GetWiki

{{Short description|Historic abugida}}{{pp-extended|small=yes}}{{pp-move}}{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}

factoids

Kannada Telugu language>TeluguTuluKonkani Sanskrit| fam1 = Proto-Sinaitic script[a]| footnotes = [a] The Semitic origin of the Brahmic scripts is not universally agreed upon.| fam2 = Phoenician alphabet[a]| fam3 = Aramaic alphabet[a]| fam4 = Brahmi script[a]Bhattiprolu scriptThe Blackwell Encyclopedia of Writing Systems by Florian Coulmas, p. 228Handbook of Literacy in Akshara Orthography, R. Malatesha Joshi, Catherine McBride (2019), p. 29{{sfn>Salomonpp=35, 40}}| fam6 = Kadamba scriptPyu script>Pyu| children = Kannada script, Telugu script| unicode = | iso15924 = | sample = Copper plates NMND-9.JPG| caption = Copper plate inscriptions in Kannada–Telugu script}}{{Contains special characters|Indic}}{{brahmic}}The Telugu–Kannada script (or Kannada–Telugu script) was a writing system used in Southern India. Despite some significant differences, the scripts used for the Telugu and Kannada languages remain quite similar and highly mutually intelligible. Satavahanas and Chalukyas influenced the similarities between Telugu and Kannada scripts.NEWS, Evolution of Telugu Character Graphs,weblink 2013-07-22, 2009-09-23,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20090923234606weblink">weblink dead,

History

The Dravidian family comprises about 73 languages including Telugu, Tamil, Kannada, and Malayalam. Satavahanas introduced the Brahmi to present-day Telugu and Kannada-speaking regions. Bhattiprolu script introduced by the Satavahanas gave rise to the Kadamba script.The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Writing Systems by Florian Coulmas, p. 228{{sfn|Salomon|1998|pp=35, 40}} But according to Georg Bühler these nonstandard consonant characters of Bhattiprolu can hardly be dismissed as mere "mistakes" on the part of the engraver. All in all, it seems more likely that the Bhattiprolu script represents a provincial offshoot of early Brahmi in the south, rather than a separate line of development from a hypothetical Semitic prototype itself, as Bühler believed.BOOK, Salomon, Richard, Indian Epigraphy, 57,weblink During the 5th to 7th centuries the early Bādāmi Chālukyās and early Banavasi Kadambās used an early form of the Kadamba script in inscriptions.NEWS,weblink Epigraphical Studies in India - Sanskrit and Dravidian, Scripts used in India, Scripts Abroad, 2013-09-06, When Chalukya empire extended towards Telugu speaking regions they established another branch in Vengi, namely the Eastern Chalukyas or the Chalukyas of Vengi who later introduced Kadamba script to Telugu language which developed into the Telugu-Kannada script which was used between the 7th and 11th centuries CE.BOOK, Diringer, David, Alphabet a key to the history of mankind, 1948, 381, Between 1100 CE and 1400 CE, the Telugu and Kannada scripts separated from the Telugu-Kannada script. Both the Telugu and Kannada scripts were standardised at the beginning of the nineteenth century.BOOK, Austin, Peter,weblink One Thousand Languages: Living, Endangered, and Lost, 2008, University of California Press, 978-0-520-25560-9, 117, en, Peter Austin (linguist),

Comparison

The following sections visualize the difference between modern-day Telugu and Kannada styles.

Consonants

{| class="wikitable" align="center"! Telugu/Kannada (ISO) || IPA! Telugu/Kannada (ISO) || IPA! Telugu/Kannada (ISO) || IPA! Telugu/Kannada (ISO) || IPA! Telugu/Kannada (ISO) || IPA align="center" క/ಕ (ka) {{IPA|/ka/}} ఖ/ಖ (kha) {{IPA|/kʰa/}} గ/ಗ (ga) {{IPA|/ɡa/}} ఘ/ಘ (gha) {{IPA|/ɡʱa/}} ఙ/ಙ (ṅa) {{IPA|/ŋa/}} align="center" చ/ಚ (ca) {{IPA|/tʃa/}} ఛ/ಛ (cha) {{IPA|/tʃʰa/}} జ/ಜ (ja) {{IPA|/dʒa/}} ఝ/ಝ (jha) {{IPA|/dʒʱa/}} ఞ/ಞ (ña) {{IPA|/ɲa/}} align="center" ట/ಟ (ṭa) {{IPA|/ʈa/}} ఠ/ಠ (ṭha) {{IPA|/ʈʰa/}} డ/ಡ (ḍa) {{IPA|/ɖa/}} ఢ/ಢ (ḍha) {{IPA|/ɖʱa/}} ణ/ಣ (ṇa) {{IPA|/ɳa/}} align="center" త/ತ (ta) {{IPA|/t̪a/}} థ/ಥ (tha) {{IPA|/t̪ʰa/}} ద/ದ (da) {{IPA|/d̪a/}} ధ/ಧ (dha) {{IPA|/d̪ʱa/}} న/ನ (na) {{IPA|/n̪a/}} align="center" ప/ಪ (pa) {{IPA|/pa/}} ఫ/ಫ (pha) {{IPA|/pʰa/}} బ/ಬ (ba) {{IPA|/ba/}} భ/ಭ (bha) {{IPA|/bʱa/}} మ/ಮ (ma) {{IPA|/ma/}} align="center" య/ಯ (ya) {{IPA|/ja/}} ర/ರ (ra) {{IPA|/ɾa/}} ల/ಲ (la) {{IPA|/la/}} వ/ವ (va) {{IPA|/ʋa/}} ళ/ಳ (ḷa) {{IPA|/ɭa/}} align="center" శ/ಶ (sa/śa) {{IPA|/ʃa/}} ష/ಷ (ṣa) {{IPA|/ʂa/}} స/ಸ (sa) {{IPA|/sa/}} హ/ಹ (ha) {{IPA|/ha/}} ఱ/ಱ (ṟa) {{IPA|/ra/}}There is another legacy consonant ೞ/ఴ (ḻa) used to represent {{IPA|/ɻa/}}, but currently not in use.

Vowels

align"center"">

Independent vowels{| class"wikitable" align"center"

! Telugu/Kannada (ISO) || IPA! Telugu/Kannada (ISO) || IPA align="center" అ/ಅ (a) {{IPA|/a/}} ఆ/ಆ (ā) {{IPA|/aː/}} align="center" ఇ/ಇ (i) {{IPA|/i/}} ఈ/ಈ (ī) {{IPA|/iː/}} align="center" ఉ/ಉ (u) {{IPA|/u/}} ఊ/ಊ (ū) {{IPA|/uː/}} align="center" ఋ/ಋ (r̥) {{IPA|/ɾu/}} ౠ/ೠ (r̥̄) {{IPA|/ɾuː/}} align="center" ఌ/ಌ (l̥) {{IPA|/lu/}} ౡ/ೡ (l̥̄) {{IPA|/lu:/}} align="center" ఎ/ಎ (e) {{IPA|/e/}} ఏ/ಏ (ē) {{IPA|/eː/}} align="center" ఒ/ಒ (o) {{IPA|/o/}} ఓ/ಓ (ō) {{IPA|/oː/}} align="center" ఐ/ಐ (ai) {{IPA|/aj/}} ఔ/ಔ (au) {{IPA|/aw/}}

Numerals

{| class="wikitable" align="center"! Digit || 0 || 1 || 2 || 3 || 4 || 5 || 6 || 7 || 8 || 9 align="center"| ౯ align="center"| ೯

Unicode

(File:Telugu-Kannada.png|thumb|Telugu Kannada comparison|184x184px)Although the alphabets for Telugu and Kannada languages could have been encoded under a single Unicode block with language-specific fonts to differentiate the styles, they were encoded separately by the governments due to socio-political reasons. Both the script variants were added to the Unicode Standard in October 1991 with the release of version 1.0.

See also

• {{section link|Culture of Andhra Pradesh|Literature}}
• Kannada inscriptions
• {{section link|Palaeography|South India}}
• Linguistic history of the Indian subcontinent
• Pallava script

References

CitationsBibliography

• {{citation |last=Salomon |first=Richard |title=Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in the Indo-Aryan Languages|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t-4RDAAAQBAJ |year=1998 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-509984-3|author-link=Richard G. Salomon (professor of Asian studies)}}

External links

• weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20131017171646weblink">Evolution of Telugu-Kannada script
• Salankayana Telugu-Kannada script
• Copper plates in Telugu-Kannada script

• Kakatiya period Telugu-Kannada inscription
• Bayyaram stone inscription

• weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20131004212830weblink">Development of Telugu -Kannada script
• weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150923202157weblink">Telugu Script Evolution - Brahmi to Vijayanagara script