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{{Short description|Ethnic community in Russia}}{{Good article}}{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}

factoids

Russia|name=Russia}}|pop1=35,0004}}{{flag|Sakhalin Oblast}}Национальный состав населения Сахалинской области{{dead link>date=December 2016 fix-attempted=yes }}South Korea}}|pop3=1,500North Korea}}|pop4=1,000Russian language>Russian, KoreanChristianity (Russian Orthodoxy>Russian OrthodoxyHTTP://WWW.ORTHODOX.CN/NEWS/20060506KOREA_EN.HTM>TITLE=PRIEST OF THE RUSSIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH BECAME HONORABLE CITIZEN OF SEOULProtestantism22 KOREANS TO BE REPATRIATED FROM SAKHALIN ACCESS-DATE=26 NOVEMBER 2006 PUBLISHER=THE VLADIVOSTOK NEWS ARCHIVE-URL=HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20050319165221/HTTP://VN.VLADNEWS.RU/ARCH/2004/ISS409/NEWS/UPD30_2.HTM TITLE=사할린 한인의 종교와 신앙 및 의례: 유즈노사할린스크의 경우를 중심으로 (RELIGION, FAITH, AND CEREMONIES OF SAKHALIN KOREANS: FOCUSING ON THE CASE OF YUZHNO-SAKHALINSK) URL=HTTP://WWW.FOLKLORE.OR.KR/SCIENCES/8%C8%B8/%BB%E7%C7%D2%B8%B0%20%C7%D1%C0%CE%C0%C7%20%C1%BE%B1%B3.HWP date=May 2017 fix-attempted=yes }})|related=Korean diaspora, Koryo-saram}}

factoids

Sakhalin Koreans ({{Korean|hangul=사할린 한인}}; ) are Russian citizens and residents of Korean descent living on Sakhalin Island, who can trace their roots to the immigrants from the Gyeongsang and Jeolla provinces of Korea during the late 1930s and early 1940s, the latter half of the Japanese ruling era.At the time, the southern half of Sakhalin Island, then known as Karafuto Prefecture, was under the control of the Empire of Japan, whereas the northern half was part of the Soviet Union. The Japanese government both recruited and forced Korean labourers into service and shipped them to Karafuto to fill labour shortages resulting from World War II. The Red Army invaded Karafuto days before Japan’s surrender; while all but a few Japanese there repatriated successfully, almost one-third of the Koreans could not secure permission to depart either to Japan or their home towns in South Korea. For the next forty years, they lived in exile. In 1985, the Japanese government offered transit rights and funding for the repatriation of the original group of Sakhalin Koreans; however, only 1,500 of them returned to South Korea in the next two decades. The vast majority of Koreans of all generations chose instead to stay on Sakhalin. Beginning in 2000, Hometown Village, a retirement community for first generation Sakhalins, has operated in Ansan.Due to differing language and immigration history, Sakhalin Koreans may or may not identify themselves as Koryo-saram. The term “Koryo-saram” may be used to encompass all Koreans in the former USSR, but typically refers to ethnic Koreans from Hamgyŏng province whose ancestors emigrated to the Russian Far East in the 19th century, and then were later deported to Central Asia. The issue of self-identification is complicated by the fact that many Sakhalin Koreans feel that Koreans from Central Asia look down on them.NEWS, Ban, Byung-yool, Koreans in Russia: Historical Perspective, 22 September 2004, 20 November 2006,times.hankooki.com/lpage/nation/200409/kt2004092218583111950.htm, The Korea Times,times.hankooki.com/lpage/nation/200409/kt2004092218583111950.htm," title="web.archive.org/web/20050318164348times.hankooki.com/lpage/nation/200409/kt2004092218583111950.htm,">web.archive.org/web/20050318164348times.hankooki.com/lpage/nation/200409/kt2004092218583111950.htm, 18 March 2005,

History

Under Japanese colonialism

Origins

File:KarafutoMassacresMap.png|frame|right|Approximate locations of the massacres1: Shikuka, near Kamishisuka (上敷香)2: Maoka, near Mizuho Village (瑞穂村){{legend|#AE4242|Soviet Union|border=1px solid black}} {{legend|#E7D67B|border=1px solid black}}Korean immigration to Sakhalin began as early as the 1910s when the Mitsui Group began recruiting labourers from the peninsula for their mining operations.JOURNAL, Miki, Masafumi, 戦間期樺太における朝鮮人社会の形成―『在日』朝鮮人史研究の空間性をめぐって (The formation of the Korean community in inter-war Karafuto), 社会経済史学 (Socio-economic History), 68, Socio-Economic History Society, Waseda University, 2, ja, In 1920, ten years after the annexation of Korea by Japan, there were fewer than one thousand Koreans in the whole of Karafuto Prefecture, overwhelmingly male.JOURNAL, Kim, German Nikolaevich, 9 December 2004, 26 November 2006,world.lib.ru/k/kim_o_i/str1rtf.shtml, Al-Farabi University, Kazakhstan, Корейцы на Сахалине (Koreans in Sakhalin), German Kim, ru, Aside from an influx of refugees from the Maritimes, who escaped to Karafuto during the Russian Revolution of 1917, the number of Koreans in the province did not rise very rapidly; as late as the mid-1930s, there were fewer than 6,000 Koreans in Karafuto.JOURNAL, Morris-Suzuki, Tessa, Northern Lights: The Making and Unmaking of Karafuto Identity, Journal of Asian Studies, 60, 3, 645–671, 10.2307/2700105, August 2001, 2700105, Association for Asian Studies, 161133218, However, as Japan’s war effort picked up, the Japanese government sought to put more people on the ground in the sparsely-populated prefecture in order to ensure their control of the territory and fill the increasing demands of the coal mines and lumber yards. Recruiters turned to sourcing workers from the Korean peninsula; at one point, over 150,000 Koreans were relocated to work on the island.NEWS, Lee, Jin-woo, 3,100 Sakhalin Koreans yearn to return home, The Korea Times, 18 February 2005, 26 November 2006,times.hankooki.com/lpage/nation/200502/kt2005021817362210580.htm,times.hankooki.com/lpage/nation/200502/kt2005021817362210580.htm," title="web.archive.org/web/20070102055241times.hankooki.com/lpage/nation/200502/kt2005021817362210580.htm,">web.archive.org/web/20070102055241times.hankooki.com/lpage/nation/200502/kt2005021817362210580.htm, 2 January 2007, Of those, around 10,000 mine workers were relocated to Japan prior to the war’s end; present-day Sakhalin Koreans’ efforts to locate them proved futile.NEWS, Sakhalin Koreans celebrate 60th anniversary of liberation from Japanese bondage,www.thesakhalintimes.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=1815, The Sakhalin Times, 26 August 2005, 27 November 2006, dead,www.thesakhalintimes.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=1815," title="web.archive.org/web/20070928002750www.thesakhalintimes.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=1815,">web.archive.org/web/20070928002750www.thesakhalintimes.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=1815, 28 September 2007, The Imperial Japanese Army in Karafuto frequently used local ethnic minorities (Oroks, Nivkhs, and Ainu) to conduct intelligence-gathering activities, because, as indigenous inhabitants, their presence would not arouse suspicion on the Soviet half of the island. Ethnic Koreans could also be found on both sides of the border, but the use of Koreans as spies was not common, as the Karafuto police were wary of the support for the independence movement among Koreans. Soviet suspicion towards Korean nationalism, along with fears that the Korean community might harbour Japanese spies, led to the 1937 deportation of Koreans from Soviet-controlled northern Sakhalin and the Russian Far East, to Central Asia.CONFERENCE, Choe, Gil-seong, 樺太における日本人の朝鮮人虐殺 (The Japanese Massacre of Koreans in Karafuto), 世界法史の単一性と複数性 (Unity and complexity of international legal history), 289–296, Miraisha, 2005, ja, After the large scale deportation of Soviet Koreans to Central Asia, the few who were not deported continued to live in northern Sakhalin. Some 2,000 Koreans remained in northern Sakhalin as part of Soviet-Japanese oil ‘concessions’ (joint ventures). Contradicting the Soviet stated aim for the deportation, Japan was allowed to bring in additional workers with Soviet permission, and the facilities operated until 1943.BOOK, Chang, Jon K.,books.google.com/books?id=qh7HDwAAQBAJ, Burnt by the Sun: The Koreans of the Russian Far East, 2018-01-31, University of Hawaii Press, 978-0-8248-7674-6, 170–171, en, The origins of Sakhalin Koreans are traced to the Japanese-controlled southern half of the island.NEWS, Troianovski, Anton, 2021-11-07, What’s in a Name? For the Koreans of Sakhalin, an Anguished History, en-US, The New York Times,www.nytimes.com/2021/11/07/world/europe/korea-sakhalin-japan-russia.html, 2022-06-29, 0362-4331,

Soviet invasion and Japanese massacres

The Soviet Union invaded the Japanese portion of Sakhalin on 11 August 1945 during the Soviet–Japanese War towards the end of World War II. In the confusion that ensued, a rumour began to spread that ethnic Koreans could be serving as spies for the Soviet Union, and led to massacres of Koreans by Japanese police and civilians. Despite the generally limited amount of information about the massacres, two examples of massacres are comparatively well-known today: the incident in Kamishisuka (now Leonidovo) on 18 August 1945, and the incident in Mizuho Village (now Pozharskoye), which lasted from 20 to 23 August 1945.In Kamishisuka, the Japanese police arrested 19 Koreans on charges of spy activities; 18 were found shot within the police station the next day.WEB,www.aurora-net.or.jp/user/tamura/sakha2-13.htm, ja:サハリンレポートによる記事, 27 November 2006, ja, Has photos. The sole survivor, a Korean known only by his Japanese name Nakata, had survived by hiding in a toilet; he later offered testimony about the event.BOOK, Hayashi, Eidai, 証言・樺太(サハリン)朝鮮人虐殺事件 (Testimony: The Massacre of Karafuto/Sakhalin Koreans), 1992, Fubaisha, ja, In Mizuho Village, Japanese fleeing Soviet troops who had landed at Maoka (now Kholmsk) claimed that the Koreans were cooperating with the Red Army and that they were pillaging Japanese property. Though Koreans and Japanese worked alongside each other in the village on farms and construction projects, the Japanese civilians turned against their Korean neighbors, killing 27 between 20 and 23 August. Other individual Koreans may have been killed to cover up evidence of Japanese atrocities committed during the evacuation: one woman interviewed by a US-Russian joint commission investigating the issue of Allied prisoners of war held by the Imperial Japanese Army in camps on Sakhalin reported that her ethnic Korean lover had been murdered by Japanese troops after he had witnessed mass shootings of hundreds of American prisoners of war.JOURNAL,memory.loc.gov/frd/tfrussia/tfrhtml/tfrsplit/tfr010.html, Task Force Russia -- Biweekly Report 19 December 1982 - 8 January 1993 (12th Report), U.S.-Russian Joint Delegation on POWs/MIAs, 8 January 1993, 21 February 2007,

Integration into the Soviet Union

Repatriation refused

In the years after the Soviet invasion, most of the 400,000 Japanese civilians who had not already been evacuated during the war left voluntarily under the auspices of the US-USSR Agreement on Repatriation of those left in the USSR, signed in December 1946. Many of the 150,000 Koreans on the island safely returned to mainland Japan, and some went to the northern half of the Korean peninsula; however, roughly 43,000 were not accepted for repatriation by Japan, and also could not be repatriated to the southern half of the Korean peninsula due to the political situation. The Soviet government initially had drawn up plans to repatriate the Koreans along with the Japanese, but the local administration on Sakhalin objected, arguing that incoming Russians from the mainland would not be sufficient to replace the skilled labourers who had already departed. The indecision about the ultimate fate of the Sakhalin Koreans persisted until the outbreak of the Korean War, after which repatriation became a political impossibility.NEWS, Lankov, Andrei, Russia Beyond the Headlines, 1 August 2013, 1 August 2013, How 25 thousand miners were marooned on a distant island,rbth.asia/blogs/2013/08/01/how_25_thausand_miners_were_marooned_on_a_distant_island_48317.html, dead,rbth.asia/blogs/2013/08/01/how_25_thausand_miners_were_marooned_on_a_distant_island_48317.html," title="archive.today/20130802030734rbth.asia/blogs/2013/08/01/how_25_thausand_miners_were_marooned_on_a_distant_island_48317.html,">archive.today/20130802030734rbth.asia/blogs/2013/08/01/how_25_thausand_miners_were_marooned_on_a_distant_island_48317.html, 2 August 2013, One interviewee in 2016 shared her family’s experience:{{Sfnp|Lee|Khvan|2020|p=474}}{{Blockquote|text=When our family moved from Uglegorsk to Korsakov in the late 1940s, every morning my parents rushed to the coast of Korsakov to see and welcome passenger ships coming from South Korea. They were always convinced that those ships would carry them to their homeland. The ships that they eagerly expected [to take them home] did not show up after all, making [them] sob bitterly and go away in tears.}}Some sources claim Stalin himself blocked their departure because he wanted to retain them as coal miners on the island.NEWS, Lankov, Andrei, The Korea Times, 5 January 2006, 26 November 2006, Stateless in Sakhalin,times.hankooki.com/lpage/opinion/200601/kt2006010516434554130.htm, In 1957, Seoul appealed for Tokyo’s assistance to secure the departure of ethnic Koreans from Sakhalin via Japan, but Tokyo took no real action on the request, and blamed Soviet intransigence for the lack of progress in resolving the issue; Japan continued its earlier policy of granting entrance only to Sakhalin Koreans who were married to Japanese citizens, or had a Japanese parent.NEWS, Japan refused to help Koreans leave Sakhalin, 19 December 2000, Kyodo News, 1 August 2013,www.news.ch/Japan+refused+to+help+Koreans+leave+Sakhalin+island/26316/detail.htm, During the late 1940s, the ranks of ethnic Koreans on the island were augmented by another 8,000 North Korean expatriates, recruited by the Soviet government to work in state-owned fisheries.NEWS,www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2009/12/120_54137.html, 23 October 2009, 8 January 2010, Korea Times, Lankov, Andrei, N. Korean Mirage Collapses in Sakhalin, In an effort to integrate the Korean labourers, who were unfamiliar with the Soviet system and unable to speak Russian, local authorities set up schools using the Korean language as the medium of instruction. However, the Sakhalin Koreans were believed to have been “infected with the Japanese spirit”, and so for the most part the authorities did not trust them to run any of their own collective farms, mills, factories, schools, or hospitals. Instead, these tasks were left to several hundred ethnic Koreans imported from Central Asia, who were bilingual in Russian and Korean. Resentment towards the social dominance of Koreans from Central Asia over the Sakhalin Koreans led to tensions between the two groups; the latter developed a number of disparaging terms in Korean to refer to the former.JOURNAL,mion.isu.ru/pub/russ-ost/diaspr/6.html, Актуальные проблемы корейской диаспоры в Центральной Азии (Important problems of the Korean diaspora in Central Asia), Kim, German, Khan, Valery, Kazakh State University, 2001, 27 April 2007, {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}CONFERENCE, Um, Hae-kyung, K. Schulze, M. Stokes, C. Campbell, 1996, The Korean diaspora in Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan: social change, identity and music-making, Nationalism, minorities and diasporas: identities and rights in the Middle East, Tauris, London, 217–232, {{Efn|For example, {{transliteration|ko|mr|K’Å­nttangbaegi}} ({{korean|hangul=큰땅배기|lit=continental people|labels=no}}).}}The Sakhalin government’s policy towards the Sakhalin Koreans continued to shift in line with bilateral relations between North Korea and the Soviet Union. During the 1950s, North Korea demanded that the Soviets treat Sakhalin Koreans as North Korean citizens, and, through their consulate, even set up study groups and other educational facilities for them (analogous to Chongryon’s similar, more successful efforts among the Zainichi Koreans). During the late 1950s, it became increasingly difficult for the Sakhalin Koreans to obtain Soviet citizenship, and a growing proportion chose instead to become North Korean citizens rather than to deal with the burdens of remaining stateless, which included severe restrictions on their freedom of movement and the requirement to apply for permission from the local government in order to travel outside of Sakhalin. As of 1960, only 25% had been able to secure Soviet citizenship; 65% had declared North Korean citizenship, with the remaining 10% choosing to remain unaffiliated despite the difficulties this entailed.BOOK, Ishikida, Miki, Toward Peace: War Responsibility, Postwar Compensation, and Peace Movements and Education in Japan, 2005, Center for US-Japan Comparative Social Studies, 0-595-35063-1, However, as relations between the Soviet Union and North Korea deteriorated, the authorities acted to de-emphasise Korean language education and reduce the influence of North Korea within the community; by the early 1970s, Sakhalin Koreans were once again encouraged to apply for Soviet citizenship.

Attention from the outside world

In the late 1960s and early 1970s, the situation of the Sakhalin Koreans improved as the outside world began to pay much more attention to their situation. Starting in 1966, Park No Hak, a former Sakhalin Korean who had earlier received permission to leave Sakhalin and settle in Japan by virtue of his having a Japanese wife, petitioned the Japanese government a total of 23 times to discuss the issue of the Sakhalin Koreans with the Soviet government. His actions inspired 500,000 South Koreans to form an organisation to work towards the repatriation of their co-ethnics; in response, the South Korean began radio broadcasts targeted at the Sakhalin Koreans, in an effort to assure them that they had not been forgotten.BOOK, Pak, Hyeong-ju, サハリンからのレポート―棄てられた朝鮮人の歴史と証言 (The Report From Sakhalin: History and Testimony of Discarded Koreans), January 1991, Ochanomizu Shobo, ja, MAGAZINE, The Forsaken People, 12 January 1976, 27 November 2006, Time Magazine,www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,913836,00.html,www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,913836,00.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20090514042127www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,913836,00.html,">web.archive.org/web/20090514042127www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,913836,00.html, dead, 14 May 2009, At the same time, Rei Mihara, a Tokyo housewife, formed a similar pressure group in Japan, and 18 Japanese lawyers attempted to sue the Japanese government to force them to accept diplomatic and financial responsibility for the transportation of the Sakhalin Koreans and their return to South Korea.Additionally, the Soviet government finally began to permit the Sakhalin Koreans to naturalize. However, as many as 10% continued to refuse both Soviet and North Korean citizenship and demanded repatriation to South Korea.JOURNAL, Stephan, John J, Sakhalin Island: Soviet Outpost in Northeast Asia, Asian Survey, 10, 12, December 1970, 1090–1100, 10.2307/2643058, 2643058, By 1976, only 2,000 more of their population had been able to obtain permission to depart from Sakhalin, but that year, the Sakhalin government made a public announcement that people seeking to emigrate to South Korea could simply show up at the Immigration Office to file an application. Within a week, they had received more than 800 such applications, including some from North Korean citizens; this caused the North Korean embassy to complain to their Soviet counterparts about the new emigration policy. The Soviet authorities in the end chose for unspecified reasons to refuse to issue exit visas to most of those concerned, leading to the unusual case of public demonstrations about the refusals by Korean families. This level of open dissent provoked the authorities to completely reverse their liberalising stance towards the Sakhalin Koreans; they arrested more than 40 protestors, and in November 1976 deported them, but to North Korea rather than to the South as they desired. Further purges and intimidation of those seeking to emigrate also followed. Through to the early 1980s, locally born Korean youth, increasingly interested in their heritage, were seen as traitors by their Russian neighbours for wanting to know more about their ancestral land and for seeking to emigrate. The nadir of ethnic relations came after the 1983 shooting-down of Korean Air Lines Flight 007 by the Soviet Union.

Perestroika, glasnost, and the post-Soviet period

Improving relations with Japan

In 1985, Japan agreed to approve transit rights and fund the repatriation of the first generation of Sakhalin Koreans;NEWS, Sakhalin Koreans discuss Japan strategy, The Sakhalin Times,www.thesakhalintimes.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=728, 28 May 2004, 28 November 2006, dead,www.thesakhalintimes.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=728," title="web.archive.org/web/20070928002743www.thesakhalintimes.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=728,">web.archive.org/web/20070928002743www.thesakhalintimes.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=728, 28 September 2007, the Soviet Union also began to liberalize their emigration laws in 1987.JOURNAL, Aronson, Geoffrey, Soviet Jewish Emigration, the United States, and the Occupied Territories, Journal of Palestine Studies, 19, Summer 1990, 30–45, 10.1525/jps.1990.19.4.00p0215c, 4, 2537387, As of 2001, Japan spends US$1.2 million a year to fund Sakhalin Koreans’ visits to Seoul. The Foreign Ministry allocated about $5 million to build a cultural centre in Sakhalin, which was intended to feature a library, an exhibition hall, Korean language classrooms, and other facilities, but {{As of|2004|lc=on}}, the project had not begun, causing protests among the Sakhalin Koreans.On 18 April 1990, Taro Nakayama, Japan’s Minister for Foreign Affairs, stated: The foreign trade of Sakhalin with Japan is still roughly four times that with Korea,{{which|date=July 2018}} and Japanese companies greatly outnumber their Korean counterparts on the island.PRESS RELEASE, Investment Climate, Economy Committee of Sakhalin,www.sakhipa.ru/index.php?id=71&L=1, 2004, 28 November 2006, dead,www.sakhipa.ru/index.php?id=71&L=1," title="web.archive.org/web/20070930081834www.sakhipa.ru/index.php?id=71&L=1,">web.archive.org/web/20070930081834www.sakhipa.ru/index.php?id=71&L=1, 30 September 2007, As a result, while members of the first generation still carry anti-Japanese sentiment, the younger generations have developed an interest in Japanese culture and have taken up the study of the Japanese language, much to the consternation of their elders.NEWS, Baek, Il-hyun, Scattered Koreans turn homeward, 14 September 2005, Korea JoongAng Daily, 27 November 2006,joongangdaily.joins.com/200509/14/200509142129404979900091009101.html,joongangdaily.joins.com/200509/14/200509142129404979900091009101.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20051127093846joongangdaily.joins.com/200509/14/200509142129404979900091009101.html,">web.archive.org/web/20051127093846joongangdaily.joins.com/200509/14/200509142129404979900091009101.html, 27 November 2005, On 28 October 2006, a Korean student from the Sakhalin State University placed second in the All-CIS Japanese Language Students Competition.WEB, ru:Жюри всероссийского конкурса японского языка присудило студентке СахГУ второе место,www.sakhgu.sakhalin.ru/, 2006, Sakhalin State University, 24 January 2007, ru, dead,sakhgu.sakhalin.ru/," title="web.archive.org/web/20070204012212sakhgu.sakhalin.ru/,">web.archive.org/web/20070204012212sakhgu.sakhalin.ru/, 4 February 2007,

North and South Korean influence

During the 1990s, commerce, communication, and direct flights opened up between Sakhalin and South Korea, and the two Koreas began to vie openly for influence among the Sakhalin Koreans. Television and radio programmes from both North and South Korea, as well as local programming, began to be broadcast on Sakhalin Korean Broadcasting, the only Korean television station in all of Russia.NEWS, Jones, Lucy, Forgotten Prisoners, The Vladivostok News, 30 December 1997, 26 November 2006,vn.vladnews.ru/Arch/1997/ISS157/NEWS.HTM, dead,vn.vladnews.ru/Arch/1997/ISS157/NEWS.HTM," title="web.archive.org/web/20061010041134vn.vladnews.ru/Arch/1997/ISS157/NEWS.HTM,">web.archive.org/web/20061010041134vn.vladnews.ru/Arch/1997/ISS157/NEWS.HTM, 10 October 2006, NEWS, Kim, Hyun, Wave of dramas from homeland uplifts Sakhalin Koreans, 8 July 2005, 26 November 2006, Yonhap News Agency,english.yna.co.kr/Engnews/20050708/500100000020050708120824E0.html, dead,english.yna.co.kr/Engnews/20050708/500100000020050708120824E0.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20070927001305english.yna.co.kr/Engnews/20050708/500100000020050708120824E0.html,">web.archive.org/web/20070927001305english.yna.co.kr/Engnews/20050708/500100000020050708120824E0.html, 27 September 2007, North Korea negotiated with Russia for closer economic relations with Sakhalin,NEWS, North Korea calls for greater relations with Sakhalin, ITAR-TASS, 23 November 2006, 26 November 2006,news.tradingcharts.com/futures/8/7/86078878.html, and sponsored an art show in Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk in 2006.NEWS, North Korean Art Exhibition being held in Sakhalin,www.thesakhalintimes.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=2922, The Sakhalin Times, 26 November 2006, dead,www.thesakhalintimes.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=2922," title="web.archive.org/web/20061120170329www.thesakhalintimes.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=2922,">web.archive.org/web/20061120170329www.thesakhalintimes.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=2922, 20 November 2006, They have also permitted delegations of Sakhalin Koreans to visit relatives in North Korea. Scholarly studies suggest that roughly 1,000 Sakhalin Koreans have opted to repatriate to North Korea, but the rise of the South Korean economy combined with the ongoing economic and political turmoil in the North have made this option less attractive. Sakhalin Koreans have also provided assistance to refugees fleeing North Korea, either those who illegally escaped across the border, or those who escaped North Korean labour camps in Russia itself.JOURNAL, Situation and Protection of North Korean Refugees in Russia, Yoon, Yeo-sang, Korea Political Development Research Center,www.nkhumanrights.or.kr/bbs/board2/files/57_yeo-sangyoon.doc, Microsoft Word, 27 November 2006,nkhumanrights.or.kr/bbs/board2/files/57_yeo-sangyoon.doc," title="web.archive.org/web/20060104012148nkhumanrights.or.kr/bbs/board2/files/57_yeo-sangyoon.doc,">web.archive.org/web/20060104012148nkhumanrights.or.kr/bbs/board2/files/57_yeo-sangyoon.doc, 4 January 2006, (File:Hometown Village 01 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Apartments of Hometown Village (2024))South Korea and Japan jointly funded the building of Hometown Village, a retirement community under the auspices of the Korean Red Cross for elderly Sakhalin Koreans, in Ansan. By the end of 2002, 1,544 people had settled there and in other locations, while another 14,122 had travelled to South Korea on short-term visits at the expense of the Japanese government.PRESS RELEASE, Inter-Korean Affairs: Family Reunions,redcross.or.kr/www/eng/service.jsp?pageindex=7, 26 November 2006, The Republic of Korea National Red Cross, South Korean investors also began to participate in the international tenders for works contracts to develop the Sakhalin Shelf, as they are interested in the potential supply of liquefied natural gas. By the year 2000, South Korean missionaries had opened several churches, and South Koreans comprised the majority of international students at the Sakhalin State University. The Korean Association of Sakhalin, an ethnic representative body, is generally described as being pro-South Korean, analogous to Japan’s Mindan.NEWS, 2 October 2000, 26 November 2006, Sakhalin’s Koreans angry over delay in cultural center,findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0XPQ/is_2000_Oct_2/ai_66169200, Kyodo, dead,findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0XPQ/is_2000_Oct_2/ai_66169200/," title="web.archive.org/web/20110615175951findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0XPQ/is_2000_Oct_2/ai_66169200/,">web.archive.org/web/20110615175951findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0XPQ/is_2000_Oct_2/ai_66169200/, 15 June 2011, In addition to the elderly, a few younger Koreans have also chosen to move to South Korea, either to find their roots, or for economic reasons, as wages in South Korea are as much as three times those in Sakhalin. However, upon arrival, they often find that they are viewed as foreigners by the South Korean locals, despite their previous exposure to Korean culture in Sakhalin. As one returnee put it, “Sakhalin Koreans live in a different world than Sakhalin Russians but that world isn’t Korea”.NEWS, Transplanted Sakhaliner,www.thesakhalintimes.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=833, The Sakhalin Times, 2 July 2004, 27 November 2006, dead,www.thesakhalintimes.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=833," title="web.archive.org/web/20061120194431www.thesakhalintimes.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=833,">web.archive.org/web/20061120194431www.thesakhalintimes.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=833, 20 November 2006, In general, younger Sakhalin Koreans, especially those lacking fluency in the Korean language, prefer to stay on Sakhalin.NEWS, Los Angeles Times,articles.latimes.com/2007/dec/30/news/adfg-khome30, Torn between two lands, Herman, Burt, 30 December 2007, 8 January 2010, Of the 1,544 Koreans who repatriated to South Korea {{As of|2005|lc=on}}, nearly 10% eventually returned to Sakhalin. Conversely, some foreign students from Korea studying in Sakhalin also reported difficulties in befriending local Koreans, claiming that the latter looked down on them for being foreigners.NEWS, Yong, Kyeong Roo, Sakhalin’s Three Sets of Koreans,www.thesakhalintimes.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=1610, 6 June 2005, 28 November 2006, dead,www.thesakhalintimes.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=1610," title="web.archive.org/web/20061120210623www.thesakhalintimes.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=1610,">web.archive.org/web/20061120210623www.thesakhalintimes.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=1610, 20 November 2006,

Local interethnic relations

In the late 1980s, suspicions against the Sakhalin Koreans remained. With the relaxation of internal migration controls and the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Russians began moving en masse back to the mainland, making ethnic Koreans an increasing proportion of the population; there were fears that they might become a majority of the island’s population, and seek an autonomous republic or even independence.NEWS,www.lgz.ru/archives/html_arch/lg122005/Polosy/20_1.htm, Помни имя своё, December 2005, Stroev, Anatoly, Литературная газета (Literaturnaya Gazeta), 29 November 2006, dead,www.lgz.ru/archives/html_arch/lg122005/Polosy/20_1.htm," title="web.archive.org/web/20100726162212www.lgz.ru/archives/html_arch/lg122005/Polosy/20_1.htm,">web.archive.org/web/20100726162212www.lgz.ru/archives/html_arch/lg122005/Polosy/20_1.htm, 26 July 2010, However, the rise of the regional economy and the cultural assimilation of the younger generations drove more than 95% of Koreans to stay in Sakhalin or move to the Russian Far East rather than leave for South Korea, as they have come to consider Russia their home country. The Sakhalin Koreans’ family connections in South Korea have benefited even those who remained on Sakhalin with easier access to South Korean business and imports; trade with South Korea has brought the Sakhalin Koreans a better economic standing than the average resident of Sakhalin.NEWS, A battle for workers in Russia’s Far East, International Herald Tribune, 2 September 2002www.iht.com/articles/69424.htm >access-date = 7 July 2005, By 2004, inter-ethnic relations between Russians and Koreans had improved greatly and were generally not described as being a problem on Sakhalin. However, Sakhalin Koreans who have travelled to the mainland of Russia, or have relocated to there (a population of roughly 10,000), report that they have encountered various forms of racism.HTTP://WWW.THESAKHALINTIMES.COM/MODULES.PHP?NAME=NEWS&FILE=ARTICLE&SID=1610>TITLE=SAKHALIN’S KOREANSWORK=THE SAKHALIN TIMESURL-STATUS=DEADARCHIVE-DATE=20 NOVEMBER 2006, Among the Koreans who remain on Sakhalin, roughly 7,000 of the original generation of settlers survive, while their locally born descendants make up the rest of the local Korean population. They are highly urbanized; half live in the administrative centre of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, where Koreans constitute nearly 12% of the population.NEWS,www.thesakhalintimes.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=918, Ansan Delegation visits Sakhalin, 30 July 2004, 28 November 2006, The Sakhalin Times, dead,www.thesakhalintimes.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=918," title="web.archive.org/web/20070928002815www.thesakhalintimes.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=918,">web.archive.org/web/20070928002815www.thesakhalintimes.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=918, 28 September 2007, {{Update inline|date=September 2023}} Around thirty per cent of Sakhalin’s thirty thousand Koreans still have not taken Russian citizenship.{{Update inline|date=September 2023}} Unlike ethnic Russians or other local minority groups, Sakhalin Koreans are exempted from conscription, but there have been calls for this exemption to be terminated.NEWS, Koreans make Sakhalin multi-cultural,www.thesakhalintimes.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=1982, The Sakhalin Times, 25 October 2005, 28 November 2006,www.thesakhalintimes.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=1982," title="web.archive.org/web/20061120222445www.thesakhalintimes.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=1982,">web.archive.org/web/20061120222445www.thesakhalintimes.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=1982, 20 November 2006,

Culture

Personal and family names

{{Korean names in Russian}}{{See also|List of Korean family names|Cyrillization of Korean}}Korean surnames, when Cyrillized, may be spelled slightly differently from the romanisations used in the US; the resulting common pronunciations also differ, as can be seen in the table at right. Furthermore, Korean naming practices and Russian naming practices conflict in several important ways.JOURNAL, Kim, German Nikolaevich, and Steven Sunwoo Lee (translator), Names of Koryo-saram, Al-Farabi University,www.koryosaram.freenet.kz/update1/names.doc, 28 November 2006, DOC,www.koryosaram.freenet.kz/update1/names.doc," title="web.archive.org/web/20050306073046www.koryosaram.freenet.kz/update1/names.doc,">web.archive.org/web/20050306073046www.koryosaram.freenet.kz/update1/names.doc, 6 March 2005, German Kim, While most members of the older generations of Sakhalin Koreans used Korean names, members of the younger generations favor their Russian names. However, with the increasing exposure to South Korean pop culture, some younger Koreans have named their children after characters in Korean television dramas. The use of patronymics is not widespread.In addition to Korean names, the oldest generation of Sakhalin Koreans are often legally registered under Japanese names, which they had originally adopted due to the sōshi-kaimei policy of the Japanese colonial era. After the Soviet invasion, the Sakhalin authorities conducted name registration for the local Koreans on the basis of the Japanese identity documents issued by the old Karafuto government; as of 2006, the Russian government uniformly refused requests for re-registration under Korean names.

Language

{{See also|North–South differences in the Korean language}}Due to their greater population density and expectation that they would one day be allowed to return to Korea, the Sakhalin Koreans have kept something of a sojourner mentality rather than a settler mentality, which influenced their relation to the surrounding society; even today, they tend to speak much better Korean than those who were deported to Central Asia. A weekly Korean language newspaper, the Se Korea Sinmun, has been published since 1949, while Sakhalin Korean Broadcasting began operation in 1956. Korean-language television programmes are broadcast locally, but typically with Russian subtitles.NEWS,www.hancinema.net/modele.php?page=voir_une_societe.php&id=16&news=2373#news, “Autumn Fairy Tale” Sparks Hallyu Wave in Sakhalin, Korean Broadcasting System, 10 March 2005, 22 January 2007, Additionally, during the Soviet era, Sakhalin Koreans were often hired to act as announcers and writers for official media aimed at the Koryo-saram in Central Asia. However, unlike the Koryo-saram, the spoken Korean of Sakhalin is not very closely related to Hamgyŏng dialect or Koryo-mar, but is instead descended from Jeolla and Gyeongsang dialects. As a result of the diplomatic situation up until the 1980s, during which South Korea had no relations with the Soviet Union, Korean-language instructional materials were provided by North Korea or developed domestically. As a result, Sakhalin Koreans uniquely write using the North Korean standard but speak in radio broadcasts in a manner that resembles the Seoul dialect of South Korea.JOURNAL, Kim, German Nikolaevich, О родном языке корейцев Казахстана (About the native language of Koreans in Kazakhstan),world.lib.ru/k/kim_o_i/rtg1rtf.shtml, Al-Farabi University, 9 December 2004, 26 November 2006, German Kim, ru,

Religion

Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union, there has been significant growth in religious activities among the Sakhalin Koreans; the establishment of churches was noted in scholarly articles as early as 1990.JOURNAL, Kim, Yong-guk, 사할린에 한인교회 설립 (Establishment of Korean churches on Sakhalin),www.dbpia.co.kr/view/ar_view.asp?pid=54&isid=1567&arid=114035&topMenu=&topMenu1=, 3–9, July 1990, 1227-8378, 22 January 2007, North Korea, ko, Christian hymns have become popular listening material, supplementing the more typical Russian, Western, and Korean pop music.JOURNAL, Um, Hae-kyung, 9, 2000, Listening patterns and identity of the Korean diaspora in the former USSR, British Journal of Ethnomusicology, 127–144,www.open.ac.uk/Arts/music/mclayton/bje9-2finalpdf.PDF, 2, 10.1080/09681220008567303, 145179602, Korean churches also broadcast religious content through Sakhalin Korean Broadcasting; a Baptist church run by ethnic Koreans sponsors a journalist there.NEWS,www.forum18.org/Archive.php?article_id=331, Forum 18, RUSSIA: Local restrictions on mission in Sakhalin region, 1 June 2004, 22 January 2007, Fagan, Geraldine, However, large-scale religious events can be subjected to restriction by the government authorities: in June 1998 the local Russian Orthodox Church and the regional administration of Sakhalin successfully pressured Korean Presbyterian missionaries to cancel a conference of more than 100 Presbyterian and other Protestant missionaries from around the former Soviet Union.JOURNAL, U.S. Department of State, Annual Report on International Religious Freedom for 1999: Russia, 1999,www.stetson.edu/~psteeves/relnews/statedeptrussia0909.html, 22 January 2007, Ethnic Koreans are numerous among the church-goers of St. James Cathedral, seat of the Apostolic Prefecture of Yuzhno Sakhalinsk, in Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk. Catholic missions in Kholmsk and Aniva have also a fair number of Korean parishioners.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

Cuisine

File:Pyanse,_Novosibirsk.jpg|thumb|Pyanse being sold at a street cart in NovosibirskNovosibirskSakhalin Koreans have a cuisine that is descended from Korean cuisine. Their food has not only significant popularity within Sakhalin, but also in Russia, with dishes like pyanse widely consumed in Moscow and Vladivostok.NEWS, Rossiyskaya Gazeta, Rossiyskaya Gazeta, 25 June 2016, What’s hot about pyanse, Vladivostok’s most popular street food,www.rbth.com/travel/fareast/2016/06/25/whats-hot-about-pyanse-vladivostoks-most-popular-street-food_605905, 8 February 2018, Russia Beyond, The cuisine is still widely and regularly consumed by the remaining Sakhalin Koreans on the island, as well as by the non-Korean Sakhalin Russians. A September 2012 survey found that 90% of Sakhalin Koreans and 63% of non-Koreans consume the food often.WEB, 2013-03-13, 사할린한인의 식문화 특징과 미치는 영향,www.tongilnews.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=101753, 2024-01-07, 통일뉴스, ko,

Music

In one survey, a third of the Sakhalin Korean population expressed a preference for traditional Korean music, a far higher proportion than in any other ethnic Korean community surveyed. However, despite their better knowledge of Korean language, the same survey showed that Korean pop music is less widespread among Sakhalin Koreans than among ethnic Koreans in Kazakhstan, possessing about the same degree of popularity as in Uzbekistan. Sakhalin Koreans also reported listening to Western popular and classical music at much lower rates than Koreans in the rest of the former Soviet Union. Study of traditional Korean musical instruments has also been gaining popularity across all generations. The Ethnos Arts School was established in 1991 in Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk to teach children’s classes in traditional Korean dance, piano, sight singing, and the gayageum, a zither-like instrument supposedly invented around the time of the Gaya confederacy.NEWS, 사할린 고려인 학생들, 국악사랑에 흠뻑 취한 사흘: 러 사할린 에트노스예술학교 (For Sakhalin Goryeo-in, three days filled with love of Korean traditional music: Sakhalin’s Ethnos Arts School),www.hani.co.kr/arti/culture/music/52549.html, Chung, Sang-yeong, The Hankyoreh, 25 July 2005, 21 January 2007, ko,

See also

• Russia–South Korea relations
• Russia-North Korea relations
• Chinese people in Russia
• Japanese people in Russia
• Russians in Korea
• Koryo-saram
• Korean diaspora

{{Clear}}

Notes

{{Notelist}}

References

{{Reflist|30em}}

Sources

• JOURNAL, Lee, Chaimun, Khvan, Lyudmila Borisovna, February 2020, A Transnational Tale of Two Nationalities : Ethnic Koreans in Sakhalin Island and North Koreans in Kamchatka, Russia,www.researchgate.net/publication/345140135, 한국민족문화, 부산대학교 한국민족문화연구소,

External links

• www.609studio.com/html/broadcasting/urimal.html" title="web.archive.org/web/20060512001628www.609studio.com/html/broadcasting/urimal.html">Sakhalin Korean Broadcasting (사할린 우리말 방송국)
• A Forgotten People: The Sakhalin Koreans (documentary)
• {{Flickr|id=sahhope}} – photo album from the Sakhalin Korean community

{{Sakhalin Koreans}}{{Korean diaspora}}{{Immigration to Russia}}{{Authority control}}