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{{Short description|1774 novel by J.W. Goethe}}{{About|the novel|the opera adaptation|Werther|the film adaptation|Young Werther}}

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| english_release_date = 1779| pages = | preceded_by = | followed_by = | orig_lang_code = de| native_wikisource = | wikisource = The Works of J. W. von Goethe/Volume 6/The Sorrows of Young Werther| dewey = 833.6| congress = PT2027.W3}}The Sorrows of Young Werther ({{IPA-de|ˈveːɐ̯tɐ|}}; ), or simply Werther, is a 1774 epistolary novel by Johann Wolfgang Goethe, which appeared as a revised edition in 1787. It was one of the main novels in the Sturm und Drang period in German literature, and influenced the later Romantic movement. Goethe, aged 24 at the time, finished Werther in five and a half weeks of intensive writing in January to March 1774.{{Citation |pages=386–387 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kRWthlOI_34C&pg=PA387 |title=A New History of German Literature |isbn=978-0674015036 |last1=Wellbery |first1=David E |last2=Ryan |first2=Judith |last3=Gumbrecht |first3=Hans Ulrich |year=2004| publisher=Harvard University Press }} It instantly placed him among the foremost international literary celebrities and was among the best known of his works. The novel is made up of biographical and auto-biographical facts in relation to two triangular relationships and one individual: Goethe, Christian Kestner, and Charlotte Buff (who married Kestner); Goethe, Peter Anton Brentano, Maximiliane von La Roche (who married Brentano), and Karl Wilhelm Jerusalem, who died by suicide on the night of Oct 29 or 30, 1772. He shot himself in the head with a pistol borrowed from Kestner.JOURNAL, Jack, Belinda, June 2014, Goethe’s Werther and its effects, The Lancet Psychiatry, 1, 1, 18–19, 10.1016/s2215-0366(14)70229-9, 2215-0366, free, 26360395, The novel was adapted as the opera Werther by Jules Massenet in 1892.

Plot summary

(File:Lotte an Werthers Grabmal.jpg|thumb|Charlotte at Werther’s grave)Most of The Sorrows of Young Werther, a story about a young man’s extreme response to unrequited love, is presented as a collection of letters written by Werther, a young artist of a sensitive and passionate temperament, to his friend Wilhelm. These give an intimate account of his stay in the fictional village of Wahlheim (based on {{ill|Garbenheim|de||it||nl}}, near Wetzlar),BOOK, Goethe, Johann Wolfgang, Applebaum, Stanley, trans., The Sorrows of Young Werther/Die Leiden des jungen Werther: A Dual-Language Book, 2004, Dover, Mineola, NY, 978-0486433639, N.p,books.google.com/books?id=KTSoAAAAQBAJ&q=Wahlheim+Garbenheim&pg=PT38, 7 February 2020, whose peasants have enchanted him with their simple ways. There he meets Charlotte, a beautiful young girl who takes care of her siblings after the death of their mother. Werther falls in love with Charlotte despite knowing beforehand that she is engaged to a man named Albert, eleven years her senior.{{Citation |last=Robertson |first=JG |title=A History of German Literature |publisher=William Blackwood & Sons |page=268}}Despite the pain it causes him, Werther spends the next few months cultivating a close friendship with them both. His sorrow eventually becomes so unbearable that he is forced to leave Wahlheim for Weimar, where he makes the acquaintance of Fräulein von B. He suffers great embarrassment when he forgetfully visits a friend and unexpectedly has to face there the weekly gathering of the entire aristocratic set. He is not tolerated and asked to leave since he is not a nobleman. He then returns to Wahlheim, where he suffers still more than before, partly because Charlotte and Albert are now married. Every day becomes a torturing reminder that Charlotte will never be able to requite his love. She, out of pity for her friend and respect for her husband, decides that Werther must not visit her so frequently. He visits her one final time, and they are both overcome with emotion after he recites to her a passage of his own translation of Ossian.Even before that incident, Werther had hinted at the idea that one member of the love triangle – Charlotte, Albert or Werther himself – had to die to resolve the situation. Unable to hurt anyone else or seriously consider murder, Werther sees no other choice but to take his own life. After composing a farewell letter to be found after his death, he writes to Albert asking for his two pistols, on the pretext that he is going “on a journey”. Charlotte receives the request with great emotion and sends the pistols. Werther then shoots himself in the head, but does not die until twelve hours later. He is buried between two linden trees that he had mentioned frequently in his letters. The funeral is not attended by any clergy, or by Albert or Charlotte. The book ends with an intimation that Charlotte may die of a broken heart: “I shall say nothing of...Charlotte’s grief. ... Charlotte’s life was despaired of.”

Effect on Goethe

(File:Schmoll Goethe Va.jpg|thumbnail|left|upright|Goethe portrait in profile)Werther was one of Goethe’s few works aligned with the aesthetic, social and philosophical ideals that pervaded the German proto-Romantic movement known as Sturm und Drang, before he and Friedrich von Schiller moved into Weimar Classicism. The novel was published anonymously, and Goethe distanced himself from it in his later years, regretting the fame it had brought him and the consequent attention to his own youthful love of Charlotte Buff, then already engaged to Johann Christian Kestner. Although he wrote Werther at the age of 24, it was all for which some of his visitors in his old age knew him. Goethe had changed his views of literature radically by then, even denouncing the Romantic movement as “everything that is sick.“Hunt, Lynn. The Makings of the West: Peoples and Cultures. Bedford/St. Martins PressGoethe described the powerful impact the book had on him, writing that even if Werther had been a brother of his whom he had killed, he could not have been more haunted by his vengeful ghost. Yet, Goethe substantially reworked the book for the 1787 edition and acknowledged the great personal and emotional influence that The Sorrows of Young Werther could exert on forlorn young lovers who discovered it. As he commented to his secretary in 1821, “It must be bad, if not everybody was to have a time in his life, when he felt as though Werther had been written exclusively for him.” Even fifty years after the book’s publication, Goethe wrote in a conversation with Johann Peter Eckermann about the emotional turmoil he had gone through while writing the book: “That was a creation which I, like the pelican, fed with the blood of my own heart.“BOOK, The Story of Civilization Volume 10: Rousseau and Revolution, Will Durant, Simon&Schuster, 563, 1967, (File:WertherLotte.jpg|thumb|228x228px|Colored engraving of Werther and Lotte.)

Cultural impact

The Sorrows of Young Werther turned Goethe, previously an unknown author, into a literary celebrity almost overnight. Napoleon Bonaparte considered it one of the great works of European literature, having written a Goethe-inspired soliloquy in his youth and carried Werther with him on his campaigning to Egypt. It also started the phenomenon known as “Werther Fever,” which caused young men throughout Europe to dress in the clothing style described for Werther in the novel.WEB, The New York Times,www.nytimes.com/1987/03/18/nyregion/pattern-of-death-copycat-suicides-among-youths.html, March 18, 1987, Pattern Of Death: Copycat Suicides Among Youths, Goleman, Daniel, A. Alvarez, The Savage God: A Story of Suicide (Norton, 1990), p. 228. Items of merchandising such as prints, decorated Meissen porcelain and even a perfume were produced. Thomas Carlyle coined an epithet, “Wertherism”,BOOK,books.google.com/books?id=8Nvdx-4-CzoC, The Carlyle Encyclopedia, Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 2004, 978-0-8386-3792-0, Cumming, Mark, Madison and Teaneck, NJ, Wertherism, limited, to describe the self-indulgency of the age that the phenomenon represented.BOOK, The Oxford Companion to English Literature, Oxford University Press, 2009, Birch, Dinah, 7th, Wertherism, When Goethe completed Werther, he likened his mood to one experienced “after a general confession, joyous and free and entitled to a new life”. For Goethe the Werther effect was a cathartic one, freeing himself from the despair in his life. The book reputedly also led to some of the first known examples of copycat suicide. The men were often dressed in the same clothing “as Goethe’s description of Werther and using similar pistols.” Often the book was found at the scene of the suicide.NEWS,www.scientificamerican.com/article/13-reasons-why-and-suicide-contagion1/., 13 Reasons Why and Suicide Contagion, Devitt, Patrick, Scientific American, 2017-12-04, en, Rüdiger Safranski, a modern biographer of Goethe, dismisses the Werther Effect “as only a persistent rumor.“JOURNAL,www.nybooks.com/articles/2017/12/21/super-goethe/, Super Goethe, Ferdinand Mount, The New York Review of Books, 2017, 64, 20, Nonetheless, this aspect of “Werther Fever” was watched with concern by the authorities – both the novel and the Werther clothing style were banned in Leipzig in 1775; the novel was also banned in Denmark and Italy.JOURNAL,www.historytoday.com/frank-furedi/media%E2%80%99s-first-moral-panic, The Media’s First Moral Panic, Furedi, Frank, History Today, 2015, 65, 11, It was also watched with fascination by fellow authors. One of these, Friedrich Nicolai, decided to create a satirical piece with a happy ending, entitled Die Freuden des jungen Werthers (”The Joys of Young Werther“), in which Albert, having realized what Werther is up to, loaded chicken’s blood into the pistol, thereby foiling Werther’s suicide, and happily concedes Charlotte to him. After some initial difficulties, Werther sheds his passionate youthful side and reintegrates himself into society as a respectable citizen.Friedrich Nicolai: Freuden des jungen Werthers. Leiden und Freuden Werthers des Mannes. Voran und zuletzt ein Gespräch. Klett, Stuttgart 1980, {{ISBN|3-12-353600-9}}The Hebrew translation {{citation |title=יסורי ורתר הצעיר}} was popular among youths in the Zionist communities in British Mandate of Palestine in the 1930s and 1940s and was blamed for the suicide of several young men considered to have emulated Werther.Goethe, however, was not pleased with the “Freuden” and started a literary war with Nicolai that lasted all his life, writing a poem titled “Nicolai auf Werthers Grabe” (“Nicolai on Werther’s grave“), in which Nicolai (here a passing nameless pedestrian) defecates on Werther’s grave,{{citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T-77IXHlsUgC&q=nicolai+at+werther%27s+grave&pg=PA27 |title=Goethe: with plain prose translations of each poem |author=Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, David Luke |access-date=1 December 2010 |language=de |isbn=978-0140420746 |year=1964|publisher=Penguin }} so desecrating the memory of a Werther from which Goethe had distanced himself in the meantime, as he had from the Sturm und Drang. This argument was continued in his collection of short and critical poems the Xenien and his play Faust.

Alternative versions and appearances

• Goethe’s work was the basis for the 1892 opera Werther by Jules Massenet.Milnes R. Werther. In: The New Grove Dictionary of Opera. Macmillan, London and New York, 1997.
• In Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein, Frankenstein’s monster finds the book in a leather portmanteau, along with two others – Plutarch’s Lives of the Noble Greeks and Romans, and Milton’s Paradise Lost.BOOK, Frankenstein or The Modern Prometheus (Chapter 15), Mary, Wollstonecraft (Godwin) Shelley,www.gutenberg.org/files/84/84-h/84-h.htm, He sees Werther’s case as similar to his own, of one rejected by those he loved.
• The book influenced Ugo Foscolo’s The Last Letters of Jacopo Ortis, which tells of a young man who commits suicide, out of desperation caused not only by love, but by the political situation of Italy before Italian unification. This is taken to be the first Italian epistolary novel.{{cn|date=September 2021}}
• Thomas Carlyle, who incidentally translated Goethe’s novel Wilhelm Meister into English, frequently refers to and parodies Werther’s relationship in his 1836 novel Sartor Resartus.BOOK, Shapiro, Alexander H., The Consolations of History: Themes of Progress and Potential in Richard Wagner’s Gotterdammerung, 2019, Routledge, London, 978-0367243210, N.p,books.google.com/books?id=n_S2DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT105, 7 February 2020,
• The statistician Karl Pearson’s first book was The New Werther.
• William Makepeace Thackeray wrote a poem satirizing Goethe’s story entitled “Sorrows of Werther”.William Makepeace Thackeray, “Sorrows of Werther,” via “Poets.org.”
• Thomas Mann’s 1939 novel (Lotte in Weimar: The Beloved Returns|Lotte in Weimar) recounts a fictional reunion between Goethe and his youthful passion, Charlotte Buff, as elderlies.
• A 2002 episode of the Canadian television series History Bites titled “Love & Death” is about the cultural impact of Werther, with Bob Bainborough satirically portraying Goethe in 1780 as a guest on a talk show spoofing The Rosie O’Donnell Show. Goethe wants to discuss his newest work, an adaptation of Iphigenia in Tauris, but is annoyed by having to deal with obsessive fans of Werther.
• Ulrich Plenzdorf, a GDR poet, wrote a satirical novel (and play) called Die neuen Leiden des jungen W. (“The New Sorrows of Young W.”), transposing the events into an East German setting, with the protagonist as an ineffectual teenager rebelling against the system.Ulrich Plensdorf, tr. Romy Fursland: The New Sorrows of Young W. (London: Pushkin Press, 2015).
• In William Hill Brown’s The Power of Sympathy, the novel appears next to Harrington’s unsealed suicide note.
• The 2010 German film Goethe! is a fictional account of the relations between the young Goethe, Charlotte Buff and her fiancé Kestner, which at times draws on that of Werther, Charlotte and Albert.
• The 2014 novel The Sorrows of Young Mike by John Zelazny is a loosely autobiographical parody of Goethe’s novel.Andrew Travers, “In Aspenite’s debut novel, a Goethe hero lost at sea,” The Aspen Times, October 3, 2014.
• In the 2015 game, (The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt){{’}}s Blood and Wine expansion pack, there is a treasure hunt called “The Suffering of Young Francois”, where a man named François seeks help from a witch to make a woman named Charlotte, who is engaged with Albert, fall in love with him. The witch tricked François, making a Spriggan appear in the state and murder everyone. When François learns of this, he hangs himself.
• The story is read in the first episode of the 2019 series Rookie Historian Goo Hae-ryung.
• The story is read to the dragon Temeraire by Captain William Laurence in Naomi Novik’s novel Black Powder War, the third book in the Temeraire series.

English translations

• The Sorrows of Werter, trans. Daniel Malthus (1779)
• Werter and Charlotte, trans. unknown (1786)
• The Sorrows of Werter, trans. M. Aubry (1789)
• The Letters of Werter, trans. unknown (1799)
• The Sorrows of Werter, trans. William Render (1801)
• The Sorrows of Werter, trans. Frederick Gotzberg (1802)
• The Sorrows of Werter, trans. Dr. Pratt (1809)
• The Sorrows of Werter, trans. R. Dillon Boylan (1854)

• {{citation |title=The Sufferings of Young Werther |isbn=0-393-09880-X |others=tr. Harry Steinhauer |place=New York |publisher=WW Norton & Co |year=1970}}
• {{citation |title=The Sorrows of Young Werther, & Novelle |isbn=0-679-72951-8 |others=tr. Elizabeth Mayer, Louise Bogan; poems transl. & foreword W. H. Auden |orig-year=1971 |date=June 1990 |publisher=Vintage Books |series=Classics Edition}}; originally publ. by Random House.
• {{citation |title=The Sorrows of Young Werther |isbn=0-14-044503-X |others=tr. Michael Hulse |year=1989 |series=Classics Library Complete Collection |publisher=Penguin Books |url=https://archive.org/details/sorrowsofyoungwe00goet_4}}.
• {{citation |title=The Sorrows of Young Werther |isbn=0-8129-6990-1 |others=tr. Burton Pike |year=2004 |series=Modern Library |publisher=Random House}}.
• The Sufferings of Young Werther, trans. Stanley Corngold (2011)WEB, The Sufferings of Young Werther: A New Translation by Stanley Corngold - Harvard Book Store,www.harvard.com/book/the_sufferings_of_young_werther_a_new_translation_by_stanley_corngold/, 2023-10-26, www.harvard.com,
• {{citation |title=The Sorrows of Young Werther |isbn=978-0199583027 |others=tr. David Constantine |year=2012 |series=Oxford World’s Classics |publisher=Oxford University Press}}.

See also

• William Render

References

{{reflist}}

Further reading

• BOOK, Auden, Wystan Hugh, W. H. Auden, Foreword, Random House, Random House, Inc, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 1971, .
• Herold, J. Christopher (1963). The Age of Napoleon. American Heritage Inc.
• BOOK, Phillips, Mary Elizabeth, A Handbook of German Literature, George Bell and Sons, 1895,
• BOOK, Wilkinson, William Cleaver, Classic German Course in English, Chautauqua Press, 1887,books.google.com/books?id=qVARAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA173,

External links

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• Free Audiobook from LibriVox {{in lang|de}}
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• What Werther Went Through (21st-century update, published in “real-time” online and via personalised emails)
• William Makepeace Thackeray’s poem “Sorrows of Werther”

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