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{{Short description|Mountain range in China}}{{coord|39|12|N|98|32|E|display=title}}

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The Qilian Mountains ({{zh|t=|s=|w=Ch'i2-lien2 Shan1|p=Qílián Shān}}, also romanized as Tsilien; Mongghul: Chileb), together with the Altyn-Tagh (Altun Shan) also known as Nan Shan ({{zh|c=南山}}, literally "Southern Mountains"), as it is to the south of Hexi Corridor, is a northern outlier of the Kunlun Mountains, forming the border between Qinghai and the Gansu provinces of northern China.BOOK,weblink The Journal of Asian studies, 62, 1, 2003, Association for Asian Studies, 262, 0-691-09676-7, 2010-06-28,

Geography

The range stretches from the south of Dunhuang some 800 km to the southeast, forming the northeastern escarpment of the Tibetan Plateau and the southwestern border of the Hexi Corridor.The eponymous Qilian Shan peak, situated some 60 km south of Jiuquan, at {{coord|39|12|N|98|32|E|}}, rises to 5,547 m. It is the highest peak of the main range, but there are two higher peaks further south, Kangze'gyai at {{coord|38|30|N|97|43|E|}} with 5,808 m andQaidam Shan peak at {{coord|38|2|N|95|19|E|}} with 5,759 m. Other major peaks include Gangshiqia Peak in the east.The Nan-Shan range continues to the west as Yema Shan (5,250 m) and Altun Shan (Altyn Tagh) (5,798 m). To the east, it passes north of Qinghai Lake, terminating as Daban Shan and Xinglong Shan near Lanzhou, with Maoma Shan peak (4,070 m) an eastern outlier. Sections of the Ming Dynasty's Great Wall pass along its northern slopes, and south of northern outlier Longshou Shan (3,616 m).The Qilian mountains are the source of numerous, mostly small, rivers and creeks that flow northeast, enabling irrigated agriculture in the Hexi Corridor (Gansu Corridor) communities, and eventually disappearing in the Alashan Desert. The best known of these streams is the Ejin (Heihe) River. The region has many glaciers, the largest of which is the Touming Mengke. These glaciers have undergone acceleration in their melting in recent decades.Lake Hala is a large brackish lake, located within the Qilian mountains. The characteristic ecosystem of the Qilian Mountains has been described by the World Wildlife Fund as the Qilian Mountains conifer forests.{{WWF ecoregion|id=pa0517|name=Qilian Mountains conifer forests}}Biandukou (), with an altitude of over 3500 m, is a pass in the Qilian Mountains. It links Minle County of Gansu in the north and Qilian County of Qinghai in the south.

History

(File:Qilian landscape.jpg|thumb|View of Qilian Mountains)The Shiji mentions the name "Qilian mountains" together with Dunhuang in relation to the homeland of the Yuezhi.Sima Qian et al., Shiji vol 123: "Account of Dayuan" quote: "始月氏居敦煌、祁連閒". translation: "Initially the Yuezhi dwelt between Dunhuang and Qilian." These Qilian Mountains however, has been suggested to be the mountains now known as Tian Shan, 1,500 km to the west.BOOK, Mallory, J. P., Mair, Victor H., amp, 58, 2000, The Tarim Mummies: Ancient China and the Mystery of the Earliest Peoples from the West, Thames & Hudson. London, 0-500-05101-1, registration,weblink Dunhuang has also been argued to be the Dunhong mountain.Liu, Xinru, Migration and Settlement of the Yuezhi-Kushan: Interaction and Interdependence of Nomadic and Sedentary Societies (2001) weblink Qilian () is said to be a Xiongnu word meaning "sky" ({{zh|天|tiān}}) according to Yan Shigu, a Tang Dynasty commentator on the Hanshu.BOOK,weblink 漢書: 顏師古註, 祁連山即天山也,匈奴呼天為祁連 (translation: Qilian Mountain is the Tian Shan, the Xiongnu called the sky qilian), 班固, 20 August 2015, Sanping Chen (1998) suggested that 天 tiān, 昊天 hàotiān, 祁連 qílián, and 赫連 Hèlián were all cognates and descended from multisyllabic Proto-Sinitic *gh?klien.JOURNAL, Chen, Sanping, Sino-Tokharico-Altaica — Two Linguistic Notes, Central Asiatic Journal, 42, 1, 33-37, Schessler (2014) objects to Yan Shigu's statement that 祁連 was a Xiongnu word; he reconstructs 祁連's pronunciation in around 121 BCE as *gɨ-lian, apparently the same etymon as ä¹¾ (☰) the Trigram for "Heaven", in standard Chinese qián < Middle Chinese QYS *gjän < Eastern Han Chinese gɨan < Old Chinese *gran, which Schuessler etymologizes as from Proto-Sino-Tibetan and related to Proto-Tibeto-Burman *m-ka-n, cognate with Written Tibetan མཁའ (Wylie transliteration: mkha') “heaven”.Schuessler, Axel (2014). "Phonological Notes on Hàn Period Transcriptions of Foreign Names and Words". Studies in Chinese and Sino-Tibetan Linguistics: Dialect, Phonology, Transcription and Text - Language and Linguistics Monograph Series. Taipei, Taiwan: Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica (53). p. 274 of 249-292. weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20190714015708weblink">archived from originalSchuessler, Axel. 2007. An Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese. University of Hawaii Press. p. 425The Tuyuhun were based around the Qilian mountains.The mountain range was formerly known in European languages as Richthofen Range after Ferdinand von Richthofen, who was the Red Baron's explorer-geologist uncle.Winchester, Simon. (2008). The Man Who Loved China: the Fantastic Story of the Eccentric Scientist Who Unlocked the Mysteries of the Middle Kingdom, p. 126.The mountain range gives its name to Qinghai's Qilian County.

References

External links

• Winchester, Simon. (2008). The Man Who Loved China: the Fantastic Story of the Eccentric Scientist Who Unlocked the Mysteries of the Middle Kingdom. New York: Harper. {{ISBN|978-0-06-088459-8}}
• {{commons category-inline|Qilian Mountains}}
• peakbagger.com
• Climatological Information (Reference) for Qilian Shan

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