Unregistered partnerships or informal cohabitation () occur when a same-sex or opposite-sex couple cohabits but chooses to keep the legal status of their relationship unregistered or informal. This means all worldwide assets that belong to a single party remain the sole property of the party with no legal entitlement by the other party, whether owned before or acquired during the relationship. The couple can record a contract (samenlevingscontract) with a notary to receive some limited financial benefits, including for tax and pension purposes. However, the benefits are limited, e.g. the father or non-biological mother is not automatically recognized as a parent after the birth of a child, and upon the death of one of the partners, the other partner is not considered an heir.WEB,www.notaris.nl/samen-verder/samenwonen, Samenwonen, Notaris.nl, 6 May 2020, nl, 21 April 2020,web.archive.org/web/20200421045349/https://www.notaris.nl/samen-verder/samenwonen, live, WEB,www.juridischloket.nl/wonen-en-buren/samenwonen/samenlevingscontract/, Wat zet ik in een samenlevingscontract?, Het Juridisch Loket, 6 May 2020, nl, 12 November 2020,web.archive.org/web/20201112013659/https://www.juridischloket.nl/wonen-en-buren/samenwonen/samenlevingscontract/, live, This legal status of unregistered partnerships is respected by Dutch courts.WEB,same-sex.web.ined.fr/pdf/DocTrav125/05Doc125TheNetherlands.pdf, Major legal consequences of marriage, cohabitation and registered partnership for different-sex and same-sex partners in the Netherlands, Kees, Waaldijk, 26 December 2011,web.archive.org/web/20160303172043/https://same-sex.web.ined.fr/pdf/DocTrav125/05Doc125TheNetherlands.pdf, 3 March 2016, The Netherlands was one of the first countries in the world to recognise cohabiting same-sex couples by law. The first law recognising the cohabitation of same-sex couples was passed in 1979 for the purposes of rent law. Further legislation was passed in 1981 to recognise cohabiting couples for the purposes of inheritance tax.WEB,same-sex.web.ined.fr/pdf/DocTrav125/05Doc125TheNetherlands.pdf, Major legal consequences of marriage, cohabitation and registered partnership for different-sex and same-sex partners in the Netherlands, same-sex.web.ined.fr, Kees Waaldijk, 9 August 2010, 3 March 2016,web.archive.org/web/20160303172043/https://same-sex.web.ined.fr/pdf/DocTrav125/05Doc125TheNetherlands.pdf, live,

Registered partnerships

On 1 January 1998, registered partnerships (, {{IPA|nl|É£É™ËŒrÉ™É£ÉªËˆstreËrt ËˆpÉ‘rtnÉ™rsxÉ‘p|pron}}){{efn|name=“other languages“|text=, {{IPA|fy|rÉ›ËÉ£iËˆstrjÉ›rÉ™ ËˆpaËtnÉ™rskÉªp|pron}};WEB,www.omropfryslan.nl/nijs/751957-registrearre-partnerskip-hieltyd-populerder-yn-fryslan, Registrearre partnerskip hieltyd populÃªrder yn FryslÃ¢n, Omrop FryslÃ¢n, 25 August 2017, fy, 17 February 2019, 18 February 2019,web.archive.org/web/20190218021557/https://www.omropfryslan.nl/nijs/751957-registrearre-partnerskip-hieltyd-populerder-yn-fryslan, live, , {{IPA|pap|uËˆnjon siËˆvil|pron}};WEB,www.diario.aw/2016/08/amienda-pa-permiti-union-civil-casi-no-tin-deferencia-cu-matrimonio/, Amienda pa permiti Union Civil casi no tin deferencia cu matrimonio, Diario Aruba, 16 August 2016, pap, 17 February 2019, 2 May 2019,web.archive.org/web/20190502213454/https://www.diario.aw/2016/08/amienda-pa-permiti-union-civil-casi-no-tin-deferencia-cu-matrimonio/, dead, }} were introduced in Dutch law. The partnerships were meant for same-sex couples as an alternative to marriage, though they can also be entered into by opposite-sex couples, and in fact about one third of the registered partnerships between 1999 and 2001 were of opposite-sex couples.WEB, Dunbar, William, Equal marriage around the world,www.independent.co.uk/voices/comment/equal-marriage-around-the-world-8153205.html, The Independent, 19 September 2012, 31 March 2020, 5 March 2016,www.independent.co.uk/voices/comment/equal-marriage-around-the-world-8153205.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20160305013551www.independent.co.uk/voices/comment/equal-marriage-around-the-world-8153205.html,">web.archive.org/web/20160305013551www.independent.co.uk/voices/comment/equal-marriage-around-the-world-8153205.html, live, In law, registered partnerships and marriage convey the same rights and duties, especially after some laws were changed to remedy inequalities with respect to inheritance and some other issues.Partnerships have become particularly common among Dutch couples, with about 18,000 new partnerships registered every year.WEB, 2018-09-26, Trouwen of geregistreerd partnerschap? Dit is het verschil,www.ad.nl/wonen/trouwen-of-geregistreerd-partnerschap-dit-is-het-verschil~a4bb0d59/, live,web.archive.org/web/20190410231742/https://www.ad.nl/wonen/trouwen-of-geregistreerd-partnerschap-dit-is-het-verschil~a4bb0d59/, 10 April 2019, 2021-01-03, Algemeen Dagblad, nl,

Same-sex marriage

Legislative action

As early as the mid 1980s, a group of gay rights activists, headed by Henk Krol â€“ then editor-in-chief of the Gay Krant â€“ asked the government to allow same-sex couples to marry. The States General of the Netherlands decided in 1995 to create a special commission to investigate the possibility of recognizing same-sex marriages. At that time, the Christian Democratic Appeal was not part of the ruling coalition for the first time since the introduction of full democracy. The special commission finished its work in 1997 and concluded that civil marriage should be extended to include same-sex couples. After the 1998 general election, the Second Kok Cabinet promised to tackle the issue. In September 2000, the legislation was debated in the Dutch Parliament.The marriage bill passed the House of Representatives by 109 votes to 33 on 12 September 2000.NEWS,www.nytimes.com/2000/09/13/world/dutch-legislators-approve-full-marriage-rights-for-gays.html, Dutch Legislators Approve Full Marriage Rights for Gays, The New York Times, 13 September 2000, 26 December 2011,www.nytimes.com/2000/09/13/world/dutch-legislators-approve-full-marriage-rights-for-gays.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20160313023141www.nytimes.com/2000/09/13/world/dutch-legislators-approve-full-marriage-rights-for-gays.html,">web.archive.org/web/20160313023141www.nytimes.com/2000/09/13/world/dutch-legislators-approve-full-marriage-rights-for-gays.html, 13 March 2016, NEWS,news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/921505.stm, Netherlands legalizes gay marriage, BBC News, 12 September 2000, 26 December 2011,news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/921505.stm," title="web.archive.org/web/20160304092219news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/921505.stm,">web.archive.org/web/20160304092219news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/921505.stm, 4 March 2016, NEWS,news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/922024.stm, Dutch legalise gay marriage, BBC News, 12 September 2000, 26 December 2011,news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/922024.stm," title="web.archive.org/web/20160305162139news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/922024.stm,">web.archive.org/web/20160305162139news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/922024.stm, 5 March 2016, {| class=“wikitable”web.archive.org/web/20180604004838/https://zoek.officielebekendmakingen.nl/h-tk-19992000-6468-6468.html, live, ! Party !! style="width:15%;“| Voted for !! style="width:15%;“| Voted against !! Absent (Did not vote)

#e12b1a

Second Kok cabinet>G

Labour Party (Netherlands)>Labour Party

{{collapsible list

Nebahat Albayrak|2= Khadija Arib|3= Marleen Barth|4= Judith Belinfante|5= Jet Bussemaker|6= Ferd Crone|7= Margreeth de Boer|8= Dick de Cloe|9= Sharon Dijksma|10= Jeroen Dijsselbloem|11= DesirÃ©e Duijkers|12= Adri Duivesteijn|13= Jaap Jelle Feenstra|14= Wouter Gortzak|15= MariÃ«tte Hamer|16= Willem Herrebrugh|17= Rik Hindriks|18= Bert Koenders|19= Lucy Kortram|20= Arie Kuijper|21= Ad Melkert|22= Bert Middel|23= Hillie Molenaar|24= Saskia Noorman-den Uyl|25= Rob Oudkerk|26= Peter Rehwinkel|27= Usman Santi|28= Gerrit Schoenmakers|29= JosÃ© Smits|30= Laurette Spoelman|31= Frans Timmermans|32= Gerrit Valk|33= Annet van der Hoek|34= Rob van Gijzel|35= Peter van Heemst|36= Jeltje van Nieuwenhoven|37= Jan van Zijl|38= Harm Evert Waalkens|39= Marja Wagenaar|40= Tineke Witteveen-Hevinga|41= Martin Zijlstra}}

title= 1|1= Thanasis Apostolou}}

title= 3|1= Ella Kalsbeek|2= Willie Swildens-Rozendaal|3= Gerritjan van Oven}}

{{party color

’’’Second Kok cabinet

’’’>border=silver}} People’s Party for Freedom and Democracy

{{collapsible list

Eric Balemans|2= Jan Dirk Blaauw|3= Stef Blok|4= Sam Cherribi|5= Clemens Cornielje|6= Ton de Swart|7= Bibi de Vries|8= Hans Dijkstal|9= Jan Geluk|10= Enric Hessing|11= Pieter Hofstra|12= Henk Kamp|13= Jan Hendrik Klein Molekamp|14= Ruud Luchtenveld|15= Els Meijer|16= Atzo NicolaÃ¯|17= Jacques Niederer|18= Gert-Jan Oplaat|19= Fadime Ã–rgÃ¼|20= Wim Passtoors|21= Patricia Remak|22= Jan Rijpstra|23= Janneke Snijder-Hazelhoff|24= Jan te Veldhuis|25= Thijs Udo|26= Hans van Baalen|27= Willibrord van Beek|28= Anke van Blerck-Woerdman|29= Theo van den Doel|30= Marijke van Lente|31= Nellie Verbugt|32= Otto Vos|33= Hella VoÃ»te-Droste|34= Frans Weekers|35= Frans Weisglas|36= Geert Wilders}}| â€“

title= 2|1= Michiel Patijn|2= Erica Terpstra}}

{{party color

border=silver}} Christian Democratic Appeal

title= 3|1= Nancy Dankers|2= Gerda Verburg|3= Joop Wijn}}

{{collapsible list

Jan Peter Balkenende|2= Pieter Jan Biesheuvel|3= Ank Bijleveld-Schouten|4= Siem Buijs|5= Henk de Haan|6= Jaap de Hoop Scheffer|7= Camiel Eurlings|8= Hans Hillen|9= Gerd Leers|10= Theo Meijer|11= Aart Mosterd|12= Jakob Reitsma|13= Theo Rietkerk|14= ClÃ©mence Ross-van Dorp|15= Annie Schreijer-Pierik|16= Theo Stroeken|17= Agnes van Ardenne-van der Hoeven|18= Wim van de Camp|19= Hans van den Akker|20= Maria van der Hoeven|21= Cees van der Knaap|22= Peter van Wijmen|23= Maxime Verhagen|24= Marry Visser-van Doorn}}

title= 2|1= Joop Atsma|2= Klaasje Eisses-Timmerman}}

{{party color

’’’Second Kok cabinet

’’’>border=silver}} Democrats 66

{{collapsible list

Marijke Augusteijn-Esser|2= Bert Bakker|3= Thom de Graaf|4= Boris Dittrich|5= Francine Giskes|6= Jan Hoekema|7= Ursie Lambrechts|8= Francisca Ravestein|9= Olga Scheltema-de Nie|10= Arthie Schimmel|11= Pieter ter Veer|12= Nicky van ‘t Riet|13= Stefanie van Vliet|14= Jan van Walsem}}| â€“| â€“

#66A344|border=silver}} GroenLinks

{{collapsible list

Femke Halsema|2= Ab Harrewijn|3= Corrie Hermann|4= Farah Karimi|5= Mohamed Rabbae|6= Paul RosenmÃ¶ller|7= Hugo van der Steenhoven|8= Ineke van Gent|9= Kees Vendrik|10= Marijke Vos}}| â€“

title= 1|1= Tara Singh Varma}}

#E60000

Socialist Party (Netherlands)>Socialist Party

{{collapsible list

Jan de Wit|2= Agnes Kant|3= Jan Marijnissen|4= Remi Poppe|5= Harry van Bommel}}| â€“| â€“

{{party color

border=silver}} Christian Union| â€“

{{collapsible list

AndrÃ© Rouvoeta|2= Gert Schutteb|3= Dick Stellingwerfa|4= Leen van Dijkea|5= Eimert van Middelkoopb}}| â€“

{{party color

border=silver}} Reformed Political Party| â€“

{{collapsible list

Koos van den Berg|2= Kees van der Staaij|3= Bas van der Vlies}}| â€“

web.archive.org/web/20180604004824/https://zoek.officielebekendmakingen.nl/behandelddossier/26672/h-ek-20002001-687-687-1?resultIndex=33&sorttype=1&sortorder=8, live,
	33 >	Reformatory Political Federation (RPF). b. Was originally a member of the Reformed Political League (GPV). The Senate approved the bill on 19 December 2000 by 49 to 26 votes.NEWS,www.nytimes.com/2000/12/20/world/same-sex-dutch-couples-gain-marriage-and-adoption-rights.html, Same-Sex Dutch Couples Gain Marriage and Adoption Rights, The New York Times, 20 December 2000, 26 December 2011,www.nytimes.com/2000/12/20/world/same-sex-dutch-couples-gain-marriage-and-adoption-rights.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20160304075611www.nytimes.com/2000/12/20/world/same-sex-dutch-couples-gain-marriage-and-adoption-rights.html,">web.archive.org/web/20160304075611www.nytimes.com/2000/12/20/world/same-sex-dutch-couples-gain-marriage-and-adoption-rights.html, 4 March 2016, NEWS,news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1078821.stm, Dutch gays allowed to marry, BBC News, 19 December 2000, 26 December 2011,news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1078821.stm," title="web.archive.org/web/20160304124328news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1078821.stm,">web.archive.org/web/20160304124328news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1078821.stm, 4 March 2016, Only the Christian parties, which held 26 of the 75 seats at the time, voted against the bill. Although the Christian Democratic Appeal would form the next government, they did not indicate any intention to repeal the law.{\| class=“wikitable”

! Party !! style="width:15%;“| Voted for !! style="width:15%;“| Voted against !! Absent (Did not vote)

{{party color

border=silver}} Christian Democratic Appeal| â€“

{{collapsible list

Joeke Baarda|2= Marie-Louise Bemelmans-Videc|3= Peter Boorsma|4= Gerrit Braks|5= Alfons DÃ¶lle|6= Huib Eversdijk|7= Henk Hofstede|8= Wolter Lemstra|9= Tineke Lodders-Elfferich|10= Jan Pastoor|11= Willem Stevens|12= Yvonne Timmerman-Buck|13= Rob van de Beeten|14= Jannie van den Hul-Omta|15= RenÃ© van der Linden|16= Jos van Gennip|17= Hannie van Leeuwen|18= Kobus Walsma|19= Jos Werner|20= Henk Woldring}}| â€“

{{party color

’’’Second Kok cabinet

’’’>border=silver}} People’s Party for Freedom and Democracy

{{collapsible list

Fransje Roscam Abbing-Bos|2= Frits Korthals Altes|3= Pol de Beer|4= Cobi de BlÃ©court-Maas|5= Ad de Jager|6= Dick Dees|7= Heleen Dupuis|8= Leendert Ginjaar|9= Niek Ketting|10= Liesbeth Kneppers-Heynert|11= Paul Luijten|12= Jaap Rensema|13= Uri Rosenthal|14= Paul Swenker|15= Marbeth Bierman-Beukema toe Water|16= Nicoline van den Broek-Laman Trip|17= Wim van Eekelen|18= Jan van Heukelum|19= Marius Varekamp}}| â€“| â€“

#e12b1a

Second Kok cabinet>G|border=silver}} Labour Party

{{collapsible list

Geertje Lycklama Ã Nijeholt|2= Frits Castricum|3= Ton Doesburg|4= Ria Jaarsma|5= Erik Jurgens|6= FrÃ© le Poole|7= Margriet Meindertsma|8= Ruby Rabbinge|9= Johan Stekelenburg|10= Ing Yoe Tan|11= Elske ter Veld|12= Ed van Thijn|13= Willem Witteveen|14= Dik Wolfson|15= Thijs WÃ¶ltgens}}| â€“| â€“

#66A344|border=silver}} GroenLinks

{{collapsible list

Wim de Boer|2= Diana de Wolff|3= Tom Pitstra|4= Leo Platvoet|5= Cobi Schoondergang-Horikx|6= Jos van der Lans|7= Bob van Schijndel|8= Ans Zwerver}}| â€“| â€“

{{party color

’’’Second Kok cabinet

’’’>border=silver}} Democrats 66

{{collapsible list

Ruud Hessing|2= Jacob Kohnstamm|3= Eddy Schuyer|4= Jan Terlouw}}| â€“| â€“

{{party color

border=silver}} Christian Union| â€“

{{collapsible list

Jurn de Vriesa|2= Egbert Schuurmanb|3= Cees van Bruchemb|4= Kars Velinga}}| â€“

#E60000|border=silver}} Socialist Party

{{collapsible list

Bob Ruers|2= Driek van Vugt}}| â€“| â€“

{{party color

border=silver}} Reformed Political Party| â€“

{{collapsible list

Gerrit Holdijk

Gert van den Berg (politician)>Gert van den Berg}}| â€“

red|border=silver}} Independent Senate Group

{{collapsible list

Marten Bierman}}| â€“| â€“

26 >

Beatrix of the Netherlands gave her royal assent to the legislation on 21 December 2000.WEB,wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0012099/2001-04-01, Wet openstelling huwelijk, Overheid.nl, nl, 2 April 2021, 29 April 2020,web.archive.org/web/20200429080039/https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0012099/2001-04-01, live, The main article of the law changed article 1:30 of the Civil Code to read as follows:

(A marriage can be entered into by two persons of different or the same sex)

Requirements and rights

{{Same-sex marriage map Europe|align=right}}Dutch law requires that either partner have Dutch nationality or have residency in the Netherlands. The marriageable age in the Netherlands is 18. The law is only valid in the European territory of the Netherlands and on the Caribbean islands of Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba, but does not apply to the other constituent countries of the Kingdom of the Netherlands.WEB,www.expatica.com/nl/living/love/getting-married-in-the-netherlands-100684/, Getting married in the Netherlands, Expatica, 27 June 2022, 27 June 2022,web.archive.org/web/20220627094002/https://www.expatica.com/nl/living/love/getting-married-in-the-netherlands-100684/, live, The single legal difference between same-sex marriages and heterosexual marriages was that, in the former case, parentage by both partners was not automatic. The legal mother of a child is its biological mother (article 1:198 of the civil law) and the father is (in principle) the man she is married to or in a registered partnership with when the child is born. Moreover, the father must be a man (article 1:199). The other partner could thus become a legal mother only through adoption. Only in the case when a biological father did not become a parent (e.g. in case of artificial insemination by lesbian couples) would both female spouses obtain parental authority automatically (article 1:253sa). In December 2013, the Dutch Parliament changed this and allowed automatic parenthood for lesbian couples. The new law, which came into effect on 1 April 2014, allows the co-mother who is married to or in a registered partnership with the biological mother to be automatically recognized as a legal mother if the sperm donor was initially anonymous. In the case of a known donor, the biological mother decides whether the donor or the co-mother is the child’s second legal parent.WEB,www.ru.nl/english/research/radboud/top-research-areas/business-law/more-info/new-law-lesbian-parenthood-transgender-individuals/, New law on lesbian parenthood and transgender individuals, Ru.nl, 2017-04-01, NEWS,www.rijksoverheid.nl/nieuws/2014/04/01/teeven-bij-ceremonie-lesbisch-ouderschap.html, Wet lesbisch ouderschap treedt in werking, 1 April 2014, nl, Government of the Netherlands, 5 November 2015, 14 May 2014,www.rijksoverheid.nl/nieuws/2014/04/01/teeven-bij-ceremonie-lesbisch-ouderschap.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20140514094001www.rijksoverheid.nl/nieuws/2014/04/01/teeven-bij-ceremonie-lesbisch-ouderschap.html,">web.archive.org/web/20140514094001www.rijksoverheid.nl/nieuws/2014/04/01/teeven-bij-ceremonie-lesbisch-ouderschap.html, live, On 6 April 2016, Minister of Foreign Affairs Bert Koenders and Minister of Security and Justice Ard van der Steur confirmed the Dutch position that, like other couples, same-sex couples who are not Dutch residents or nationals cannot marry in the country. The ministers argued that it might lead to “practical and legal problems” and could even be “dangerous” to some participants. The move came after the Liberal Democratic Party had asked the ministers to look into allowing non-resident foreigners to take advantage of the Netherlands’ same-sex marriage law.WEB,www.dutchnews.nl/news/archives/2016/04/88329-2/, Dutch gay marriage rights restricted to locals, wedding tourism ruled out, Dutch News, 6 April 2016, 5 May 2016, 14 February 2017,www.dutchnews.nl/news/archives/2016/04/88329-2/," title="web.archive.org/web/20170214000307www.dutchnews.nl/news/archives/2016/04/88329-2/,">web.archive.org/web/20170214000307www.dutchnews.nl/news/archives/2016/04/88329-2/, live,

Aruba, CuraÃ§ao and Sint Maarten

(File:Same-sex_marriage_map_Netherlands.svg|thumb|right|250px|{{Legend|#025|Marriage}}{{Legend|#06F|Civil union}}{{Legend|#ACF|Limited recognition}})In Aruba,WEB,www.gobierno.aw/index.asp?nmoduleid=4&wgid=8&nbrwsrdtctn=-1&spagetype=6&docid=2000165, Burgerlijk wetboek (Aruba), boek 1, Government of Aruba, 12 December 2010, nl,www.gobierno.aw/index.asp?nmoduleid=4&wgid=8&nbrwsrdtctn=-1&spagetype=6&docid=2000165," title="web.archive.org/web/20110414225222www.gobierno.aw/index.asp?nmoduleid=4&wgid=8&nbrwsrdtctn=-1&spagetype=6&docid=2000165,">web.archive.org/web/20110414225222www.gobierno.aw/index.asp?nmoduleid=4&wgid=8&nbrwsrdtctn=-1&spagetype=6&docid=2000165, 14 April 2011, CuraÃ§ao,WEB,decentrale.regelgeving.overheid.nl/cvdr/XHTMLoutput/Historie/Nederlandse%20Antillen/2252/2252_1.html, Burgerlijk wetboek van de Nederlandse Antillen, boek 1, Government of the Netherlands, 12 December 2010, nl,decentrale.regelgeving.overheid.nl/cvdr/xhtmloutput/Historie/Nederlandse%20Antillen/2252/2252_1.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20170427104907decentrale.regelgeving.overheid.nl/cvdr/xhtmloutput/Historie/Nederlandse%20Antillen/2252/2252_1.html,">web.archive.org/web/20170427104907decentrale.regelgeving.overheid.nl/cvdr/xhtmloutput/Historie/Nederlandse%20Antillen/2252/2252_1.html, 27 April 2017, dead, 2006-08-31, and Sint Maarten, separate civil codes exist in which rules for marriage are laid down and it is not possible to perform a same-sex marriage in these constituent countries.All territories of the Kingdom of the Netherlands register same-sex marriages performed in the Netherlands proper as a result of a Dutch Supreme Court ruling. In 2007, the Supreme Court ruled that all vital records recorded in the Kingdom of the Netherlands are valid throughout the Kingdom; this was based on its interpretation of the Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands. However, subsequent rulings have established that same-sex marriages are not automatically entitled to the same privileges (e.g. social security) extended to married couples of the opposite sex.WEB, hoger beroep zaak BM9524,jure.nl/bm9524, Jure.nl, 18 December 2010, nl,jure.nl/bm9524," title="web.archive.org/web/20160304032329jure.nl/bm9524,">web.archive.org/web/20160304032329jure.nl/bm9524, 4 March 2016, WEB, hoger beroep zaak BL1992,jure.nl/bl1992, 18 December 2010, Jure.nl, nl,jure.nl/bl1992," title="web.archive.org/web/20160304023101jure.nl/bl1992,">web.archive.org/web/20160304023101jure.nl/bl1992, 4 March 2016, WEB, hoger beroep zaak BI9335,jure.nl/bi9335, Jure.nl, 18 December 2010, nl,jure.nl/bi9335," title="web.archive.org/web/20160105104851jure.nl/bi9335,">web.archive.org/web/20160105104851jure.nl/bi9335, 5 January 2016, Aruba has recognised registered partnerships, offering several of the rights and benefits of marriage, for same-sex and opposite-sex couples since September 2021.WEB,caribischnetwerk.ntr.nl/2016/09/08/parlement-neemt-amendement-geregistreerd-partnerschap-aan/, Parlement neemt amendement geregistreerd partnerschap aan, Caribisch Netwerk, nl, 8 September 2016, 6 June 2018, 3 August 2018,web.archive.org/web/20180803194724/https://caribischnetwerk.ntr.nl/2016/09/08/parlement-neemt-amendement-geregistreerd-partnerschap-aan/, live,

Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba

Same-sex marriage became legal in the Caribbean Netherlandsâ€”Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Sabaâ€”following the entry into force of a law enabling same-sex couples to marry on 10 October 2012.WEB,wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0028743/2012-10-10, Burgerlijk wetboek BES, boek 1, Government of the Netherlands, 12 October 2012, nl,wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0028743/2012-10-10," title="web.archive.org/web/20160404050830wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0028743/2012-10-10,">web.archive.org/web/20160404050830wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0028743/2012-10-10, 4 April 2016, WEB,wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0028129/2010-10-11/1, Cabinet of the Netherlands, Government of the Netherlands, Aanpassingswet openbare lichamen Bonaire, Sint Eustatius en Saba, 1 September 2010, 4 April 2016, nl,wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0028129/2010-10-11/1," title="web.archive.org/web/20160306025028wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0028129/2010-10-11/1,">web.archive.org/web/20160306025028wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0028129/2010-10-11/1, 6 March 2016,

Opposition

In 2007, controversy arose when the new Fourth Balkenende Cabinet announced in its policy statement that officials who object to same-sex marriage on principle may refuse to marry such couples.WEB,frontpage.fok.nl/nieuws/207163/1/1/50/ambtenaren-kunnen-homo-huwelijk-weigeren.html, Ambtenaren kunnen homo-huwelijk weigeren, FOK!, nl, 2 March 2007, 4 April 2016,frontpage.fok.nl/nieuws/207163/1/1/50/ambtenaren-kunnen-homo-huwelijk-weigeren.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20160303180324frontpage.fok.nl/nieuws/207163/1/1/50/ambtenaren-kunnen-homo-huwelijk-weigeren.html,">web.archive.org/web/20160303180324frontpage.fok.nl/nieuws/207163/1/1/50/ambtenaren-kunnen-homo-huwelijk-weigeren.html, 3 March 2016, Some Labour and GroenLinks dominated municipal councils opposed this policy, claiming that the job of a registrar is to marry all couples, not only opposite-sex couples.NEWS,www.ad.nl/rotterdam/hoeksewaard/article1187841.ece, PvdA en GroenLinks: ambtenaren mogen homohuwelijk niet weigeren, 17 March 2007, Algemeen Dagblad,www.ad.nl/rotterdam/hoeksewaard/article1187841.ece," title="web.archive.org/web/20070930033354www.ad.nl/rotterdam/hoeksewaard/article1187841.ece,">web.archive.org/web/20070930033354www.ad.nl/rotterdam/hoeksewaard/article1187841.ece, 30 September 2007, 17 October 2009, nl, The opposition parties stated that if a registrar opposed same-sex marriages, they should not hold that post.WEB,www.elsevier.nl/Algemeen/blogs/2007/2/Alle-ambtenaren-moeten-homos-trouwen-ELSEVIER112271W/, Alle ambtenaren moeten homo’s trouwen, Elsevier (magazine), Elsevier, nl, 15 February 2007,www.elsevier.nl/Algemeen/blogs/2007/2/Alle-ambtenaren-moeten-homos-trouwen-ELSEVIER112271W/," title="web.archive.org/web/20160206133040www.elsevier.nl/Algemeen/blogs/2007/2/Alle-ambtenaren-moeten-homos-trouwen-ELSEVIER112271W/,">web.archive.org/web/20160206133040www.elsevier.nl/Algemeen/blogs/2007/2/Alle-ambtenaren-moeten-homos-trouwen-ELSEVIER112271W/, 6 February 2016, The municipality of Amsterdam announced that they would not comply with this policy, and that registrars there would still be obliged to marry same-sex couples. In reaction to this, many other municipalities announced their rejection of this proposal as well. The cabinet claimed that this issue lay solely within the remit of the central government. In practice, municipalities could decide whether or not to hire registrars who object to marrying same-sex couples.WEB,www.elsevier.nl/Nederland/nieuws/2007/2/Amsterdam-wil-sluiten-homohuwelijk-verplichten-ELSEVIER111984W/, Amsterdam wil sluiten homohuwelijk verplichten, Elsevier, nl, 13 February 2007,www.elsevier.nl/Nederland/nieuws/2007/2/Amsterdam-wil-sluiten-homohuwelijk-verplichten-ELSEVIER111984W/," title="web.archive.org/web/20160309025101www.elsevier.nl/Nederland/nieuws/2007/2/Amsterdam-wil-sluiten-homohuwelijk-verplichten-ELSEVIER111984W/,">web.archive.org/web/20160309025101www.elsevier.nl/Nederland/nieuws/2007/2/Amsterdam-wil-sluiten-homohuwelijk-verplichten-ELSEVIER111984W/, 9 March 2016, Before 2014, civil servants could refuse to marry same-sex couples as long as the municipality ensured that other civil servants were available to solemnize the marriage. In 2014, a law was passed that made it illegal for all marriage officiants to refuse their services to same-sex couples.WEB,www.eerstekamer.nl/wetsvoorstel/33344_initiatiefvoorstel_pia, Eerste Kamer der Staten-Generaal - Initiatiefvoorstel-Pia Dijkstra en Schouw Gewetensbezwaren ambtenaren van de burgerlijke stand (33.344), www.eerstekamer.nl, 29 May 2020, 27 March 2019,web.archive.org/web/20190327102626/https://www.eerstekamer.nl/wetsvoorstel/33344_initiatiefvoorstel_pia, live,

Royal same-sex weddings

In October 2021, Prime Minister Mark Rutte confirmed that members of the Dutch royal family may enter into a same-sex marriage without having to forfeit the crown or lose their royal title and privileges or their place in the line of succession. Previously, the government held that if an heir wanted to marry a partner of the same sex, they would have to forfeit their right to the throne.NEWS,www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/10/12/dutch-royal-family-same-sex-marriage/, Dutch royals can marry same-sex partner and keep throne, prime minister says, The Washington Post, 13 October 2021, 14 October 2021, 12 October 2021,web.archive.org/web/20211012225627/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/10/12/dutch-royal-family-same-sex-marriage/, live, WEB,www.cnn.com/2021/10/13/europe/royal-same-sex-marriage-netherlands-intl-scli/index.html, Same-sex marriage isn’t a bar to the Dutch throne, Prime Minister says, CNN, 13 October 2021, 14 October 2021, 14 October 2021,web.archive.org/web/20211014063546/https://www.cnn.com/2021/10/13/europe/royal-same-sex-marriage-netherlands-intl-scli/index.html, live,

Impact

A 2021 study by economists Shuai Chen and Jan van Ours showed that from 2001 onwards levels of anxiety and depression fell drastically among individuals in same-sex relationships and largely converged to those of heterosexuals. Chen and van Ours found that the legalisation of same-sex marriage, as well as supportive societal attitudes, significantly improved the mental health of LGBT people. They concluded, “We find a significant improvement in the mental health of sexual minorities following the legislation. We also find that marriage itself was only partially responsible for the amelioration of mental health among sexual minorities. More importantly, the legal recognition of same-sex marriage improved mental health for both male and female sexual minorities irrespective of their own marital status.“WEB,voxeu.org/article/mental-health-effects-same-sex-marriage-legalisation, In sickness and in health: The mental health effects of same-sex marriage legalisation, VoxEU, 24 July 2021, 3 August 2021, 3 August 2021,web.archive.org/web/20210803114506/https://voxeu.org/article/mental-health-effects-same-sex-marriage-legalisation, live,

Statistics

missing image!
- Weddinginholland.jpg -
Two men marrying in Amsterdam on 1 April 2001, the first day in which the possibility to marry was opened to same-sex couples.

According to provisional figures from Statistics Netherlands, for the first six months, same-sex marriages made up 3.6% of the total number of marriages: a peak of around 6% in the first month followed by around 3% in the remaining months, about 1,339 male couples and 1,075 female couples in total. By June 2004, more than 6,000 same-sex marriages had been performed in the Netherlands.WEB,globalgayz.com/country/Europe/view/EU/gay-european-union-news-and-re-2#article10, Homosexual unions slowly gain momentum in Europe, GlobalGayz,globalgayz.com/country/Europe/view/EU/gay-european-union-news-and-re-2#article10," title="web.archive.org/web/20110817080131globalgayz.com/country/Europe/view/EU/gay-european-union-news-and-re-2#article10,">web.archive.org/web/20110817080131globalgayz.com/country/Europe/view/EU/gay-european-union-news-and-re-2#article10, 17 August 2011, In March 2006, Statistics Netherlands released estimates on the number of same-sex marriages performed each year: 2,500 in 2001, 1,800 in 2002, 1,200 in 2004, and 1,100 in 2005.NEWS,www.365gay.com/Newscon06/03/032006dutchWed.htm, Netherlands’ Gay Marriages Level Off, Thornberry, Malcolm, 365gay News, 20 March 2006,365gay.com/Newscon06/03/032006dutchWed.htm," title="web.archive.org/web/20060321154857365gay.com/Newscon06/03/032006dutchWed.htm,">web.archive.org/web/20060321154857365gay.com/Newscon06/03/032006dutchWed.htm, 21 March 2006, 17 October 2009, From 2001 to 2011, 14,813 same-sex marriages were performed in the Netherlands; 7,522 between two women and 7,291 between two men. In the same period, there were 761,010 heterosexual marriages. There were also 1,078 same-sex divorces.WEB,www.rnw.nl/english/node/337783, Ten years of same-sex marriage: a mixed blessing, Radio Netherlands Worldwide, 1 April 2011, 5 April 2014,www.rnw.nl/english/node/337783," title="web.archive.org/web/20140407075833www.rnw.nl/english/node/337783,">web.archive.org/web/20140407075833www.rnw.nl/english/node/337783, 7 April 2014, By 2015, approximately 21,330 same-sex couples had married in the Netherlands; 11,195 female couples and 10,135 male couples.WEB,www.cbs.nl/en-gb/news/2016/13/lesbian-couples-likelier-to-break-up-than-male-couples, Lesbian couples likelier to break up than male couples, Cbs.nl, 2016-03-30, 2017-04-01, 14 November 2018,web.archive.org/web/20181114234738/https://www.cbs.nl/en-gb/news/2016/13/lesbian-couples-likelier-to-break-up-than-male-couples, live, On 1 April 2021, 20 years after same-sex marriage was legalized in the Netherlands, Statistics Netherlands reported that over 28,000 same-sex couples had married in the country by that time. Roughly 20,000 of these couples were still together; the remaining having divorced, moved abroad or one or both of the spouses died. Female couples were more likely to divorce, at around 26%, than heterosexual couples at 16%, and male couples at 14%.WEB,www.trouw.nl/binnenland/nederland-telt-20-000-homo-echtparen-vrouwenkoppels-scheiden-vaker~b5f66aaf/, Nederland telt 20,000 homo-echtparen; vrouwenkoppels scheiden vaker, Trouw.nl, 1 April 2021, nl, 2 April 2021, 3 April 2022,web.archive.org/web/20220403195355/https://www.trouw.nl/binnenland/nederland-telt-20-000-homo-echtparen-vrouwenkoppels-scheiden-vaker~b5f66aaf/, live,

Religious performance

Since the mid-1960s, religious solemnizations of same-sex relationships have taken place in some Dutch churches.JOURNAL, “Equal rites before the law”: religious celebrations of same-sex relationships in the Netherlands, 1960sâ€“1990s, David J., Bos, 2 September 2017, Theology & Sexuality, 23, 3, 188â€“208, 10.1080/13558358.2017.1351123, free, The Dutch Remonstrants were Europe’s first Christian denomination to officially allow such solemnizations in 1986.WEB,www.trouw.nl/tr/nl/4324/Nieuws/article/detail/1086030/2010/01/25/Remonstranten-en-Boomsma-krijgen-homo-emancipatieprijs.dhtml, Remonstrants and Boomsma receive homo emancipation prize, Trouw, nl, 25 January 2010, 4 April 2016,www.trouw.nl/tr/nl/4324/Nieuws/article/detail/1086030/2010/01/25/Remonstranten-en-Boomsma-krijgen-homo-emancipatieprijs.dhtml," title="web.archive.org/web/20160105104850www.trouw.nl/tr/nl/4324/Nieuws/article/detail/1086030/2010/01/25/Remonstranten-en-Boomsma-krijgen-homo-emancipatieprijs.dhtml,">web.archive.org/web/20160105104850www.trouw.nl/tr/nl/4324/Nieuws/article/detail/1086030/2010/01/25/Remonstranten-en-Boomsma-krijgen-homo-emancipatieprijs.dhtml, 5 January 2016, The Mennonite Church in the Netherlands also allows solemnizations of same-sex marriages.JOURNAL, “Equal rites before the law”: religious celebrations of same-sex relationships in the Netherlands, 1960sâ€“1990s, 2017, Bos, David, Theology & Sexuality, 23, 3, 188â€“208, 10.1080/13558358.2017.1351123, 148792513, free, The Old Catholic Church of the Netherlands has allowed its ministers to perform same-sex marriages in its places of worship since 2006.WEB,oudkatholiek.nl/oud-katholiek/veelgestelde-vragen/, Veelgestelde Vragen: Staat het kerkelijk huwelijk in de Oud-Katholieke Kerk ook open voor mensen van gelijk geslacht?, oudkatholiek.nl, nl, 24 December 2021, 24 December 2021,web.archive.org/web/20211224145956/https://oudkatholiek.nl/oud-katholiek/veelgestelde-vragen/, live, The Protestant Church in the Netherlands, the largest Protestant denomination in the Netherlands, has allowed its congregations to perform same-sex marriages as a union of love and faith before God since 2004, and in practice many churches now conduct such ceremonies.WEB,janandriesdeboer.nl/?p=41, HET HOMOHUWELIJK EN DE KERK, nl, Jan, Andries, 4 January 2007, 4 April 2016,janandriesdeboer.nl/?p=41," title="web.archive.org/web/20160310025908janandriesdeboer.nl/?p=41,">web.archive.org/web/20160310025908janandriesdeboer.nl/?p=41, 10 March 2016, WEB,www.protestantchurch.nl/info.aspx?o=938&inc=info&rIntNavId=938&page=1649, The Uniting Protestant Churches in the Netherlands and homosexuality, National Service Centre PCN, November 2004,www.protestantchurch.nl/info.aspx?o=938&inc=info&rIntNavId=938&page=1649," title="web.archive.org/web/20110724163401www.protestantchurch.nl/info.aspx?o=938&inc=info&rIntNavId=938&page=1649,">web.archive.org/web/20110724163401www.protestantchurch.nl/info.aspx?o=938&inc=info&rIntNavId=938&page=1649, 24 July 2011, The Catholic Church opposes same-sex marriage and does not allow its priests to officiate at such marriages. In December 2023, the Holy See published Fiducia supplicans, a declaration allowing Catholic priests to bless couples who are not considered to be married according to church teaching, including the blessing of same-sex couples.WEB, Flynn, JD, 2023-12-22, Is the ‘false narrative’ narrative a false narrative?,www.pillarcatholic.com/p/is-the-false-narrative-narrative, 2023-12-23, The Pillar, en, 23 December 2023,web.archive.org/web/20231223121603/https://www.pillarcatholic.com/p/is-the-false-narrative-narrative, live, Several bishops welcomed the declaration.WEB,www.pillarcatholic.com/p/fiducia-supplicans-whos-saying-what, ‘Fiducia supplicans’: Who’s saying what?, The Pillar, Luke, Coppen, 19 December 2023, WEB,www.iamexpat.nl/lifestyle/lifestyle-news/dutch-bishops-want-give-blessings-same-sex-couples, Dutch bishops want to give blessings to same-sex couples, 22 January 2024, IamExpat, Emily, Proctor, The Bishops’ Conference of the Netherlands also expressed its support, stating that the church is “a welcoming church which will not deny anyone the support and succour of God”, but emphasised its views that marriage is “only possible between a man and a woman”.WEB,www.dutchnews.nl/2024/01/dutch-catholic-church-endorses-vatican-move-on-same-sex-couples/, Dutch Catholic church endorses Vatican move on same-sex couples, DutchNews, 18 January 2024,

Public opinion

According to an Ifop poll conducted in May 2013, 85% of the Dutch population supported allowing same-sex couples to marry and adopt children.WEB,www.ifop.com/media/poll/2255-1-study_file.pdf, EnquÃªte sur la droitisation des opinions publiques europÃ©ennes, 16â€“29 May 2013, Ifop, fr, 19 February 2016,www.ifop.com/media/poll/2255-1-study_file.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20160201082402www.ifop.com/media/poll/2255-1-study_file.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20160201082402www.ifop.com/media/poll/2255-1-study_file.pdf, 1 February 2016, The 2015 Eurobarometer found that 91% of the Dutch population thought same-sex marriage should be allowed throughout Europe, while 7% were opposed.WEB,www.equineteurope.org/IMG/pdf/ebs_437_en.pdf, Special Eurobarometer 437, Eurobarometer, 19 February 2016,www.equineteurope.org/IMG/pdf/ebs_437_en.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20160122075042www.equineteurope.org/IMG/pdf/ebs_437_en.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20160122075042www.equineteurope.org/IMG/pdf/ebs_437_en.pdf, 22 January 2016, A Pew Research Center poll, conducted between April and August 2017 and published in May 2018, showed that 86% of Dutch people supported same-sex marriage, 10% were opposed and 4% did not know or refused to answer.Religion and society {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718110549www.pewforum.org/2018/05/29/religion-and-society/ |date=18 July 2018 }}, Pew Research Center, 29 May 2018 When divided by religion, 95% of religiously unaffiliated people, 90% of non-practicing Christians and 60% of church-attending Christians supported same-sex marriage.Being Christian in Western Europe {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925225152www.pewforum.org/2018/05/29/being-christian-in-western-europe/ |date=25 September 2018 }}, Pew Research Center, 29 May 2018 Opposition was also 10% among 18â€“34-year-olds.Eastern and Western Europeans Differ on Importance of Religion, Views of Minorities, and Key Social Issues {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103072336www.pewforum.org/2018/10/29/eastern-and-western-europeans-differ-on-importance-of-religion-views-of-minorities-and-key-social-issues/ |date=3 January 2019 }}, Pew Research Center, 2017The 2019 Eurobarometer found that 92% of Dutch people thought same-sex marriage should be allowed throughout Europe, while 8% were opposed.WEB,ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/index.cfm/ResultDoc/download/DocumentKy/87771, Eurobarometer on Discrimination 2019: The social acceptance of LGBTI people in the EU, European Commission, TNS, 23 September 2019, 2, 16 February 2020,web.archive.org/web/20200216133347/https://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/index.cfm/ResultDoc/download/DocumentKy/87771, live, A Pew Research Center poll conducted between February and May 2023 showed that 89% of Dutch people supported same-sex marriage, 10% were opposed and 1% did not know or refused to answer. When divided by political affiliation, support was highest among those on the left of the political spectrum at 94%, followed by those at the center at 92% and those on the right at 85%. Women (92%) were also more likely to support same-sex marriage than men (86%).WEB,www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/06/13/how-people-in-24-countries-view-same-sex-marriage/, How people in 24 countries view same-sex marriage, Pew Research Center, 13 June 2023, The 2023 Eurobarometer found that support had increased to 94%, while 5% were opposed. The survey also showed that 94% of Dutch people thought that “there is nothing wrong in a sexual relationship between two persons of the same sex”, while 6% disagreed.WEB,europa.eu/eurobarometer/surveys/detail/2972, Eurobarometer 2023: Discrimination in the European Union, 1 January 2024, europa.eu,

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Same-sex marriage in the Netherlands

Unregistered partnerships

Registered partnerships

Same-sex marriage

Legislative action

Requirements and rights

Aruba, CuraÃ§ao and Sint Maarten

Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba

Opposition

Royal same-sex weddings

Impact

Statistics

Religious performance

Public opinion

See also

Notes

References