-13, Atlas Obscura, en, 2019-04-13, 2019-04-13,web.archive.org/web/20190413221942/https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/archaeoacoustics, live, Archaeological theories of acoustics are focused around ritualistic purposes as well as a way of echolocation in the caves. In archaeology, acoustic sounds and rituals directly correlate as specific sounds were meant to bring ritual participants closer to a spiritual awakening. Parallels can also be drawn between cave wall paintings and the acoustic properties of the cave; they are both dynamic. Because archaeoacoustics is a fairly new archaeological subject, acoustic sound is still being tested in these prehistoric sites today.Aeroacoustics
Aeroacoustics is the study of noise generated by air movement, for instance via turbulence, and the movement of sound through the fluid air. This knowledge is applied in acoustical engineering to study how to quieten aircraft. Aeroacoustics is important for understanding how wind musical instruments work.BOOK, da Silva, Andrey Ricardo, Aeroacoustics of Wind Instruments: Investigations and Numerical Methods, 2009, VDM Verlag, 978-3639210644,Acoustic signal processing
{{see also|Audio signal processing}}Acoustic signal processing is the electronic manipulation of acoustic signals. Applications include: active noise control; design for hearing aids or cochlear implants; echo cancellation; music information retrieval, and perceptual coding (e.g. MP3 or Opus).JOURNAL, Slaney, Malcolm, Malcolm Slaney, Patrick A. Naylor, Trends in Audio and Acoustic Signal Processing, ICASSP, 2011,Architectural acoustics
missing image!
- Symphony hall boston.jpg -
Symphony Hall, Boston, where auditorium acoustics began
Architectural acoustics (also known as building acoustics) involves the scientific understanding of how to achieve good sound within a building.BOOK, Morfey, Christopher, Dictionary of Acoustics, 2001, Academic Press, 32, It typically involves the study of speech intelligibility, speech privacy, music quality, and vibration reduction in the built environment.BOOK, Templeton, Duncan, Acoustics in the Built Environment: Advice for the Design Team, 1993, Architectural Press, 978-0750605380, Commonly studied environments are hospitals, classrooms, dwellings, performance venues, recording and broadcasting studios. Focus considerations include room acoustics, airborne and impact transmission in building structures, airborne and structure-borne noise control, noise control of building systems and electroacoustic systems weblink.- Symphony hall boston.jpg -
Symphony Hall, Boston, where auditorium acoustics began
Bioacoustics
Bioacoustics is the scientific study of the hearing and calls of animal calls, as well as how animals are affected by the acoustic and sounds of their habitat.WEB,www.bioacoustics.info/, Bioacoustics - the International Journal of Animal Sound and its Recording, Taylor & Francis, 31 July 2012, 5 September 2012,www.bioacoustics.info/," title="web.archive.org/web/20120905120546www.bioacoustics.info/,">web.archive.org/web/20120905120546www.bioacoustics.info/, live,Electroacoustics
{{See also|Audio Engineering|Sound reinforcement system}}This subdiscipline is concerned with the recording, manipulation and reproduction of audio using electronics.WEB, Acoustical Society of America, Acoustics and You (A Career in Acoustics?),asaweb.devcloud.acquia-sites.com/education_outreach/careers_in_acoustics, 21 May 2013,asaweb.devcloud.acquia-sites.com/education_outreach/careers_in_acoustics," title="web.archive.org/web/20150904010934asaweb.devcloud.acquia-sites.com/education_outreach/careers_in_acoustics,">web.archive.org/web/20150904010934asaweb.devcloud.acquia-sites.com/education_outreach/careers_in_acoustics, 2015-09-04, dead, This might include products such as mobile phones, large scale public address systems or virtual reality systems in research laboratories.Environmental noise and soundscapes
{{see also|Noise pollution|Noise control}}Environmental acoustics is concerned with noise and vibration caused by railways,BOOK, Krylov, V.V., Noise and Vibration from High-speed Trains, 2001, Thomas Telford, 9780727729637, road traffic, aircraft, industrial equipment and recreational activities.BOOK, World Health Organisation, Burden of disease from environmental noise, 2011, WHO, 978-92-890-0229-5,www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/136466/e94888.pdf,www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/136466/e94888.pdf," title="ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/136466/e94888.pdf,">ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/136466/e94888.pdf, 2022-10-09, live, The main aim of these studies is to reduce levels of environmental noise and vibration. Research work now also has a focus on the positive use of sound in urban environments: soundscapes and tranquility.BOOK, Kang, Jian, Urban Sound Environment, 2006, CRC Press, 978-0415358576,Musical acoustics
File:Brodmann 41 42.png|thumb|The primary auditory cortexprimary auditory cortexMusical acoustics is the study of the physics of acoustic instruments; the audio signal processing used in electronic music; the computer analysis of music and composition, and the perception and cognitive neuroscience of music.WEB, Technical Committee on Musical Acoustics (TCMU) of the Acoustical Society of America (ASA),www.public.coe.edu/~jcotting/tcmu/, ASA TCMU Home Page, 22 May 2013,www.public.coe.edu/~jcotting/tcmu/," title="web.archive.org/web/20010613120620www.public.coe.edu/~jcotting/tcmu/,">web.archive.org/web/20010613120620www.public.coe.edu/~jcotting/tcmu/, 2001-06-13, dead,Noise
The goal this acoustics sub-discipline is to reduce the impact of unwanted sound. Scope of noise studies includes the generation, propagation, and impact on structures, objects, and people.- Innovative model development
- Measurement techniques
- Mitigation strategies
- Input to the establishment of standards and regulations
Psychoacoustics
Many studies have been conducted to identify the relationship between acoustics and cognition, or more commonly known as psychoacoustics, in which what one hears is a combination of perception and biological aspects.JOURNAL, Iakovides, Stefanos A., Iliadou, Vassiliki TH, Bizeli, Vassiliki TH, Kaprinis, Stergios G., Fountoulakis, Konstantinos N., Kaprinis, George S., 2004-03-29, Psychophysiology and psychoacoustics of music: Perception of complex sound in normal subjects and psychiatric patients, Annals of General Hospital Psychiatry, 3, 1, 6, 10.1186/1475-2832-3-6, free, 1475-2832, 400748, 15050030, The information intercepted by the passage of sound waves through the ear is understood and interpreted through the brain, emphasizing the connection between the mind and acoustics. Psychological changes have been seen as brain waves slow down or speed up as a result of varying auditory stimulus which can in turn affect the way one thinks, feels, or even behaves.WEB,memtechacoustical.com/psychoacoustics/, Psychoacoustics: The Power of Sound, 2016-02-11, Memtech Acoustical, en-US, 2019-04-14, 2019-04-15,memtechacoustical.com/psychoacoustics/," title="web.archive.org/web/20190415003935memtechacoustical.com/psychoacoustics/,">web.archive.org/web/20190415003935memtechacoustical.com/psychoacoustics/, live, This correlation can be viewed in normal, everyday situations in which listening to an upbeat or uptempo song can cause one’s foot to start tapping or a slower song can leave one feeling calm and serene. In a deeper biological look at the phenomenon of psychoacoustics, it was discovered that the central nervous system is activated by basic acoustical characteristics of music.JOURNAL, Green, David M., 1960, Psychoacoustics and Detection Theory, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, en, 32, 10, 1189â1203, 10.1121/1.1907882, 0001-4966, 1960ASAJ...32.1189G, By observing how the central nervous system, which includes the brain and spine, is influenced by acoustics, the pathway in which acoustic affects the mind, and essentially the body, is evident.Speech
Acousticians study the production, processing and perception of speech. Speech recognition and Speech synthesis are two important areas of speech processing using computers. The subject also overlaps with the disciplines of physics, physiology, psychology, and linguistics.WEB, Technical Committee on Speech Communication,tcscasa.org/, Acoustical Society of America, 2018-11-04, 2018-11-05,web.archive.org/web/20181105110754/https://tcscasa.org/, live,Structural Vibration and Dynamics
Structural acoustics is the study of motions and interactions of mechanical systems with their environments and the methods of their measurement, analysis, and control weblink. There are several sub-disciplines found within this regime:- Modal Analysis
- Material characterization
- Structural health monitoring
- Acoustic Metamaterials
- Friction Acoustics
Ultrasonics
(File:CRL Crown rump lengh 12 weeks ecografia Dr. Wolfgang Moroder.jpg|thumb|Ultrasound image of a fetus in the womb, viewed at 12 weeks of pregnancy (bidimensional-scan))Ultrasonics deals with sounds at frequencies too high to be heard by humans. Specialisms include medical ultrasonics (including medical ultrasonography), sonochemistry, ultrasonic testing, material characterisation and underwater acoustics (sonar).BOOK, Ensminger, Dale, Ultrasonics: Fundamentals, Technologies, and Applications, 2012, CRC Press, 1â2,Underwater acoustics
Underwater acoustics is the scientific study of natural and man-made sounds underwater. Applications include sonar to locate submarines, underwater communication by whales, climate change monitoring by measuring sea temperatures acoustically, sonic weapons,JOURNAL, D. Lohse, B. Schmitz & M. Versluis, 4429684, Snapping shrimp make flashing bubbles, Nature (journal), Nature, 413, 6855, 2001, 477â478, 10.1038/35097152, 11586346, 2001Natur.413..477L, and marine bioacoustics.WEB, ASA Underwater Acoustics Technical Committee, Underwater Acoustics,www.apl.washington.edu/projects/ASA-UATC/index.php, 22 May 2013, dead,www.apl.washington.edu/projects/ASA-UATC/index.php," title="web.archive.org/web/20130730104616www.apl.washington.edu/projects/ASA-UATC/index.php,">web.archive.org/web/20130730104616www.apl.washington.edu/projects/ASA-UATC/index.php, 30 July 2013,Acoustic Conferences
Professional societies
- The Acoustical Society of America (ASA)
- Australian Acoustical Society (AAS)
- The European Acoustics Association (EAA)
- Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
- Institute of Acoustics (IoA UK)
- The Audio Engineering Society (AES)
- American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Noise Control and Acoustics Division (ASME-NCAD)
- International Commission for Acoustics (ICA)
- American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Aeroacoustics (AIAA)
- International Computer Music Association (ICMA)
Academic journals
- Acoustics | An Open Access Journal from MDPI
- Acoustics Today
- Acta Acustica united with Acustica
- Advances in Acoustics and Vibration
- Applied Acoustics
- Building Acoustics
- IEEE Transacions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control
- Journal of the Acoustical Society of America (JASA)
- Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Express Letters (JASA-EL)
- Journal of the Audio Engineering Society
- Journal of Sound and Vibration (JSV)
- Journal of Vibration and Acoustics American Society of Mechanical Engineers
- MDPI Acoustics
- Noise Control Engineering Journal
- SAE International Journal of Vehicle Dynamics, Stability and NVH
- Ultrasonics (journal)
- Ultrasonics Sonochemistry
- Wave Motion
See also
{{div col|colwidth=}}- Outline of acoustics
- Acoustic attenuation
- Acoustic emission
- Acoustic engineering
- Acoustic impedance
- Acoustic levitation
- Acoustic location
- Acoustic phonetics
- Acoustic streaming
- Acoustic tags
- Acoustic thermometry
- Acoustic wave
- Audiology
- Auditory illusion
- Diffraction
- Doppler effect
- Fisheries acoustics
- Friction acoustics
- Helioseismology
- Lamb wave
- Linear elasticity
- The Little Red Book of Acoustics (in the UK)
- Longitudinal wave
- Musicology
- Music therapy
- Noise pollution
- One-Way Wave Equation
- Phonon
- Picosecond ultrasonics
- Rayleigh wave
- Shock wave
- Seismology
- Sonification
- Sonochemistry
- Soundproofing
- Soundscape
- Sonic boom
- Sonoluminescence
- Surface acoustic wave
- Thermoacoustics
- Transverse wave
- Wave equation
References
{{Reflist}}Further reading
- BOOK, Attenborough K, Postema M, A pocket-sized introduction to acoustics, 2008, Kingston upon Hull: University of Hull,hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03188302/document, 978-90-812588-2-1, 10.5281/zenodo.7504060,
- BOOK, Benade AH, Fundamentals of Musical Acoustics, 1976, Oxford University Press, New York, 978-0-19-502030-4, 2270137,archive.org/details/fundamentalsofmu0000bena, registration, none,
- BOOK, Biryukov SV, Gulyaev YV, Krylov VV, Plessky VP, Surface Acoustic Waves in Inhomogeneous Media, 1995, Springer, Heidelberg, 978-3-540-58460-5,books.google.com/books?id=WR-jfwMnDYYC, none,
- BOOK, Crocker MJ, Encyclopedia of Acoustics, 1997, Wiley, Hoboken, 441305164, none,archive.org/details/encyclopediaofac0003unse_l4l2/page/n5/mode/2up,
- BOOK, Falkovich G, Fluid Mechanics, a short course for physicists, 2011, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 978-1-107-00575-4,www.weizmann.ac.il/complex/falkovich/fluid-mechanics, none,
- BOOK, Fahy FJ, Gardonio P, Sound and Structural Vibration: Radiation, Transmission and Response, 2007, Academic Press, Amsterdam, 978-0-08-047110-5, 2nd,books.google.com/books?id=caelfFmWC28C, none,
- BOOK, Junger MC, Feit D, Sound, Structures and Their Interaction, 1986, MIT Press, Cambridge, 2nd,mitpress.mit.edu/books/sound-structures-and-their-interaction,mitpress.mit.edu/books/sound-structures-and-their-interaction," title="web.archive.org/web/20140605030702mitpress.mit.edu/books/sound-structures-and-their-interaction,">web.archive.org/web/20140605030702mitpress.mit.edu/books/sound-structures-and-their-interaction, 2014-06-05, none,
- BOOK, Kinsler LE, Fundamentals of Acoustics,archive.org/details/fundamentalsofac00kins/page/n5/mode/2up, 1999, Wiley, Hoboken, 978-04718-4-789-2, 4th, registration, none,
- BOOK, Mason WP, Thurston RN,librarum.org/book/2513/1, Physical Acoustics, 1981, Springer, Heidelberg,librarum.org/book/2513/1," title="web.archive.org/web/20131225161706librarum.org/book/2513/1,">web.archive.org/web/20131225161706librarum.org/book/2513/1, 2013-12-25,
- BOOK, Morse PM, Ingard KU, 1986, Theoretical Acoustics, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 0-691-08425-4,
- BOOK, Pierce AD, 1989, Acoustics: An Introduction to its Physical Principles and Applications, Acoustical Society of America, Melville, 0-88318-612-8,
- BOOK, Raichel DR, 2006, The Science and Applications of Acoustics, 2nd, Springer, Heidelberg, 0-387-30089-9,
- BOOK
, Lord Rayleigh
, The Theory of Sound
, Dover
, New York
, 1894
, 978-0-8446-3028-1
,
, The Theory of Sound
, Dover
, New York
, 1894
, 978-0-8446-3028-1
,
- BOOK, Skudrzyk E, 1971, The Foundations of Acoustics: Basic Mathematics and Basic Acoustics, Springer, Heidelberg,
- BOOK
, Stephens RW, Bate AE
, Acoustics and Vibrational Physics
, 2nd
, Edward Arnold
, London
, 1966
,
, Acoustics and Vibrational Physics
, 2nd
, Edward Arnold
, London
, 1966
,
- BOOK
, Wilson CE
, Noise Control
, Revised
, Krieger
, Malabar
, 2006
, 978-1-57524-237-8
, 59223706
,
, Noise Control
, Revised
, Krieger
, Malabar
, 2006
, 978-1-57524-237-8
, 59223706
,
External links
{{Commons category|Acoustics}}{{wikisource|The New Student’s Reference Work/Acoustics|Acoustics}}- International Commission for Acoustics
- European Acoustics Association
- Acoustical Society of America
- Institute of Noise Control Engineers
- National Council of Acoustical Consultants
- Institute of Acoustic in UK
- Australian Acoustical Society (AAS)
- content above as imported from Wikipedia
- "acoustics" does not exist on GetWiki (yet)
- time: 8:03am EDT - Wed, May 22 2024
- "acoustics" does not exist on GetWiki (yet)
- time: 8:03am EDT - Wed, May 22 2024
[ this remote article is provided by Wikipedia ]
LATEST EDITS [ see all ]
GETWIKI 21 MAY 2024
The Illusion of Choice
Culture
Culture
GETWIKI 09 JUL 2019
Eastern Philosophy
History of Philosophy
History of Philosophy
GETWIKI 09 MAY 2016
GetMeta:About
GetWiki
GetWiki
GETWIKI 18 OCT 2015
M.R.M. Parrott
Biographies
Biographies
GETWIKI 20 AUG 2014
GetMeta:News
GetWiki
GetWiki
© 2024 M.R.M. PARROTT | ALL RIGHTS RESERVED