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{{Short description|King of Armenia from 95 to 55 BC}}{{About|a king of Armenia in the 1st century BC|other historical figures with the same name (including other kings of Armenia)|Tigranes}}

factoids

Four sons:ZariadresUnnamedTigranes the Younger>TigranesArtavasdes IIThree daughters:AriazateUnnamedUnnamedZoroastrianism{{sfn>Romenyp=264}}{{harvnb2016de Jongpp=119–120, 123–125}}; {{harvnb1986|pp=418–438}}}}Tigranes II, more commonly known as Tigranes the Great (Tigran Mets in Armenian;BOOK, Manaserian, R., Haykakan sovetakan hanragitaran, Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia, Armenian National Academy of Sciences, Haykakan SSH GitutÊ»yunneri Akademia, 1985, Arzumanian, Makich, 11, Erevan, 697–698, hy, hy:Õ€Õ¡ÕµÕ¯Õ¡Õ¯Õ¡Õ¶ Õ½Õ¸Õ¾Õ¥Õ¿Õ¡Õ¯Õ¡Õ¶ Õ°Õ¡Õ¶Ö€Õ¡Õ£Õ«Õ¿Õ¡Ö€Õ¡Õ¶, Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia, Tigran B Mets, hy:Տիգրան Ô² Õ„Õ¥Õ®, {{Efn|, {{transliteration|hy|Tigran}}, attested in written Armenian sources since the 5th century AD.BOOK, 1965, Tigran, hy:Տիգրան, hy:Հայոց Õ¡Õ¶Õ±Õ¶Õ¡Õ¶Õ¸Ö‚Õ¶Õ¶Õ¥Ö€Õ« Õ¢Õ¡Õ¼Õ¡Ö€Õ¡Õ¶, HayotsÊ» andznanunneri baá¹›aran, Dictionary of Armenian personal names, Petakan hamalsarani hratarakchÊ»utÊ»yun, Erevan, Achaá¹›yan, HrachÊ»ya, Hrachia Acharian, V, 147-148, hy, Western Armenian pronunciation: {{transliteration|hyw|Dikran Medz}}.}} , {{Transliteration|grc|Tigránes ho Mégas}}; ;BOOK, Ubbo Emmius, Appendix Genealogica: illustrando operi chronologico adjecta,archive.org/details/bub_gb_B9hv-GoOmEkC, 1620, Excudebat Ioannes Sassivs, D5, 140 – 55 BC), was a king of Armenia. A member of the Artaxiad dynasty, he ruled from 95 BC to 55 BC. Under his reign, the Armenian kingdom expanded beyond its traditional boundaries and reached its peak, allowing Tigranes to claim the title Great King or King of Kings. His empire for a short time was the most powerful state to the east of the Roman Republic. The appearance of Halley’s comet during his reign,as depicted on the rare series of Tigranes’s coins,JOURNAL, Gurzadyan, V. G., Vahe Gurzadyan, Vardanyan, R., Halley’s comet of 87 BC on the coins of Armenian king Tigranes?, Astronomy & Geophysics, August 2004, 45, 4, 4.06, 10.1046/j.1468-4004.2003.45406.x,academic.oup.com/astrogeo/article/45/4/4.6/1746011/Halley-s-comet-of-87-BC-on-the-coins-of-Armenian, physics/0405073, 2004A&G....45d...6G, 119357985, was seen as an auspicious sign.BOOK, Mayor, Adrienne, 2011, The Poison King: The Life and Legend of Mithradates, Rome’s Deadliest Enemy, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 9780691150260, 31-32, Either the son or nephew of Artavasdes I, Tigranes was given as a hostage to Mithridates II of Parthia after Armenia came under Parthian suzerainty. After ascending to the Armenian throne, he rapidly expanded his kingdom by invading or annexing Roman and Parthian client-kingdoms. Tigran decided to ally with Mithridates VI of Pontus by marrying his daughter Cleopatra. At its height, Tigranes’ empire stretched from the Pontic Alps to Mesopotamia and from the Caspian Sea to the Mediterranean. With captured vassals, his lands even reached the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf. Many of the inhabitants of conquered cities were forcibly relocated to his new capital, Tigranocerta. An admirer of the Greek culture, Tigranes invited many Greek rhetoricians and philosophers to his court, and his capital was noted for its Hellenistic architecture.Armenia came into direct conflict with Rome after Mithridates VI was forced to seek refuge in Tigranes’ court. In 69 BC, Tigranes was decisively defeated at the Battle of Tigranocerta by a Roman army under the command of Lucullus, and a year later he met another major defeat at Artaxata, the old Armenian capital. The recall of Lucullus gave Tigranes a brief respite, but in 66 BC Armenia faced another Roman invasion led by Pompey, aided by Tigranes’ own son, Tigranes the Younger. Tigranes chose to surrender and was allowed to retain the heartland of his kingdom as a Roman buffer state, while all of his conquests were annexed. He continued to rule Armenia as a formal ally of Rome until his death around 55 BC at the age of 85.

Early years

In approximately 120 BC, the Parthian king Mithridates II ({{reign|124|91|era=BC}}) invaded Armenia and made its king Artavasdes I acknowledge Parthian suzerainty.{{sfn|Olbrycht|2009|p=165}} Artavasdes I was forced to give the Parthians Tigranes, who was either his son or nephew, as a hostage.{{sfn|Olbrycht|2009|p=165}}{{sfn|Garsoian|2005}} Tigranes lived in the Parthian court at Ctesiphon, where he was schooled in Parthian culture.{{sfn|Mayor|2009|p=136}} Tigranes remained a hostage at the Parthian court until {{circa|96/95 BC}}, when Mithridates II released him and appointed him as the king of Armenia.{{sfn|Olbrycht|2009|p=168}}{{sfn|DÄ…browa|2018|p=78}} Tigranes ceded an area called “seventy valleys” in the Caspiane to Mithridates II, either as a pledge or because Mithridates II demanded it.{{sfn|Olbrycht|2009|pp=165, 182 (see note 57)}} Tigranes’ daughter Ariazate had also married a son of Mithridates II, which has been suggested by the modern historian Edward DÄ…browa to have taken place shortly before he ascended the Armenian throne as a guarantee of his loyalty.{{sfn|DÄ…browa|2018|p=78}} Tigranes would remain a Parthian vassal until the late 80s BC.{{sfn|Olbrycht|2009|p=169}}When he came to power, the foundation upon which Tigranes was to build his Empire was already in place, a legacy of the founder of the Artaxiad Dynasty, Artaxias I, and subsequent kings. The mountains of Armenia, however, formed natural borders between the different regions of the country and as a result, the feudalistic nakharars had significant influence over the regions or provinces in which they were based. This did not suit Tigranes, who wanted to create a centralist empire. He thus proceeded by consolidating his power within Armenia before embarking on his campaign.BOOK, Kurdoghlian, Mihran, ÕŠÕ¡Õ¿Õ´Õ¸Ö‚Õ©Õ«Ö‚Õ¶ Հայոց [History of Armenia, Volume I], Council of National Education Publishing, 1996, hy, Athens, 67–76, He deposed Artanes, the last king of the Kingdom of Sophene and a descendant of Zariadres.Strabo. Geographica, 11.14.15.

Alliance with Pontus

During the First Mithridatic War (89–85 BC), Tigranes supported Mithridates VI of Pontus, but was careful not to become directly involved in the war.He rapidly built up his power and established an alliance with Mithridates VI, marrying his daughter Cleopatra. Tigranes agreed to extend his influence in the East, while Mithridates set to conquer Roman land in Asia Minor and in Europe. By creating a stronger Hellenistic state, Mithridates was to contend with the well-established Roman foothold in Europe. Mithridates executed a planned general attack on Romans and Italians in Asia Minor, tapping into local discontent with the Romans and their taxes and urging the peoples of Asia Minor to raise against foreign influence. The slaughter of 80,000 people in the province of Asia Minor was known as the Asiatic Vespers. The two kings’ attempts to control Cappadocia and then the massacres resulted in guaranteed Roman intervention. The senate decided that Lucius Cornelius Sulla, who was then one of the consuls, would command the army against Mithridates.Appian. The Civil Wars, 1.55.The French historian René Grousset remarked that in their alliance Mithridates was somewhat subservient to Tigranes.{{citation|author=René Grousset |title=Histoire de l’Arménie |location=Paris |year=1946 |page=85 |language=fr |quote=Dans l’alliance qui fut alors conclus entre les deux souverains, Mithridates faisait un peu figure client de Tigran.}}

Wars against Roman and Parthian client kingdoms

(File:Map of the Armenian Empire of Tigranes (English).svg|thumb|upright=1.15|Tigranes the Great’s Armenian Empire: Countries, composing parts of the Empire)After the death of Mithridates II of Parthia his son Gotarzes I succeeded him.{{harvnb|Assar|2006|p=62}}; {{harvnb|Shayegan|2011|p=225}}; {{harvnb|Rezakhani|2013|p=770}} This was disputed by Sinatruces which caused a Parthian civil war. Tigranes, with Rome involved in a Social War and Parthia involved in a succession dispute, quickly invaded Cappadocia but was forced out by the Roman consul Sulla. Between 88-85 BC, he retook Adiabene, Gordyene, and Media Atropatene.{{sfn|Garsoian|2005}}In 83 BC, after bloody strife for the throne of Syria, governed by the Seleucids, the Syrians decided to choose Tigranes as the protector of their kingdom and offered him the crown of Syria.{{sfn|Litovchenko|2015|p=179–188}} Magadates was appointed as his governor in Antioch.The House Of Seleucus V2 by Edwyn Robert Bevan. He then conquered Phoenicia and Cilicia, effectively putting an end to the last remnants of the Seleucid Empire, though a few holdout cities appear to have recognized the shadowy boy-king Seleucus VII Philometor as the legitimate king during his reign. The southern border of his domain reached as far as Ptolemais (modern Akko). Many of the inhabitants of conquered cities were sent to his new metropolis of Tigranocerta.At its height, his empire extended from the Pontic Alps (in modern north-eastern Turkey) to Mesopotamia, and from the Caspian Sea to the Mediterranean. A series of victories led him to assume the Achaemenid title of King of Kings, which even the Parthian kings did not assume, appearing on coins struck after 85 BC.JOURNAL, Theo Maarten van Lint, Theo van Lint, The Formation of Armenian Identity in the First Millennium, Church History and Religious Culture, 2009, 89, 1/3, 264, He was called “Tigranes the Great” by many Western historians and writers, such as Plutarch. The “King of Kings” never appeared in public without having four kings attending him. Cicero, referring to his success in the east, said that he “made the Republic of Rome tremble before the prowess of his arms.“BOOK, Boyajian, Zabelle C., Aram Raffi; James Bryce, 1st Viscount Bryce, Viscount Bryce, An Anthology of Legends and Poems of Armenia, J.M. Dent & sons, Ltd., London, 1916, 117, Tigranes’ coins consist of tetradrachms and copper coins having on the obverse his portrait wearing a decorated Armenian tiara with ear-flaps. The reverse has a completely original design. There are the seated Tyche of Antioch and the river god Orontes at her feet.

Wars against Rome

Mithridates VI of Pontus had found refuge in Armenian land after confronting Rome, considering the fact that Tigranes was his ally and relative. The King of Kings eventually came into direct contact with Rome. The Roman commander, Lucullus, demanded the expulsion of Mithridates from Armenia – to comply with such a demand would be, in effect, to accept the status of vassal to Rome and thus Tigranes refused.{{sfn|Greenhalgh|1981|p=74}} Charles Rollin, in his Ancient History, says:{{blockquote|Tigranes, to whom Lucullus had sent an ambassador, though of no great power in the beginning of his reign, had enlarged it so much by a series of successes, of which there are few examples, that he was commonly surnamed “King of Kings.” After having overthrown and almost ruined the family of the kings, successors of the great Seleucus; after having very often humbled the pride of the Parthians, transported whole cities of Greeks into Media, conquered all Syria and Palestine, and given laws to the Arabians called Scenites, he reigned with an authority respected by all the princes of Asia. The people paid him honors after the manners of the East, even to adoration.BOOK, Rollins, Charles, Ancient History, vol. 4: History of the Macedonians, the Seleucidae in Syria, and Parthians, R. Carter, New York, 1844, 461, }}Lucullus’ reaction was an attack that was so precipitate that he took Tigranes by surprise. According to Roman historians Mithrobazanes, one of Tigranes’ generals, told Tigranes of the Roman approach. Tigranes was, according to Keaveney, so impressed by Mithrobazanes’ courage that he appointed Mithrobazanes to command an army against Lucullus – Tigranes sent Mithrobarzanes with 2,000 to 3,000 cavalry to expel the invader. Mithrobarzanes charged the Romans while they were setting up their camp, but was met by a 3,500-strong sentry force and his horsemen were routed. He perished in the attempt.Philip Matyszak, Mithridates the Great, pp 127-128; Lee Frantatuono, Lucullus, pp 83-84; Plutarch, Life of Lucullus, XII.84.{{sfn|Keaveney|1992|pp=106-107}} After this defeat, Tigranes withdrew north to Armenia to regroup, leaving Lucullus free to besiege Tigranocerta.{{sfn|Keaveney|1992|p=107}}When Tigranes had gathered a large army, he returned to confront Lucullus. On October 6, 69 BC, Tigranes’ much larger force was decisively defeated by the Roman army under Lucullus in the Battle of Tigranocerta. Tigranes’ treatment of the inhabitants (the majority of the population had been forced to move to the city) led disgruntled city guards to open the gates of the city to the Romans. Learning of this, Tigranes hurriedly sent 6000 cavalrymen to the city in order to rescue his wives and some of his assets. Tigranes escaped capture with a small escort.On October 6, 68 BC, the Romans approached the old capital of Artaxata. Tigranes’ and Mithridates’ combined Armeno-Pontic army of 70,000 men formed up to face them but were resoundingly defeated. Once again, both Mithridates and Tigranes evaded capture by the victorious Romans.{{sfn|Steel|2013|p=141}} However, the Armenian historians claim that the Romans lost the battle of Artaxata and Lucullus’ following withdrawal from the Kingdom of Armenia in reality was an escape due to the above-mentioned defeat.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} The Armenian-Roman wars are depicted in Alexandre Dumas’ Voyage to the Caucasus. The long campaigning and hardships that Lucullus’ troops had endured for years, combined with a perceived lack of reward in the form of plunder, led to successive mutinies among the legions in 68–67. Frustrated by the rough terrain of Northern Armenia and seeing the worsening morale of his troops, Lucullus moved back south and put Nisibis under siege. Tigranes concluded (wrongly) that Nisibis would hold out and sought to regain those parts of Armenia that the Romans had captured.{{sfn|Keaveney|1992|p=119}} Despite his continuous success in battle, Lucullus could still not capture either one of the monarchs. With Lucullus’ troops now refusing to obey his commands, but agreeing to defend positions from attack, the Senate sent Pompey to recall Lucullus to Rome and take over his command.

Pompey and submission to Rome

(File:Տիգրան Մեծ Statue of Tigranes the Great in Yerevan.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Statue of Tigranes the Great in Yerevan)In 67 BCThe Encyclopaedia of Military History, R E Dupuy and T N Dupuy Pompey was given the task of defeating Mithridates and Tigranes.{{sfn|Greenhalgh|1981|p=105}} Pompey first concentrated on attacking Mithridates while distracting Tigranes by engineering a Parthian attack on Gordyene.{{sfn|Greenhalgh|1981|p=105, 114}} Phraates III, the Parthian king, was soon persuaded to take things a little further than an annexation of Gordyene when a son of Tigranes (also named Tigranes) went to join the Parthians and persuaded Phraates to invade Armenia in an attempt to replace the elder Tigranes with the Tigranes the Younger.{{sfn|Greenhalgh|1981|p=114}} Tigranes decided not to meet the invasion in the field but instead ensured that his capital, Artaxata, was well defended and withdrew to the hill country. Phraates soon realized that Artaxata would not fall without a protracted siege, the time for which he could not spare due to his fear of plots at home. Once Phraates left, Tigranes came back down from the hills and drove his son from Armenia. The son then fled to Pompey.{{sfn|Greenhalgh|1981|p=115}}In 66 BC, Pompey advanced into Armenia with Tigranes the Younger, and Tigranes, now almost 75 years old, surrendered. Pompey allowed him to retain his kingdom shorn of his conquests as he planned to have Armenia as a buffer stateBOOK, Scullard, H.H., From the Gracchi to Nero: A History of Rome from 133 B.C. to A.D. 68, F.A. Praeger, New York, 1959, 106, and he took 6,000 talents/180 tonnes of silver. His unfaithful son was sent back to Rome as a prisoner.JOURNAL, fr, Chaumont, M. L., Tigrane le Jeune, fils de Tigrane le Grand, Revue des Études Arméniennes, 28, 2001–2002, 225–247, Tigranes continued to rule Armenia as a formal ally of Rome until his death in 55/54,BOOK, Fuller, J.F.C., 1965, Julius Caesar: Man, Soldier, and Tyrant, Eyre & Spottiswoode, London, 45, 978-0-306-80422-9,archive.org/details/juliuscaesarmans00full/page/45, at age 85.

Offspring

Tigranes had four sons and three daughters.{{sfn|Sargsyan|1991|p=51}}{{sfn|Redgate|2000|p=77}} The eldest son, Zariadres, according to Appian and Valerius Maximus rebelled against Tigranes and was killed during a battle (possibly late 90s BCE).{{sfn|Sargsyan|1991|p=49, 52}}Valerius Maximus. Factorum ac dictorum memorabilium libri IX, Liber IX, ext.3. Appian also mentions an unnamed younger son who was executed for conspiring against Tigranes: he disregarded his father’s health and wore Tigranes’s crown (Tigranes having been injured during a hunting accident).{{sfn|Sargsyan|1991|p=49}} His third son, Tigranes the Younger, who showed great care for his injured father and was rewarded for his loyalty,{{sfn|Sargsyan|1991|p=49}} has already been mentioned. He is also alleged to have led a military campaign in 82 BCE.{{sfn|Sargsyan|1991|p=49}} Tigranes was succeeded by his fourth and youngest son, Artavasdes II.One daughter of Tigranes according to Cassius Dio married Mithridates I of Atropatene.{{sfn|Sargsyan|1991|p=51}}Cassius Dio. The Roman History, XXXVI, 14. Another daughter married Parthian prince Pacorus, son of Orodes II.{{sfn|Redgate|2000|p=77}}{{sfn|Minns|1915|p=42}} Parchments of Avroman also mention his third daughter, Ariazate “Automa”, who married Gotarzes I of Parthia.{{sfn|Romeny|2010|p=264}}{{sfn|Minns|1915|p=42}}Although Cleopatra of Pontus is usually considered to be their mother (Appian writes that she gave birth to three sons),{{sfn|Sargsyan|1991|p=49}} historian Gagik Sargsyan considered only Artavasdes II and one of the unnamed daughters to be her children.{{sfn|Sargsyan|1991|p=51, 52}} According to him, the rest had a different mother and were born before Tigranes became king.{{sfn|Sargsyan|1991|p=50}} The reasoning behind it is that if Tigranes the Younger did indeed lead a campaign in 82 BCE, then he and hence his two older brothers (and possibly two sisters) would be too old to be Cleopatra’s children.{{sfn|Sargsyan|1991|p=50}} Another argument supporting this claim would be the situation with Ariazate. As she was probably the mother of Orodes I ({{reign|80|75|era=BC}}),{{sfn|Assar|2006|p=67, 74}} then Ariazate could not have been the daughter of Cleopatra who married Tigranes only in 94 BCE at the age of 15 or 16.{{sfn|Sargsyan|1991|p=53}} Sargsyan also proposed a possible candidate as Tigranes’s first wife and the children’s mother: Artaxiad princess Zaruhi, a daughter of Tigranes’s paternal uncle Zariadres and granddaughter of Artaxias I.{{sfn|Sargsyan|1991|p=53}} He also considered likely that the reason for the rebellion of Tigranes’s son Zariadres was the birth of Artavasdes who was declared the heir by virtue of being born to a king and not a prince.{{sfn|Sargsyan|1991|p=52}}

Imperial ideology

Tigranes is a typical example of the mixed culture of his period. The ceremonial of his court was of Achaemenid origin, and also incorporated Parthian aspects.{{sfn|Romeny|2010|p=264}} He had Greek rhetoricians and philosophers in his court, possibly as a result of the influence of his queen, Cleopatra.{{sfn|Romeny|2010|p=264}} Greek was also possibly spoken in the court.{{sfn|Romeny|2010|p=264}} Following the example of the Parthians, Tigranes adopted the title of Philhellene (“friend of the Greeks“).{{sfn|Romeny|2010|p=264}} The layout of his capital Tigranocerta was a blend of Greek and Iranian architecture.{{sfn|Romeny|2010|p=264}}Like the majority Armenia’s inhabitants, Tigranes was a follower of Zoroastrianism.{{efn|The largest expansion took place during the reign of Tigran (II) the Great, who ruled between 95 and 55 bce and whose empire at one time stretched from the Mediterranean to the Caspian Sea...The court ceremonial was Achaemenid, containing also Parthian elements. However, perhaps due to the influence of the queen, Cleopatra of Pontus, there were Greek rhetoricians and philosophers at court..[..]..At court Greek may have been spoken; Tigran’s heir Artawazd II wrote his plays and other literary works, which were still known in the second century ce...Tigran’s religion was probably Mazdaism, a variety of Zoroastrianism.“{{sfn|Romeny|2010|p=264}}}}{{sfn|Romeny|2010|p=264}}{{harvnb|Curtis|2016|p=185}}; {{harvnb|de Jong|2015|pp=119–120, 123–125}} On his crown, a star of divinity and two birds of prey are displayed, both Iranian aspects.{{sfn|Romeny|2010|p=264}}{{sfn|Curtis|2016|pp=182, 185}} The bird of prey was associated with the khvarenah, i.e. kingly glory.{{sfn|Curtis|2016|pp=182, 185}} It was possibly also a symbol of the bird of the deity Verethragna.{{sfn|Curtis|2016|pp=182, 185}}

Legacy and recognition

File:500 Armenian dram - 1993 (obverse).png|thumb|A coin of Tigranes depicted on a 500 Armenian dram banknote, in circulation from 1993 to 2005.WEB, Banknotes out of Circulation - 500 dram,www.cba.am/en/sitepages/detailsncbrabanknotesnotcirculated.aspx?nominal=6, cba.am, Central Bank of ArmeniaCentral Bank of ArmeniaOver the course of his conquests, Tigranes founded four cities that bore his name, including the capital of Tigranocerta (Tigranakert).BOOK, Karapetian, Samvel, Armenian Cultural Monuments in the Region of Karabakh, 2001, “Gitutiun” Publishing House of National Academy of Sciences of Armenia, Yerevan, 9785808004689, 213, Samvel Karapetyan (author), The data of records referring to these four towns, all of which were called Tigranakert and differed only by provinces, were often confused, if the name of the province; Aldznik, Goghtn, Utik or Artsakh...,

Historical

Tigranes is mentioned in Macrobii, a Roman essay detailing the famous long livers of the day, which is attributed to Lucian.Lucian. Macrobii, 15.In The Art of War (1521), Italian political philosopher Niccolò Machiavelli attributes Tigranes’ military failure to his excessive reliance on his cavalry.BOOK, Payaslian, Simon, Simon Payaslian, The History of Armenia, 2007, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 978-1-4039-7467-9,archive.org/details/SimonPayaslianTheHistoryOfArmenia, 22, According to one count, 24 operas have been composed about Tigranes by European composers,JOURNAL, Kharmandarian, M. S., OA Portal in Armenia, ru:Опера «Тигран» Алессандро Скарлатти, Lraber Hasarakakan Gitutyunneri, 1975, 3, 59–69,lraber.asj-oa.am/5321/, ru, including by prominent Italian and German composers, such as Alessandro Scarlatti (Tigrane, 1715), Antonio Vivaldi (La virtu trionfante dell’amore e dell’odio ovvero il Tigrane, 1724),WEB, Vivaldi as opera composer,www.longbeachopera.org/archive/2009-season/motezuma, Long Beach Opera, 31 August 2013, Niccolò Piccinni (Tigrane, 1761), Tomaso Albinoni, Giovanni Bononcini, Francesco Gasparini, Pietro Alessandro Guglielmi, Johann Adolph Hasse, Giovanni Battista Lampugnani, Vincenzo Righini, Antonio Tozzi, and others.BOOK, Towers, John, Dictionary-catalogue of Operas and Operettas which Have Been Performed on the Public Stage: Libretti, 1910, Acme Publishing Company, 625–6,

Modern

According to Razmik Panossian, Tigranes’ short-lived empire has been a source of pride for modern Armenian nationalists.BOOK, Panossian, Razmik, The Armenians: From Kings and Priests to Merchants and Commissars, 2006, Columbia University Press, New York, 9780231139267, Razmik Panossian, 42,archive.org/details/armeniansfromkin00razm/page/42, Nevertheless, his empire was a multi-ethnic one.BOOK, Kohl, Philip L., Philip L. Kohl, Hartley, Charles W., YazicioÄŸlu, G. Bike, Smith, Adam T., Adam T. Smith, The Archaeology of Power and Politics in Eurasia: Regimes and Revolutions, 2012, Cambridge University Press, 9781139789387, 149, Homelands in the Present and in the Past: Political Implications of a Dangerous Concept, The phrase “sea to sea Armenia” (, tsovits tsov Hayastan) is a popular expression used by Armenians to refer to the kingdom of Tigranes which extended from the Caspian Sea to the Mediterranean Sea.BOOK, Verluise, Pierre, Armenia in Crisis: The 1988 Earthquake, 1995, Wayne State University Press, Detroit, 9780814325278, xxiv,archive.org/details/armeniaincrisis100verl, BOOK, Coe, Barbara, Changing Seasons: Letters from Armenia, 2005, Trafford, Victoria, B.C., 9781412070225, 215,

See also

• History of Armenia

Notes

{{notelist}}

References

{{Reflist|30em}}

Bibliography

English

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• {{citation|last=Brosius|first=Maria|title=The Persians: An Introduction|year=2006|publisher=Routledge|location=London & New York|isbn=978-0-415-32089-4}}.
• JOURNAL, DÄ…browa, Edward, Arsacid Dynastic Marriages, Electrum, 2018, 25, 73–83, 10.4467/20800909EL.18.005.8925, free,
• BOOK,www.academia.edu/865473, Olbrycht, Marek Jan, Jakob Munk, Højte, 2009, Mithridates VI Eupator and Iran, Mithridates VI and the Pontic Kingdom, Aarhus University Press, Black Sea Studies, 9, 1903-4873, 978-8779344433, 163–190,
• ENCYCLOPEDIA, Armenia and Iran ii. The pre-Islamic period, Chaumont, M. L.,www.iranicaonline.org/articles/armenia-ii, Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 4, 418–438, 1986,
• ENCYCLOPEDIA, Armeno-Iranian Relations in the pre-Islamic period, Garsoian, Nina,www.iranicaonline.org/articles/armeno-iranian-relations-in-the-pre-islamic-period, Encyclopaedia Iranica, 2004,
• ENCYCLOPEDIA, Tigran II, Garsoian, Nina,www.iranicaonline.org/articles/tigran-ii, Encyclopaedia Iranica, 2005,
• BOOK, Romeny, R. B. ter Haar, Religious Origins of Nations?: The Christian Communities of the Middle East, 2010, Brill, 9789004173750,books.google.com/books?id=ZxDi924k4RIC,
• BOOK, Pompey the Great: A Political Biography, Robin, Seager, John Wiley & Sons, 2008,books.google.com/books?id=EKwClH_z09gC, 9780470775226,
• BOOK, Keaveney, Arthur, Lucullus: A Life, Routledge,books.google.com/books?id=vXSx4kowZHYC, London, 1992, 9781134968558,
• BOOK, Greenhalgh, P. A. L., Pompey, the Roman Alexander, Volume 1, 1981, University of Missouri Press, 9780826203359,
• JOURNAL, Walton Dobbins, K., 1974, Mithradates II and his Successors: A Study of the Parthian Crisis 90-70 B.C., Antichthon, 8, 63–79, 10.1017/S0066477400000447, 151370496, 0066-4774,
• JOURNAL,www.academia.edu/8433837, Traina, Giusto, 2013, Tigranu, the Crown Prince of Armenia”: Evidence from the Babylonian Astronomical Diaries, Klio (journal), Klio, 95, 2, 447–454, 10.1524/klio.2013.95.2.447, 159478619, 2192-7669,
• BOOK, A History of Antioch in Syria, Glanville, Downey, Princeton University Press, 1962,archive.org/embed/Downey1961Antioch, 9781400876716,
• BOOK, Near Eastern royalty and Rome, 100-30 BC, Richard, Sullivan, University of Toronto Press, 1990, 9780802026828,
• ENCYCLOPEDIA, ADRAPANA, Brunner, C. J.,www.iranicaonline.org/articles/adrapana-the-third-station-from-the-western-border-of-upper-media-recorded-by-isidore-of-charax-in-the-1st-century-a, Encyclopaedia Iranica, 1983,
• JOURNAL, Clive, Foss, 1986, The Coinage of Tigranes the Great: Problems, Suggestions and a New Find, The Numismatic Chronicle, 146, 19–66, 42667454, 2054-9156,
• JOURNAL, Christoph F., Konrad, 1983, Reges Armenii Patricios Resalutare Non Solent?, American Journal of Philology, 104, 3, 278–281, 294542, 0002-9475, 10.2307/294542,
• JOURNAL, Keaveney, Arthur, 1981, Roman Treaties with Parthia circa 95-circa 64 B.C, American Journal of Philology, 102, 2, 195–212, 294311, 0002-9475, 10.2307/294311,
• BOOK,books.google.com/books?id=koTrKxWIgvIC, Boccaccini, Gabriele, Tigranes the Great as “Nebuchadnezzar” in the Book of Judith, 55–69, A Pious Seductress: Studies in the Book of Judith, 2012, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, Xeravits, Géza G., 9783110279986, .
• BOOK,www.academia.edu/38686258, Dumitru, Adrian, Altay, CoÅŸkun, Alex, McAuley, 2016, Kleopatra Selene: A Look at the Moon and Her Bright Side, Seleukid Royal Women: Creation, Representation and Distortion of Hellenistic Queenship in the Seleukid Empire, Franz Steiner Verlag, Historia{{nbsp, – Einzelschriften|volume=240|issn=0071-7665 |isbn=978-3-515-11295-6|pages=253–272}}
• BOOK, Zoroastrians: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices, 1984, Psychology Press, Boyce, Mary, Mary Boyce, 1–252, 9780415239028,books.google.com/books?id=a6gbxVfjtUEC&q=false,
• BOOK,www.academia.edu/23810856, Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh, Markus, Williams, Sarah, Stewart, Almut, Hintze, 2016, Ancient Iranian Motifs and Zoroastrian Iconography, The Zoroastrian Flame Exploring Religion, History and Tradition, I.B. Tauris, 9780857728159, 179–203,
• BOOK, The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Zoroastrianism, Albert, de Jong, Michael, Stausberg, Yuhan Sohrab-Dinshaw, Vevaina, Anna, Tessmann, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2015, Armenian and Georgian Zoroastrianism,
• BOOK, Russell, James R., James R. Russell, Zoroastrianism in Armenia, 1987, Harvard University Press, 978-0674968509,
• JOURNAL, Minns, Ellis. H., Ellis Minns, 1915, Parchments of the Parthian Period from Avroman in Kurdistan, The Journal of Hellenic Studies, 35, 22–65, 10.2307/624522, 624522, 164177124,archive.org/details/ParchmentsOfTheParthianPeriodFromAvromanInKurdistan/, 0075-4269,
• BOOK, The Armenians, Anne Elizabeth, Redgate, Elizabeth Redgate, Wiley–Blackwell, 2000, 9780631143727,
• BOOK, Mayor, Adrienne, The Poison King: The Life and Legend of Mithradates, Rome’s Deadliest Enemy, 2009, Princeton University Press, 9780691150260,books.google.com/books?id=dKnFZa4LNjQC, 1–448,
• BOOK, Manandyan, Hakob, Tigranes II and Rome: A New Interpretation Based on Primary Sources, George Bournoutian, Costa Mesa, CA, Mazda Publishers, 2007, 1943 in Russian,
• BOOK, Rezakhani, Khodadad, Khodadad Rezakhani, Potts, Daniel T., The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Iran, 2013, Oxford University Press, 978-0199733309, Arsacid, Elymaean, and Persid Coinage,
• JOURNAL, Sellwood, David, 1976, The Drachms of the Parthian “Dark Age”, The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, Cambridge University Press, 1, 1, 2–25, 10.1017/S0035869X00132988, 25203669, 161619682, {{Registration required}}
• {{Citation |last=Shayegan|first=Rahim M.|title=Arsacids and Sasanians: Political Ideology in Post-Hellenistic and Late Antique Persia |year=2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0-521-76641-8}}
• BOOK, Steel, Catherine, End of the Roman Republic 146 to 44 BC: Conquest and Crisis, Edinburgh University Press, 2013,

Russian

• JOURNAL,lraber.asj-oa.am/4952/, Hakobyan, Hayk, 1983, Тигранакертская битва в новом освещении (The battle of Tigranocerta under new light), Lraber Hasarakakan Gitutyunneri, Herald of the Social Sciences, 9, 65–79, 0320-8117,
• JOURNAL,www.academia.edu/30065529, Litovchenko, Sergey, 2015, Царствование Тиграна II Великого в Сирии: проблемы хронологии (The reign of Tigranes the Great in Syria: chronology problems), Ancient World and Archaeology, 17, 176–191, 0320-961X,
• JOURNAL,www.academia.edu/5682704, Litovchenko, Sergey, 2011, Царство Софена в восточной политике Помпея (The kingdom of Sophene in the eastern policy of Pompey), Drevnosti, 10, 34–40, 36974593,
• BOOK,www.academia.edu/7071550, Litovchenko, Sergey, 2007, Малая Армения и каппадокийские события 90-Ñ… гг. І в. до н. э. (Lesser Armenia and Cappadocian events in the 90s BC.), Laurea: K 80-letiju Professora Vladimira Ivanoviča Kadeeva, 48–56, 9789663423876,
• BOOK, Тигран Второй и Рим (Tigran II and Rome), Hakob, Manandyan, Yerevan, Armfan, 1943,archive.org/embed/H.M.TigranIIrus,
• JOURNAL,archive.org/embed/tigranII1, Manaseryan, R.L., 1982, Процессы образования державы Тиграна II (The formation of the empire of Tigranes II), Journal of Ancient History, 2, 122–139, 0321-0391,
• JOURNAL,archive.org/embed/Tigranii2, Manaseryan, R.L., 1985, Борьба Тиграна против экспансии Рима в каппадокии 93-91 гг. до. н.э. (The struggle of Tigranes II against Roman expansion in Cappadocia), Journal of Ancient History, 3, 109–118, 0321-0391,
• JOURNAL,archive.org/embed/TigranesII3, Manaseryan, R.L., 1992, Международные отношения на Переднем Востоке в 80-70-Ñ… годах до н.э. (Тигран II и войска с берегов Аракса) International relations in the Near East. in the years 80-70 BC (Tigranes II and the troops from the banks of the Araxes), Journal of Ancient History, 1, 152–160, 0321-0391,
• JOURNAL, Sargsyan, Gagik, Gagik Sargsyan, СВИДЕТЕЛЬСТВО ПОЗДНЕВАВИЛОНСКОЙ КЛИНОПИСНОЙ ХРОНИКИ ОБ АРМЕНИИ ВРЕМЕНИ ТИГРАНА II (Evidence Regarding Armenia during Tigran II’ s Period in a Late Babylonian cuneiform chronicle), 1991, Patma-Banasirakan Handes, 0135-0536, 2, 45–54,hpj.asj-oa.am/5547/1/1991-2(45).pdf, ru,
• JOURNAL,hpj.asj-oa.am/5658/, Vardanyan, Ruben, 2011, Борьба за титул “царя царей” в контексте восточной политики Рима I века до н. э. (по нумизматическим, эпиграфическим и нарративным источникам) Ö‰ The Fight for the “King of Kings” Title in the Context of Rome’s Eastern Policy in the 1st Century B. C. ( on numismatic, epigraphic and narrative sources)., Patma-Banasirakan Handes, 1, 230–252, 0135-0536,

French

• JOURNAL,journals.openedition.org/etudesanciennes/491ftn1, Duyrat, Frédérique, 2012, Tigrane en Syrie: un prince sans images, Cahiers des études anciennes, 49, 167–209, 0317-5065,
• JOURNAL,archive.org/embed/tresormonetairedenisibe, Seyrig, Henri, Henri Arnold Seyrig, 1955, Trésor monétaire de Nisibe, Revue numismatique, 85–128, 0317-5065,
• JOURNAL, Sartre, Maurice, 2014, Syrie romaine (70 av. J.-C.-73 apr. J.-C.), Pallas: Revue d’études antiques, 98, 96, 253–269, 0031-0387, 10.4000/pallas.1284, free,
• JOURNAL,archive.org/embed/lasopheneetrome, Thérèse, Frankfort, 1963, La Sophène Et Rome, Latomus, 22, 2, 181–190, 0023-8856,

German

• BOOK,www.academia.edu/9844569, Engels, David, Ãœberlegungen zur Funktion der Titel “Großkönig” und “König der Könige, Interconnectivity in the Mediterranean and Pontic World during the Hellenistic and the Roman Periods, Cluj-Napoca, Romania, 2014, 333–362, Cojocaru, Victor, CoÅŸkun, Altay, Dana, Mădălina, 9786065435261,
• BOOK, 1989, Media Atropatene und Gross-Armenien in hellenistischer Zeit, Schottky, Martin, Bonn, Habelt, 9783774923942,

Armenian

• BOOK, Manaseryan, Ruben, 2007, Տիգրան Մեծ՝ Õ€Õ¡ÕµÕ¯Õ¡Õ¯Õ¡Õ¶ ÕŠÕ¡ÕµÖ„Õ¡Ö€Õ¨ Õ€Õ¼Õ¸Õ´Õ« Ö‡ ÕŠÕ¡Ö€Õ©Ö‡Õ¡Õ½Õ¿Õ¡Õ¶Õ« Ô´Õ¥Õ´, Õ´.Õ©.Õ¡. 94–64 Õ©Õ©., Tigran the Great: The Armenian Struggle Against Rome and Parthia, 94–64 B.C., Lusakan Publishing, Yerevan, hy,

Further reading

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