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Prince Gong
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{{Short description|19th-century Manchu prince and statesman in Qing China}}{{other people}}{{family name hatnote|Yixin|Aisin Gioro|lang=Manchu}}- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
- it has been imported raw for GetWiki
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Names
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Yixin is the pinyin romanisation of the Mandarin pronunciation of his Manchu name I-hin. He shared his surname Aisin Gioro with the other members of the Qing imperial family. His courtesy or art name was "Master of the Yuedao Hall" or "Hall of the Way of Music".Kung is the Wade-Giles romanisation of Mandarin pronunciation of the same Chinese character }}, now spelt GÅng in pinyin. It is not really a name but a part of a descriptive title â "The Respectful Prince of the Blood" â previously borne by Changning, the fifth son of the Shunzhi Emperor. The Chinese title }} translates literally as "king" but is usually understood as a "prince" in terms of the imperial Chinese nobility. Because Changning's rank had not been given "iron-cap" status, each generation of his descendants were reduced in rank unless they somehow proved themselves anew and earned a new title of their own. Yixin, however, was given "iron-cap" status and his direct heirs inherited his full title as well. In English, however, it is usually misunderstood as a name: Prince{{nbsp}}Kung in older sources and Prince{{nbsp}}Gong in newer ones. He was also sometimes known as the "Sixth Prince" or, less flatteringly, "Devil #6". He was posthumously known as "the Respectful and Loyal Prince of the Blood": Prince Kung-chung or Gongzhong.{{anchor|Biology|History}}
Life
Early life
Yixin was born in the Aisin Gioro clan, the imperial clan of the Manchu-led Qing dynasty, as the sixth son of the Daoguang Emperor.(æå¿ è¦ªçå¥è¨¢ï¼å®£å®ç¬¬å åã) Qing Shi Gao vol. 221. He was the third son of his mother, Imperial Noble Consort Jing, who was from the Khorchin Mongol Borjigit clan.(åéæçåï¼åç¾æ¿åç¹æ°ï¼åé¨å¡å¤éè±è¯é¿å¥³ãå¾äºå®£å®çºé貴人ãç´¯é²éçè²´å¦ã ... æå®å³ä½ï¼å°çºçè康æ ç貴太å¦ï¼å± 壽康宮ãå¸è±äºå¹´ä¸æï¼å¤ªå¦ç 篤ï¼å°çºåº·æ ç太åãè¶ä¹æ¥åºåï¼å´©ï¼å¹´åååãä¸è¬ï¼æ°åé康æ 弼天æ«èçåï¼ä¸ç³»å®£å®è¬ï¼ä¸ç¥å»ãè¬æ éµæ±ï¼æ°æ æ±éµã ... åä¸ï¼å¥ç¶±ãå¥ç¹¼ãå¥è¨¢ã女ä¸ï¼ä¸å«æ¯å£½ã) Qing Shi Gao vol. 214. He studied in the imperial library and practised martial arts with his fourth brother, Yizhu. He created 28 qiang (spear) movements and 18 dao (sword) movements, which were respectively named "Lihua Xieli" (棣è¯åå) and "Bao'e Xuanwei" (寶é宣å¨) by his father. His father also gave him a White Rainbow Sword (ç½è¹å) as a gift.(èæå®åå¨æ¸æ¿ï¼èæ¦äºï¼å ±å¶æ§æ³äºåå «å¢ãåæ³åå «å¢ï¼å®£å®è³ä»¥åï¼æ§æ°ã棣è¯ååãï¼åæ°ã寶é宣å¨ãï¼ä¸¦ä»¥ç½è¹åè³å¥è¨¢ã) Qing Shi Gao vol. 221.Yixin was mentored by Zhuo Bingtian (åç§æ¬) and Jia Zhen (è³æ¥¨), two eminent scholar-officials who obtained the position of jinshi (é²å£«; successful candidate) in the imperial examination in 1802 and 1826 respectively.Qing Shi Liezhuan vol. 40.(è³æ¥¨ï¼åç å ï¼å±±æ±é»ç¸£äººã ... åå å¹´ï¼å ¥ç´ä¸æ¸æ¿ï¼æçå åè®ã) Qing Shi Gao vol. 390.In 1850, when the Daoguang Emperor became critically ill, he summoned Zaiquan (è¼é), Zaiyuan, Duanhua, Sengge Rinchen, Mujangga, He Rulin (ä½æ±é), Chen Fu'en (é³åæ©) and Ji Zhichang (å£èæ) to Shende Hall (æ å¾·å ) in the Old Summer Palace, where he revealed to them a secret edict he wrote previously. According to the edict, the Fourth Prince, Yizhu, would become the new emperor while Yixin, the Sixth Prince, would be made a qinwang (first-rank prince). He died on the same day.(ä¸åï¼ä¸ä¸è±«ãä¸æªï¼ä¸ç¾å¤§æ¼¸ãå¬å®äººåºå®ä»¤è¼éï¼å¾¡å大è£è¼å£ã端è¯ãå§æ ¼ææ²ï¼è»æ©å¤§è£ç©å½°é¿ãè³½å°é¿ãä½æ±éãé³åæ©ãå£èæï¼ç¸½ç®¡å §ååºå¤§è£ææ ¶å ¬åéå£ï¼å®£ç¤ºå¾¡æ¸ãçååç«çºç太åããæ¯æ¥ï¼ä¸å´©æ¼åæåæ å¾·å è«æ¬¡ãç¡è«ãå°çå åå¥è¨¢çºè¦ªçãã) Qing Shi Gao vol. 19. However, it is rumored that Yixin was the real successor emperor, and the secret decree have been tampered with.Under the Xianfeng Emperor
Yizhu ascended the throne in 1850 after the death of the Daoguang Emperor and adopted the regnal title "Xianfeng"; he is thus historically known as the Xianfeng Emperor. In accordance with their father's secret edict, the newly enthroned Xianfeng Emperor granted Yixin the title "Prince Gong of the First Rank" (æ親ç) in the same year. In 1851, the Xianfeng Emperor established an office for Prince Gong, gave him permission to enter the inner imperial court, assigned him to be in charge of patrol and defence matters, and ordered him to continue carrying the White Rainbow Sword given to him by their father.(æå®å³ä½ï¼å°çºæ親çãå¸è±äºå¹´åæï¼ååºï¼å½ä»å¨å §å»·è¡èµ°ãå §å¤§è£è¾¦çå·¡é²ï¼å½ä»ä½©ç½è¹åã) Qing Shi Gao vol. 221.In October 1853, as the Taiping rebels closed in on Jinan (ç¿å; the area south of the Hai River), Prince Gong was appointed to the Grand Council, which was in charge of military affairs. The following year, he received three additional appointments: dutong (é½çµ±; Banner Commander), you zongzheng (å³å®æ£; Right Director of the Imperial Clan Court) and zongling (å®ä»¤; Head of the Imperial Clan Court). He was publicly praised in May 1855 after the Taiping rebels were driven out of Jinan.(ä¸å¹´ä¹æï¼æ´ªç§å ¨å µé¼ç¿åï¼ä»¥çç½²é ä¾å½å¨è»æ©å¤§è£ä¸è¡èµ°ãåå¹´ï¼è¿æé½çµ±ãå³å®æ£ãå®ä»¤ãäºå¹´åæï¼ä»¥ç¿è¼è æ¸ ï¼äºåªåã) Qing Shi Gao vol. 221.When Prince Gong's mother died in August 1855, the Xianfeng Emperor reprimanded Prince Gong for failing to observe court protocol and removed him from the Grand Council and his zongling and dutong appointments. However, Prince Gong was still permitted to enter the inner imperial court and the imperial library. He was restored to his position as a dutong in June 1856, and further appointed as an Interior Minister (å §å¤§è£) in May 1859.(ä¸æï¼åéæçåå´©ï¼ä¸è²¬ç禮åçç¥ï¼ç½·è»æ©å¤§è£ãå®ä»¤ãé½çµ±ï¼ä»å¨å §å»·è¡èµ°ï¼ä¸æ¸æ¿è®æ¸ãä¸å¹´äºæï¼å¾©æé½çµ±ãä¹å¹´åæï¼æå §å¤§è£ã) Qing Shi Gao vol. 221.Second Opium War
{{further|Second Opium War|Convention of Peking}}In September 1860, during the Second Opium War, as British and French forces closed in on the capital Beijing, the Xianfeng Emperor ordered Zaiyuan and Muyin (ç©å») to negotiate for peace at Tongzhou with British and French officials. An Anglo-French delegation sent to negotiate with Chinese officials, which included Harry Smith Parkes and Henry Loch, was taken prisoner by soldiers led by Mongol general Sengge Rinchen during the negotiations. Rinchen then led mounted Mongol troops to attack a Franco-British force at the Battle of Palikao but was defeated. The Xianfeng Emperor recalled Zaiyuan and Muyin from Tongzhou, fled from Beijing with most members of his imperial court to Rehe Province, and appointed Prince Gong as an Imperial Commissioner with Discretion and Full Authority (欽差便å®è¡äºå ¨æ¬å¤§è£).(åå¹´å «æï¼è±åå©ãæ³èè¥¿å µé¼äº¬å¸«ï¼ä¸å½æ¡è¦ªçè¼å£ãå°æ¸ç©å»èè°åï¼èªå·è±ä½¿å·´å¤ç¦®ï¼èæ°ï¼å¸«ä¸å©ãæå®å¹¸ç±æ²³ï¼å¬åè¼å£ãç©å»ï¼æç欽差便å®è¡äºå ¨æ¬å¤§è£ã) Qing Shi Gao vol. 221.Prince Gong moved to Changxindian (é·è¾åº; in present-day Fengtai District, Beijing) and called for an assembly of the troops stationed there to enforce greater discipline and raise their morale. On one hand, Qinghui (æ ¶æ ) suggested to the Xianfeng Emperor to release Parkes and let Prince Gong continue negotiating. On the other hand, Yidao (義é) urged the emperor to surrender Beijing to the British and French. In the meantime, Anglo-French expeditionary forces captured the Old Summer Palace in the northwest of Beijing, which they proceeded to sack and burn.(çåºé§é·è¾åºï¼å¥è«é£çµ±å µå¤§è£æ¿åµå µå¿ï¼ä»¥ç¶å¤§å±ãå å¤é¡çæ ¶æ çå¥éå·´å¤ç¦®ï¼è¶£çå ¥åè°åãè±ãæ³å µçåæåã豫親ç義éçå¥ååï¼è¨±è±ãæ³å µå ¥ã) Qing Shi Gao vol. 221.On 24 October 1860, Prince Gong concluded the negotiations with British, French and Russian officials, signing the Convention of Peking on behalf of the Qing dynasty. He subsequently wrote a memorial to the Xianfeng Emperor, requesting to be punished for signing an unequal treaty. The emperor replied, "The responsibility assigned to Prince Gong to carry on peace negotiations is not an easy one to shoulder. I deeply understand the difficult situation he was put into. There is no need to punish him." Prince Gong settled the diplomatic affairs in Beijing by the end of 1860.(çå ¥åèè°åï¼å®ç´ï¼æå¾è±ãæ³äººæè«ï¼å¥è«éæ¨å®£ç¤ºï¼ä¸¦èªè«è°èãä¸è«æ°ï¼ãæ親ç辦çæ«å±ï¼æ¬å±¬ä¸æãææ·±è«è¦è¡·ï¼æ¯åº¸è°èããåäºæï¼å¥éååå¾è«¸äºã) Qing Shi Gao vol. 221.In 1861, Prince Gong set up the Zongli Yamen, which functioned as the Qing government's de facto foreign affairs ministry, and placed Guiliang (æ¡è¯) and Wenxiang in charge of it. He wrote a memorial to the Xianfeng Emperor, proposing to enhance the training of Banner Troops in Beijing and let Qing troops stationed in Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces train with the Imperial Russian Army and stockpile military supplies. The generals Shengbao (åä¿), Jingchun (æ¯æ·³) and others were ordered to oversee training of Qing troops stationed in Beijing and northeast China.(åè¨ç¸½çååäºåè¡éï¼å½çè大å¸å£«æ¡è¯ãä¾éæ祥é å ¶äºãççè«è¨ç·´äº¬å¸«æå µï¼ä¸¦ä»¥åæãé»é¾æ±èä¿ç¾ æ¯ç¸è°ç·´å µç±é¤ãä¸å½é½çµ±åä¿è°ç·´äº¬å µï¼å°è»æ¯æ·³çè°ç·´æ±ä¸çå µã) Qing Shi Gao vol. 221.Under the Tongzhi Emperor
{{see also|Tongzhi Restoration}}Xinyou Coup
Before the Xianfeng Emperor died in August 1861 in the Chengde Mountain Resort, he appointed a group of eight regents â led by Zaiyuan, Duanhua and Sushun â to assist his underage son and successor, Zaichun. Yixin's flexible attitude towards dealing with the Western powers had put him at odds with the eight regents, who were politically conservative and opposed to Western influence.BOOK, Leung, Edwin Pak-Wah, Political Leaders of Modern China: A Biographical Dictionary, 2002, Greenwood Publishing Group, Westport, CT, 0313302162, Upon request, Prince Gong was granted permission to travel to Chengde to attend the funeral. In Chengde, he met the Empress Dowagers Ci'an and Cixi and told them about how the eight regents monopolised state power. When the Xianfeng Emperor's coffin arrived back in Beijing in November 1861, Prince Gong and the two empress dowagers launched a coup â historically known as the Xinyou Coup (è¾é æ¿è®) â to oust the eight regents from power. The regents were arrested and removed from their positions of power.(åä¸å¹´ä¸æï¼æå®å´©ï¼çè«å¥èµ´ï¼å ©å¤ªåå¬è¦ï¼è«ä»¥è´è¥æ¿åç大è£è¼å£ã端è¯ãè é çæ æ¿çã) Qing Shi Gao vol. 221.As Prince-Regent
Zaichun, who was enthroned as the "Tongzhi Emperor", appointed Prince Gong as Prince-Regent (è°æ¿ç) and granted him some special privileges. These privileges included: "iron-cap" status awarded to the Prince Gong title/peerage; an increment in salary to twice that of a normal qinwang (first-rank prince); exemptions from having to kowtow in the emperor's presence and having to write his name on memorials submitted to the emperor. Prince Gong firmly declined to accept the "iron-cap" privilege, and instead sought to be concurrently appointed as zongling (å®ä»¤; Head of the Imperial Clan Court) and put in charge of the Shenjiying (a firearms-equipped unit in the Qing army). The two empress dowagers also ordered Prince Gong to supervise Hongde Hall (å¼å¾·æ®¿; a hall in the Forbidden City), where the Tongzhi Emperor studied.(ç©å®ä¾å ©å¤ªåå¥æå®åªé京師ï¼è´é»è¼å£çï¼æè°æ¿çï¼å¨è»æ©èè¡èµ°ï¼å½ççµä¸è¥²ï¼é£è¦ªçé俸ï¼ä¸¦å å¬å°å©æãå¥äºæ¸åãçå è¾ä¸è¥²ï¼å°å½å ¼å®ä»¤ãé ç¥æ©çãåæ²»å å¹´ï¼ä¸å°±å ï¼å ©å¤ªåå½çå¼å¾·æ®¿è¡èµ°ï¼ç¨½å¯èª²ç¨ã) Qing Shi Gao vol. 221.In 1864, Qing forces finally suppressed the Taiping Rebellion after a war lasting more than a decade, and recaptured Jiangning (æ±å¯§; in present-day Nanjing) from the rebels. The imperial court issued a decree to praise Prince Gong for his effective leadership in the regency that led to the end of the rebellion â in addition to conferring more prestigious titles on his sons Zaicheng, Zaijun and Zaiying.(ä¸å¹´ï¼æ±å¯§å 復ãä¸è«æ°ï¼ãæ親çèªæè°æ¿çï¼æ¼ä»ä¸è¼ãæ±åå µäºæ¹æ®·ï¼ç¨äººè¡æ¿ï¼å¾µå µç±é¤ï¼æ·±è³è´ç«ï¼å¼¼äº®å¿ å¤ãå å°è²åï¼ä»¥æå ¶åè¼åå ¬è¼æ¾ï¼ä¸¦å°è¼æ¿¬è¼åå ¬ãè¼ç ä¸å ¥å «åè¼åå ¬ãã) Qing Shi Gao vol. 221.As the longstanding leader of the Zongli Yamen, which he established in 1861, Prince Gong was responsible for spearheading various reforms in the early stages of the Self-Strengthening Movement, a series of measures and policy changes implemented by the Qing government with the aim of modernising China.{{citation needed|date=July 2015}} He also founded the Tongwen Guan in 1862 for Chinese scholars to study technology and foreign languages.{{citation needed|date=July 2015}}Fall from grace
File:Prince Gong.JPG|thumb|right|Photo of a 39- or 40-year-old Prince Gong, taken by John Thompson in 1872 at the prince's residence.]]Around April 1865, an official, Cai Shouqi (è¡å£½ç¥º), accused Prince Gong of "monopolising state power, accepting bribes, practising favouritism, behaving arrogantly, and showing disrespect towards the Emperor".{{citation needed|date=July 2015}} The Empress Dowagers Ci'an and Cixi publicly reprimanded Prince Gong and stripped him of his position as Prince-Regent. Yishen (å¥è¤), Yixuan, Wang Zheng (çæ¯), Sun Yimou (å«ç¿¼è¬), Yin Zhaoyong (æ®·å é), Pan Zuyin, Wang Weizhen (çç¶ç), Guangcheng (å»£èª ) and others pleaded with the empress dowagers to pardon Prince Gong and make him Prince-Regent again. Although the empress dowagers did not restore Prince Gong as Prince-Regent, they permitted him to remain in the inner imperial court and continue running the Zongli Yamen. Prince Gong personally thanked the empress dowagers and made a tearful apology. The empress dowagers issued a decree announcing: "The Prince practised favouritism. As we are bound by a common cause and have high expectations of him, we cannot show leniency in punishing him. He will still be allowed to oversee the Grand Council."(åå¹´ä¸æï¼å ©å¤ªåè«è²¬ç信任親æï¼å §å»·å¬å°ï¼ææä¸æª¢ï¼ç½·è°æ¿çåä¸åè·ä»»ãå°ä»¥æ親çå¥è¤ãéé¡çå¥æ»åéæ¿ä½¿çæ¯ã御å²å«ç¿¼è¬ãå §é£å¸å£«æ®·å éãå·¦å¯é½å¾¡å²æ½ç¥å»ãå §é£ä¾è®å¸å£«çç¶çã給äºä¸å»£èª çå¥è«ä»»ç¨ï¼å»£èª èªå°¤åãå ©å¤ªåå½ä»å¨å §å»·è¡èµ°ï¼ç®¡ç總çååäºåè¡éãçå ¥è¬ï¼çåå¼åï¼å ©å¤ªå復è«ï¼ãç親信éè£ï¼ç¸éä¼æï¼æææ¢åï¼è²¬åä¸å¾ä¸å´ãä»å¨è»æ©å¤§è£ä¸è¡èµ°ãã) Qing Shi Gao vol. 221.In March 1868, as the Nian rebels approached the suburbs of Beijing, Prince Gong was tasked with mobilising troops and managing defence arrangements. He was also appointed as you zongzheng (å³å®æ£; Right Director of the Imperial Clan Court).(ä¸å¹´äºæï¼è¥¿æ»é¼ç¿è¼ï¼å½ç¯å¶åè·¯çµ±å µå¤§è£ãæå³å®æ£ã) Qing Shi Gao vol. 221.In 1869, An Dehai, a court eunuch and close aide of Empress Dowager Cixi, was arrested and executed in Shandong Province by Ding Baozhen, the provincial governor. This was because it was a capital crime for eunuchs to travel out of the Forbidden City without authorisation. The empress dowager became more suspicious of Prince Gong because she believed that he instigated Ding Baozhen to execute An Dehai.{{citation needed|date=July 2015}}Demotion and restoration
In October 1872, when the Tongzhi Emperor married the Jiashun Empress, he granted Prince Gong the "iron-cap" privilege again. He officially took over the reins of power from his regents in around February 1873.(åä¸å¹´ä¹æï¼ç©å®å¤§å©ï¼å¾©å½ççµä¸è¥²ãåäºå¹´æ£æï¼ç©å®è¦ªæ¿ï¼ ...) Qing Shi Gao vol. 221. In the same year, Prince Gong displeased Empress Dowager Cixi when he strongly opposed her plan to rebuild the Old Summer Palace.{{citation needed|date=July 2015}}In August 1874, Prince Gong was reprimanded and punished again for failing to observe court protocol. This time, he was demoted from a qinwang (first-rank prince) to a junwang (second-rank prince). Zaicheng, Prince Gong's eldest son, also lost his beile title. Despite his demotion, Prince Gong was still allowed to remain in the Grand Council. The following day, the empress dowagers ordered Prince Gong and Zaicheng to be restored as a qinwang and beile respectively. Towards the end of the year, the Tongzhi Emperor increased Prince Gong's salary by more than twice that of a normal qinwang, but died not long later in around December.(.... åä¸å¹´ä¸æï¼ä¸è«è²¬çå¬å°å¤±åï¼éé¡çï¼ä»å¨è»æ©å¤§è£ä¸è¡èµ°ï¼ä¸¦å¥ªè¼æ¾è²åãç¿æ¥ï¼ä»¥å ©å¤ªåå½å¾©è¦ªçä¸è¥²åè¼æ¾çµãåäºæï¼ä¸ç¾æéï¼æ¼é俸å¤å¾©å è³è¦ªç俸ãæ復å åï¼éå´©ã) Qing Shi Gao vol. 221.Under the Guangxu Emperor
The Guangxu Emperor, who succeeded the Tongzhi Emperor in 1875, continued the practices of exempting Prince Gong from having to kowtow in the emperor's presence and having to write his name on memorials submitted to the emperor. Prince Gong was also appointed as zongling (å®ä»¤; Head of the Imperial Clan Court).Sino-French War
In 1884, when the French invaded Vietnam, Prince Gong and the members of the Grand Council were unable to arrive at a decision on whether or not to intervene in Vietnam and go to war with the French. As a consequence, Empress Dowager Cixi reprimanded Prince Gong and his colleagues for their dispirited and indecisive attitude towards the war, and removed them from their positions. Prince Gong stopped receiving his double salary and was ordered to retire to recuperate from illness. However, he started receiving his double salary again from November 1886 and was allowed to receive his share of the offerings from ceremonial events.(å¾·å®å³ä½ï¼å¾©å½å å¬å°å©æãå¥äºæ¸åãå ç·å å¹´ï¼ç½²å®ä»¤ãåå¹´ï¼æ³è西侵è¶åï¼çèè»æ©å¤§è£ä¸æ¬²è¼è¨æ°ï¼è¨è·¯äº¤ç« è«å¾ã太åè«è²¬ççå§é¡å 循ï¼ç½·è»æ©å¤§è£ï¼åé俸ãå®¶å± é¤ç¾ãåäºå¹´åæï¼å¾©é俸ãèªæ¯ååç²æ¸ï¼æ²æç¥äºè³ç¥ç³ï¼ç¯åºè¼æè³è³ï¼ä»¥çºå¸¸ã) Qing Shi Gao vol. 221. He remained in Jietai Temple in western Beijing for most of the time.{{citation needed|date=July 2015}}Prince Gong's seventh brother, Yixuan (Prince Chun), replaced him as the head of the Grand Council. Some officials such as Baojun (寶é), Li Hongzao, Jinglian (æ¯å») and Weng Tonghe, who previously served in Prince Gong's administration, were also dismissed from office. The incident is known as the "Cabinet Change of Jiashen" (ç²ç³ææ¨) or "Political Change of Jiashen" (ç²ç³æå±ä¹è®) because it took place in the jiashen year according to the Chinese sexagenary cycle.{{citation needed|date=July 2015}}First Sino-Japanese War
In 1894, when the Japanese invaded Korea and the situation became dire, Empress Dowager Cixi summoned Prince Gong back to the imperial court, placed him in charge of the Zongli Yamen again, and tasked him with supervising the Beiyang Fleet (the Qing navy){{clarification needed|The Beiyang Fleet was definitively not synonymous with the Qing Navy. There were multiple fleets comprising the Qing Navy during this time period-notorious for their antogonistic leadership and refusing to cooperate and coordinate with each other even when at war. Clarification is needed as to whether or not Prince Gong was tasked by the Empress to supervise the Navy, he may have been appointed to a Commander-in-Chief role or he may have been afforded direct oversight of the Beiyang Fleet directly but it is not the same thing.|date=August 2022}} and military affairs. Although Prince Gong had been recalled to politics, Empress Dowager Cixi also decreed that since he had not yet recovered from illness, he was exempted from having to constantly attend court sessions.(äºåå¹´ï¼æ¥æ¬ä¾µæé®®ï¼å µï¼ææ ¶å±¢å¢è·äºæ¥ï¼å¤ªåå¬çå ¥è¦ï¼å¾©èµ·ç管ç總çååäºåè¡éï¼ä¸¦ç¸½çæµ·è»ï¼æå辦çè»åï¼å §å»·è¡èµ°ï¼ä»è«çç¾æªçï¼å 常å·å ¥ç´ãå°åå½çç£è¾¦è»åï¼ç¯å¶åè·¯çµ±å µå¤§è£ãåä¸æï¼æè»æ©å¤§è£ã) Qing Shi Gao vol. 221.Death
In 1898, Prince Gong was appointed as zongling again, but he became critically ill by the end of April. Empress Dowager Cixi visited him thrice during this period of time. He eventually died at the age of 67 (by East Asian age reckoning) in May.(äºååå¹´ï¼æå®ä»¤ãçç¾ä½ï¼éä¸æå¢åï¼ä¸å¥å¤ªåä¸è¨è¦ï¼åæè¨ï¼å¹´å åä¸ã) Qing Shi Gao vol. 221.The Guangxu Emperor personally attended Prince Gong's funeral and, as a sign of mourning, cancelled imperial court sessions for five days and ordered mourning attire to be worn for 15 days. The emperor also granted Prince Gong the posthumous name "Zhong" (å¿ ; literally "loyal"), gave him a place in the Imperial Ancestral Temple, and issued an edict honouring Prince Gong as a role model of loyalty that all Qing subjects should learn from.(ä¸åè¨å¥ ï¼è¼æäºæ¥ï¼ææåäºæ¥ãè«¡æ°å¿ ï¼é 享太å»ï¼ä¸¦è«ï¼ãçå¿ èª å¡å¼¼ï¼æåæ©å®ï¼è«¸è£ç¶ä»¥ççºæ³ãã) Qing Shi Gao vol. 221.Family
(File:ãå溢ç§åºå¾ãéè´µå¦é¨å.jpg|thumb|Empress Xiaojingcheng and Prince Gong)(File:è£å¯¿åºä¼¦å ¬ä¸».jpg|thumb|Gulun Princess Rongshou (centre, seated))Primary Consort- Imperial Princess Consort Gongzhong, of the GÅ«walgiya clan (æå¿ äº²çå¦ çç¾ä½³æ°; 1834 â 29 June 1880)
- Princess Rongshou of the First Rank (榮壽åºå«å
¬ä¸»; 28 February 1854 â 24 December 1924), first daughter, later adopted by Empress Xiaoqinxian
- Married Zhiduan (å¿ç«¯; d. 1871) of the Manchu Fuca clan on 15 October 1866
- Zaicheng, Prince Guomin of the Third Rank (ææè²å è¼æ¾; 12 September 1858 â 21 July 1885), first son
- Second daughter (15 March 1860 â 28 March 1864)
- Zaijun, Duke of the Second Rank (è¼åå ¬ è¼æ¿¬; 31 July 1864 â 6 June 1866), third son
- Princess Rongshou of the First Rank (榮壽åºå«å
¬ä¸»; 28 February 1854 â 24 December 1924), first daughter, later adopted by Empress Xiaoqinxian
- Secondary consort, of the Xuegiya clan (å´ç¦æ èä½³æ°)
- Zaiying, Prince of the Third Rank (è²å è¼ç ; 11 March 1861 â 29 September 1909), second son
- Secondary consort, of the Liugiya clan (å´ç¦æ åä½³æ°)
- Third daughter (6 March 1879 â 12 June 1880)
- Lady of the First Rank (é¡å; 24 July 1884 â 6 March 1909), fifth daughter
- Secondary consort, of the Liugiya clan (å´ç¦æ åä½³æ°)
- Zaihuang, Duke of the Fourth Rank (ä¸å ¥å «åè¼åå ¬ è¼æ½¢; 11 November 1880 â 3 March 1885), fourth son
- Secondary consort, of the Janggiya clan (å´ç¦æ 張佳æ°; 1858 â 4 October 1883)
- Fourth daughter (31 August 1881 â 8 September 1882)
Grandchildren
- First grandson Puwei 溥å , Prince Gong of the First Rank, (1880â1936),
- Second grandson: PuRu 溥å, (1896â1963).
- Third grandson: Puyou 溥ä½, (1898- Died).
- Fourth grandson: Puhui 溥å¡(1896-Died).
Descendants
Puwei âs Family
Yulin, æ¯å¶ (1905,died )
Yuyuan,æ¯å² (1906,died )
YuSong,æ¯å´§ (1907,died)
Yupan, æ¯å² (1909,died)
Yanzhan æ¯å¶¦ (1923,died)
Yulv æ¯åµ (1926,died )
Yurong æ¯å¶¸v(1930, died)
Yuyong, æ¯åµ± (1932, died)
Hengshou æé(Hakesh)
Hengyan æéº (Jasmine)
Hengqian æé(Cherry)
Hengqin æ欽(Cecilia)
Qisong åé¬ (Jinon)
Qining å寧 (jinin)
PuRuâs FamilyYuli æ¯å²¦Yucen æ¯å²PuYou's FamilyYujunyan æ¯åå½¥QiHui åè¸ (Jinun)PuHui's FamilyYuhuan æ¯å³Qiyuan åè«(Jinan)Qien åæ©(Jinen)Yuyuan,æ¯å² (1906,died )
YuSong,æ¯å´§ (1907,died)
Yupan, æ¯å² (1909,died)
Yanzhan æ¯å¶¦ (1923,died)
Yulv æ¯åµ (1926,died )
Yurong æ¯å¶¸v(1930, died)
Yuyong, æ¯åµ± (1932, died)
Hengshou æé(Hakesh)
Hengyan æéº (Jasmine)
Hengqian æé(Cherry)
Hengqin æ欽(Cecilia)
Qisong åé¬ (Jinon)
Qining å寧 (jinin)
Ancestry
{{ahnentafel | align = center| boxstyle_1 = background-color: #fcc;| boxstyle_2 = background-color: #fb9;| boxstyle_3 = background-color: #ffc;| boxstyle_4 = background-color: #bfc;| boxstyle_5 = background-color: #9fe;| 1 = Yixin (1833â1898)| 2 = Daoguang Emperor (1782â1850)| 3 = Empress Xiaojingcheng (1812â1855)| 4 = Jiaqing Emperor (1760â1820)| 5 = Empress Xiaoshurui (1760â1797)| 6 = Hualiang'a| 7 = Lady Aisin Gioro| 8 = Qianlong Emperor (1711â1799)| 9 = Empress Xiaoyichun (1727â1775)| 10 = He'erjing'e| 11 = Lady Wanggiya| 12 = Kunshan| 14 = Yongxi (d. 1821)| 16 = Yongzheng Emperor (1678â1735)| 17 = Empress Xiaoshengxian (1692â1777)| 18 = Qingtai| 19 = Lady Yanggiya| 20 = Chang'an| 21 = Lady Ligiya| 28 = Chengxin (d. 1758)}}Legacy
(File:2014.08.17.154948 Entrance Prince Gong's Mansion Beijing.jpg|thumb|Prince Gong Mansion)Prince Gong's former residence in Xicheng District, Beijing is now open to the public as a museum and garden park. It was previously the residence of the notoriously corrupt official Heshen.In 2006, Prince Gong's life was adapted into a Chinese television series, Sigh of His Highness, starring Chen Baoguo as the prince.See also
- Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty
- {{section link|Ranks of imperial consorts in China|Qing}}
References
{{Commons category|Yixin, 1st Prince Gong}}Citations
{{Reflist|30em}}Bibliography
- ECCP, Fang, Chao-ying, I-hsin, I, 380â384,
- BOOK, Wang, Zhonghan, Wang Zhonghan, Qing Shi Liezhuan (Historical Biographies of Qing), 1987, China, Zhonghua Book Company,
- BOOK, Zhao, Erxun, Zhao Erxun, Draft History of Qing (Qing Shi Gao), 1928, China,
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