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Shadow congressperson
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{{Short description|Delegates of U.S. territories or Washington D.C. seeking statehood}}{{distinguish|Shadow Cabinet|Non-voting members of the United States House of Representatives}}{{See also|Member of Congress}}{{Use American English|date = March 2019}}{{Use mdy dates|date = March 2019}}The posts of shadow United States senator and shadow United States representative are held by elected or appointed government officials from subnational polities of the United States that lack congressional vote. While these officials are not seated in either chamber of Congress, they seek recognition for their subnational polity, up to full statehood. This would enfranchise them with full voting rights on the floor of the US House and Senate, alongside existing states. {{As of|2021}}, only the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico currently have authorized shadow delegations to Congress.

History

Historically, shadow members of Congress were elected by organized incorporated territories prior to their admission to the Union.WEB, A Brief History of the Shadow Senators of the United States, Paul, Strauss, Paul Strauss, Paul Strauss – United States Senator for the District of Columbia,senatordc.wdcnet.net/history.html,senatordc.wdcnet.net/history.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20030211130256senatordc.wdcnet.net/history.html,">web.archive.org/web/20030211130256senatordc.wdcnet.net/history.html, February 11, 2003, From its origins in Tennessee, this approach is sometimes known as the Tennessee Plan.WEB,www.americanactionforum.org/insight/puerto-ricos-tennessee-plan/, Puerto Rico’s Tennessee Plan, American Action Forum, en-US, March 10, 2019, The first shadow senators, William Blount and William Cocke of the Southwest Territory, were elected in March 1796 before being seated as senators representing the newly formed state of Tennessee. Michigan, California, Minnesota, Oregon, and Alaska likewise elected shadow senators before statehood. The Alaska Territory also elected the first shadow U.S. representative, Ralph Julian Rivers, in 1956. All were eventually seated in Congress as voting members, except for Alaska shadow senator William A. Egan, who instead became governor.{|class=“wikitable sortable“!Territory!Office!Name!Elected!Seated
Southwest Territory{{small>(now Tennessee)}}|SenatorWilliam BlountMar 28, 1796Dec 6, 1796
|Senator
William Cocke
Michigan|SenatorLucius LyonNov 10, 1835Jan 26, 1837
|Senator
John Norvell
California|SenatorWilliam M. GwinDec 20, 1849Sep 10, 1850
|Senator
John C. Frémont
Minnesota Territory>Minnesota|SenatorJames Shields|Dec 19, 1857|May 12, 1858
Oregon|SenatorJoseph LaneJul 5, 1858Feb 14, 1859
|Senator
Delazon Smith
Alaska|SenatorErnest GrueningOct 6, 1956|Jan 7, 1959
|Senator
William A. Egan|Elected governor in 1958
|Representative
Ralph J. Rivers|Jan 7, 1959

District of Columbia officeholders

The election of shadow congresspersons from the District of Columbia is authorized by a state constitution ratified by D.C. voters in 1982 but was never approved by Congress.NEWS,www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/05/28/AR2008052802976.html, D.C. Seeks to Fund Lobbying Effort for a Voting House Member, Sheridan, Mary Beth, May 29, 2008, The Washington Post, B01, December 29, 2008,

District of Columbia shadow senators

The voters of the District of Columbia elect two shadow U.S. senators who are known as senators by the District of Columbia but are not officially sworn in or seated by the U.S. Senate. Shadow U.S. senators were first elected in 1990.The current shadow United States senators from the District of Columbia are Paul Strauss and Mike Brown.Election profiles Michael D. Brown (D), The Washington Post, 2006, retrieved, September 30, 2012.{{List of United States senators heading| Left_class= 1Classes of United States senators>Class 1 U.S. senators belong to the electoral cycle recently contested in 1994 United States Senate elections, 2000 United States Senate elections>2000, 2006 United States Senate elections, 2012 United States Senate elections>2012, and 2018 United States Shadow Senator election in the District of Columbia. The next election will be in 2024 United States Shadow Senator election in the District of Columbia>2024 election.| Right_class= 2Classes of United States senators>Class 2 U.S. senators belong to the electoral cycle recently contested in 1996 United States Senate elections, 2002 United States Senate elections>2002, 2008 United States Senate elections, 2014 United States Senate elections>2014, and 2020. The next election will be in 2026.}} style="height:2em“! rowspan=8 | 1
Florence Pendleton Democratic Jan 3, 1991 –Jan 3, 2007 Elected in 1990. 1102}} 1 Elected in 1990.Retired. Jan 3, 1991 –Jan 3, 1997 Democratic (File:JesseJackson.png|100px)Jesse Jackson! rowspan=3 | 1
style="height:2em”
103}}
style="height:2em”
Re-elected in 1994. 2104}}
style="height:2em”
105}} 2 Elected in 1996. Jan 3, 1997 –present Democratic (File:Paul Strauss, 2015.jpg|100px)Paul Strauss! rowspan=15 | 2
style="height:2em”
106}}
style="height:2em”
Re-elected in 2000.Was not re-nominated as a Democrat.Lost re-election bid as an independent. 3107}}
style="height:2em”
108}} 3 Re-elected in 2002.
style="height:2em”
109}}
style="height:2em“! rowspan=9 | 2
(File:Michael Donald Brown.jpgMichael Donald Brown>Mike Brown Democratic Jan 3, 2007 –present Elected in 2006. 4110}}
style="height:2em”
111}} 4 Re-elected in 2008.
style="height:2em”
112}}
style="height:2em”
Re-elected in 2012. 5113}}
style="height:2em”
Independent114}} 5 Re-elected in 2014.
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Democratic115}}
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Re-elected in 2018.Retiring at end of term. 6116}}
style="height:2em”
117}} 6 Re-elected in 2020.
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118}}
style=height:2em”
To be determined in the 2024 election.| 7119}}{{List of United States senators footer | Left_class=1 | Right_class=2 }}

District of Columbia shadow representatives

The voters of the District of Columbia elect one shadow representative who is recognized as equivalent to U.S. representatives by the District of Columbia but is not recognized by the U.S. government as an actual member of the House of Representatives. A shadow representative was first elected in 1990. Inaugural office-holder Charles Moreland held the seat for two terms. In November 2020, Oye Owolewa was elected to succeed retiring shadow representative Franklin Garcia.D.C.’s shadow U.S. representative should not be confused with the non-voting delegate who represents the district in Congress.{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center”
valign=bottom!Representative!Party!Term!Congress!Electoral history
style="height:3em”
Charles MorelandDemocraticJanuary 3, 1991 –January 3, 1995102 |103}}1990 United States Shadow Representative election in the District of Columbia>Elected in 1990.Re-elected in 1992. Retired.
style="height:3em”
(File:Capozzi (cropped).jpg|100px) John CapozziDemocraticJanuary 3, 1995 –January 3, 1997104 |104}}1994 United States Shadow Representative election in the District of Columbia>Elected in 1994. Retired.
style="height:3em”
Sabrina SojournerDemocraticJanuary 3, 1997 –January 3, 1999105 |105}}1996 United States Shadow Representative election in the District of Columbia>Elected in 1996. Retired.
style="height:3em”
Tom BryantDemocraticJanuary 3, 1999 –January 3, 2001106 |106}}1998 United States Shadow Representative election in the District of Columbia>Elected in 1998. Retired.
style="height:3em”
Ray BrowneDemocraticJanuary 3, 2001 –January 3, 2007107 |109}}2000 United States Shadow Representative election in the District of Columbia>Elected in 2000.2002 United States Shadow Representative election in the District of Columbia.2020 United States Shadow Representative election in the District of Columbia>Re-elected in 2004. Retired.
style="height:3em”
(File:Mike Panetta (cropped).jpg|100px) Mike PanettaDemocraticJanuary 3, 2007 –January 3, 2013110 |112}}2006 United States Shadow Representative election in the District of Columbia>Elected in 2006.2008 United States Shadow Representative election in the District of Columbia.2010 United States Shadow Representative election in the District of Columbia>Re-elected in 2010. Retired.
style="height:3em”
Nate Bennett-FlemingDemocraticJanuary 3, 2013 –January 3, 2015113 |113}}2012 United States Shadow Representative election in the District of Columbia>Elected in 2012. Retired.
style="height:3em”
(File:FranklinJ.jpg|100px) Franklin GarciaDemocraticJanuary 3, 2015 –January 3, 2021114 |116}}2014 United States Shadow Representative election in the District of Columbia>Elected in 2014.2016 United States Shadow Representative election in the District of Columbia.2018 United States Shadow Representative election in the District of Columbia>Re-elected in 2018. Retired.
style="height:3em”
(File:Oye Owolewa and Washington Monument (cropped).jpg|100px) Oye OwolewaDemocraticJanuary 3, 2021 –present117 |118}}2020 United States Shadow Representative election in the District of Columbia>Elected in 2020.Re-elected in 2022.

Puerto Rico officeholders

The posts of shadow representatives and senators for Puerto Rico were created in 2017 as part of a newly formed Puerto Rico Equality CommissionACT, Act, 40-2017, June 5, 2017, Ley por la Igualdad y Representación Congresional de los Ciudadanos Americanos de Puerto Rico, Act for Equality and Congressional Representation of the United States Citizens of Puerto Rico,www.oslpr.org/download/en/2017/A-030-2017.pdf, es, PDF, to fulfill campaign promises made by the New Progressive Party, which gained control of both the executive and legislative branch in the 2016 elections in part with calls for a status referendum in 2017. Pro-statehood governor Ricardo Rosselló appointed five shadow representatives and two shadow senatorsNEWS,thehill.com/latino/346633-puerto-rico-swears-in-congressional-delegation/, Puerto Rico swears in congressional delegation, Rafael, Bernal, The Hill, August 15, 2017, Washington, D.C., with the advice and consent of the Senate of Puerto Rico.NEWS,caribbeanbusiness.com/puerto-rico-governor-designates-four-members-for-equality-commission/, Puerto Rico governor designates four members for Equality Commission, Caribbean Business, Guaynabo, Puerto Rico, July 3, 2017, Following the pro-statehood vote in the 2020 Puerto Rican status referendum, the Puerto Rican legislature passed in a lame duck session Law 167 of 2020,WEB, Ley Núm. 167 de 2020 -Ley para crear la Delegación Congresional de Puerto Rico.,www.lexjuris.com/Lexlex/Leyes2020/lexl2020167.htm, February 23, 2021, LexJuris Puerto Rico, replacing the Puerto Rico Equality Commission with the new Commission to the Congressional Delegation of Puerto Rico and establishing an electoral process for shadow delegates to Congress. Although an effort to overturn Law 167 passed the House of Representatives of Puerto Rico in early 2021 after the Popular Democratic Party gained control of the legislature, it did not have enough votes to sustain a threatened veto from pro-statehood governor Pedro Pierluisi.NEWS, Peligra elección pro estadidad por falta de fondos y el PPD, es, Statehood election in danger due to lack of funds and PPD, de Jesús Salamán, Adriana, January 29, 2021, NotiCel, San Juan, Puerto Rico,www.noticel.com/legislatura/ahora/top-stories/20210129/peligra-eleccion-pro-estadidad-por-falta-de-fondos-y-el-ppd/, February 24, 2021, NEWS, Radicarán medida para atender el estatus, es, They Will File a Measure to Amend the Status, Rivera Clemente, Yaritza, February 22, 2021, El Vocero, San Juan, Puerto Rico,www.elvocero.com/noticia_rotary/article_c4f0049c-7560-11eb-ac5b-f39de1a83d0a.html, February 24, 2021, Popular elections for two shadow senators and four shadow members of Congress will be held on a nonpartisan basis every four years, with the first election held on May 16, 2021, so the delegates can take office on July 1. The law also appropriated funds for the Puerto Rico Federal Affairs Administration to cover the wages of the delegates and serve as their headquarters in Washington, D.C., where they will work on the statehood process with the island’s resident commissioner in Congress.NEWS, Puerto Rico governor plan for a ‘shadow delegation’ draws criticism amid pandemic, Padró Ocasio, Bianca, Ortiz-Blanes, Syra, Daugherty, Alex, January 28, 2021, Miami Herald, Miami, Florida,www.miamiherald.com/article248799180.html, February 24, 2021,

Puerto Rico shadow senators

{{List of United States senators heading| Left_class=| Left_intro=The terms for Puerto Rico’s shadow senatorsare not aligned with the classes of United States senators.| Right_class=| Right_intro=The terms for Puerto Rico’s shadow senatorsare not aligned with the classes of United States senators.}} style="height:2em“! rowspan=4 | 1
Zoraida Fonalledas New Progressive Party of Puerto Rico/Republican Party (United States)>Republican Aug 15, 2017 –Jul 1, 2021 Appointed in 2017.Successor elected. 1115}} 1 Appointed in 2017.Died. Aug 15, 2017 –May 2, 2021 New Progressive Party of Puerto Rico/Democratic Party (United States)>Democratic (File:Carlos Romero Barcelo (cropped).png|100px)Carlos Romero Barceló! rowspan=3 | 1
style="height:2em”
116}}
style="height:2em”
117|4}}
style="height:2em”
— May 2, 2021 –Jul 1, 2021 Vacant
style="height:2em“! rowspan=3 | 2
Melinda Romero Donnelly New Progressive Party (Puerto Rico)/Democratic Party (United States)>Democratic July 1, 2021 – present Elected in 2021. 2
style="height:2em”
2 Elected in 2021. Jul 1, 2021 – present Independent Zoraida Buxó! rowspan=2 | 2
style="height:2em”
118}}{{List of United States senators footer | Left_class= | Right_class= }}

Puerto Rico shadow representatives{| classwikitable style@text-align:center; font-size:85%”

!rowspan=2|Years!rowspan=2| Cong.! rowspan=11 | !colspan=47|Shadow House members
!Member!Party! rowspan=11|!Member!Party! rowspan=11|!Member!Party! rowspan=11|!Member!Party! rowspan=11|!Member!Party
| August 15, 2017 – January 6, 2018
{{USCongressOrdinal|115}}(File:Luis Fortuño (13013986884) (cropped).jpg|100px) Luis Fortuño New Progressive Party (Puerto Rico)/Republican Party (United States)>Republican(File:SS Charlie Rodriguez (cropped).jpg|100px) Charlie Rodríguez New Progressive Party (Puerto Rico)/Democratic Party (United States)>Democratic (File:Ivan Rodriguez (5849494874) (crop 2).jpg|100px) Iván Rodríguez Independent(File:Dr Pedro Rosello.jpg|100px) Pedro Rosselló New Progressive Party (Puerto Rico)/Democratic Party (United States)>Democratic (File:Felix A. Santoni, 2015.jpg|100px) Felix A. Santoni New Progressive Party (Puerto Rico)/Republican Party (United States)>Republican
| January 6, 2018 – August 20, 2018
(File:Alfonso Aguilar (52586009422) (cropped).jpg|100px) Alfonso Aguilar New Progressive Party (Puerto Rico)/Republican Party (United States)>Republican
| August 20, 2018 – July 22, 2019
(File:Luis Berríos-Amadeo, 2012.jpg|100px) Luis Berríos-Amadeo Independent
| July 22, 2019 – February 26, 2020
{{USCongressOrdinal|116}}Vacant
February 26, 2020 –July 1, 2021Vacant
{{USCongressOrdinal|117}}
July 1, 2021 – June 26, 2023 Elizabeth Torres Rodriguez Independent(File:Ricardo Rosselló.jpg|100px) Ricardo Rosselló New Progressive Party (Puerto Rico)/Democratic Party (United States)>Democratic Roberto Lefranc Fortuño New Progressive Party (Puerto Rico)/Republican Party (United States)>Republican (File:Mmelendezponce9A.jpg|100px) María Meléndez New Progressive Party (Puerto Rico)/Democratic Party (United States)>DemocraticSeat eliminated
{{USCongressOrdinal|118}}
June 26, 2023 – presentVacantRUIZ KUILAN >FIRST=GLORIA TITLE=TRIBUNAL ORDENA LA DESTITUCIóN DE ELIZABETH TORRES COMO DELEGADA CONGRESIONAL POR LA ESTADIDAD TRANS-TITLE=COURT ORDERS DISMISSAL OF ELIZABETH TORRES AS CONGRESSIONAL SHADOW DELEGATE LOCATION=GUAYNABO, PUERTO RICO ACCESS-DATE=2023-06-29,
{{notelist}}

See also

References

{{reflist}}

External links

{{District of Columbia}}{{Puerto Rico topics}}

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