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{{about|the appointment of popes|the papal appointment of bishops|Appointment of Catholic bishops}}{{canon law}}File:Gesupietrochiave.jpg|thumb|right|According to Catholic doctrine, Jesus appointed Saint PeterSaint PeterPapal appointment was a medieval method of selecting the Pope. Popes have always been selected by a council of Church fathers; however, Papal selection before 1059 was often characterized by confirmation or nomination by secular European rulers or by the preceding pope.Fanning, William. "Papal Elections." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 11. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. 6 October 2017] The later procedures of the Papal conclave are in large part designed to prohibit interference of secular rulers, which to some extent characterized the first millennium of the Roman Catholic Church, e. g. in practices such as the creation of crown-cardinals and the claimed but invalid jus exclusivae. Appointment may have taken several forms, with a variety of roles for the laity and civic leaders, Byzantine and Germanic emperors, and noble Roman families. The role of the election vis-a-vis the general population and the clergy was prone to vary considerably, with a nomination carrying weight that ranged from nearly determinative to merely suggestive, or as ratification of a concluded election.The practice originated in late antiquity, where on many occasions the Roman Emperor stepped in to resolve disputes over the legitimacy of Papal contenders. An important precedent from this period is an edict of Emperor Honorius, issued after a synod he convoked to depose Antipope Eulalius. The practice passed to, and grew with, the King of the Ostrogoths, and then the Byzantine Emperor (or his delegate, the Exarch of Ravenna). After an interregnum, the Kings of the Franks and the Holy Roman Emperor (whose selection the Pope also sometimes influenced), generally assumed the role of confirming Papal elections. For a period, today known as the "saeculum obscurum", the practice passed from the Emperor to powerful Roman nobles—the Crescentii and then the Counts of Tusculum.In many cases, the Papal coronation was delayed until the election had been confirmed. Some antipopes were similarly, putatively, appointed. The practice ended with the conclusion of the Investiture Controversy (c.f. confirmation of bishops) due largely to the efforts of Cardinal Hildebrand, the future Pope Gregory VII, who was a guiding force in the selection of his four predecessors, and the 1059 Papal bull In Nomine Domini of Pope Nicholas II; some writers consider this practice to be an extreme form of "investiture" in and of itself.Brauer, Jerald C., and Gerrish, Brian Albert. 1971. The Westminster Dictionary of Church History. Westminster Press. {{ISBN|0-664-21285-9}}. p. 216.Although the practice was forbidden by the Council of Antioch (341) and the Council of Rome (465), the Bishops of Rome, as with other bishops, often exercised great control over selection of their successors, even after the sixth century.Josep M. Colomer and Iain McLean. (1998). "Electing Popes: Approval Balloting and Qualified-Majority Rule". The Journal of Interdisciplinary History, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp. 1-22. In addition, most popes of the fourth to twelfth centuries were nominated or confirmed by a secular power.

Ancient Rome

As to the earliest ages, St. Peter himself constituted a senate for the Roman Church, consisting of twenty-four priests and deacons. These were the councillors of the Bishop of Rome and the electors of his successors. This statement is drawn from a canon in the "Corpus Juris Canonici" (can. "Si Petrus", caus. 8, Q. 1). Historians and canonists, however, generally hold that the Roman bishopric was filled on its vacancy in the same manner as other bishoprics, that is, the election of the new pope was made by the neighbouring bishops and the clergy and faithful of Rome. Nevertheless, some maintain that the naming of the successor of St. Peter was restricted to the Roman clergy, and that the people were admitted to a part in the elections only after the time of Sylvester I (fourth century).After Constantine had given peace to the Church, the Christian Roman emperors often took part in the institution of a new pope and at times their influence was very marked. From the fourth century onwards, therefore, a new force had to be reckoned with. The occasion for the interference of the Roman emperors and later of the kings of Italy was afforded by disputed elections to the papal chair. The most noted of the earlier instance was at the election of Boniface I (418). This gave occasion to the decree (c. 8, dist. 79) that when an election was disputed a new candidate should be chosen.{| class="wikitable"! Pope! Pontificate! Notes

Saint Peter>Peter, Apostle, Saint| Reigned 33-67| According to Catholic doctrine, Peter was appointed Pope when Jesus said: "Thou art Peter, and upon this rock I will build My Church, and even the gates of Hell shall not prevail against it. Behold, I give you the keys to the kingdom of Heaven."Matthew 16:18

|2 Linus, Saint| Reigned c.67-76| elected by Church fathers following martyrdom of St. Peter|3 Anacletus, Saint| Reigned 76-88| aka Cletus|4 Clement I, Saint| Reigned 88-97|5 Evaristus, Saint| Reigned c.98- c.106|Aristus in the Liberian Catalogue|6 Alexander I, Saint|Reigned c.106-115|7 Sixtus I, Saint| Reigned 115-125 XYSTUS in the oldest documents|8 Telesphorus, Saint| Reigned 125-136|9 Hyginus, Saint| Reigned c.136-140|10 Pius I, Saint| Reigned c.140-c.154|11 Anicetus, Saint| Reigned c.157-168|12 Soter, Saint| Reigned c.166-c.174|13 Eleutherius, Saint| Reigned c.175-189|14 Victor I, Saint|Reigned 189-c.198|15 Zephyrinus, Saint|Reigned 198-217|16 Callistus I, Saint| Reigned 218-c.222|17 Urban I, Saint| Reigned 222-230|18 Pontian, Saint| Reigned 230-235|19 Anterus, Saint| Reigned 235-236| aka Anteros|20 Fabian, Saint|Reigned 236-250|A dove flew into the crowd and settled on Fabian’s head; the gathered clergy and laity took this as a sign that Fabian had been anointed by the Holy Spirit, and he was chosen the 20th Pope by acclamation“Pope Saint Fabian“. CatholicSaints.Info. 4 February 2017|21 Cornelius, Saint| Reigned 251-253|22 Lucius I, Saint| Reigned 253-254|23 Stephen I, Saint| Reigned 254-257|24 Sixtus II, Saint| Reigned 257-258| XYSTUS in the oldest documents|25 Dionysius, Saint| Reigned 260-268|26 Felix I, Saint| Reigned 269-274|27 Eutychianus, Saint| Reigned 275-283|28 Caius, Saint| Reigned 283-296|29 Marcellinus, Saint| Reigned 296-304|30 Marcellus I, Saint| Reigned 308-309|31 Eusebius, Saint| Reigned 309 or 310|32 Miltiades, Saint| Reigned 311-314|33 Sylvester I, Saint| Reigned 314-335|34 Mark, Saint| Reigned 336 aka Marcus|35 Julius I, Saint| Reigned 337-352|36 Liberius| Reigned 352-366| Considered a saint by the Eastern and Oriental Orthodox Churches but not officially canonized by the Roman Catholic Church|37 Damasus I, Saint| Reigned 366-383|38 Siricius, Saint| Reigned 384-399|39 Anastasius I, Saint| Reigned 399-401|40 Innocent I, Saint|Reigned 401-417|41 Zosimus, Saint| Reigned 417-418|42 Boniface I, Saint| Reigned 418-422|43 Celestine I, Saint| Reigned 422-432|44 Sixtus III, Saint| Reigned 432-440| XYSTUS in the oldest documents|45 Leo I, Saint| Reigned 440-461|46 Hilarus, Saint| Reigned 461-468|47 Simplicius, Saint| Reigned 468-483|48 Felix III (II), Saint| Reigned 483-492|49 Gelasius I, Saint| Reigned 492-496|50 Anastasius II| Reigned 496-498|51 Symmachus, Saint| Reigned 498-514|52 Hormisdas, Saint| Reigned 514-523|53 John I, Saint| Reigned 523-c.526 WEB,weblink List of Popes - Original Catholic Encyclopedia, 2014-07-17, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140814002542weblink">weblink 2014-08-14,

Ostrogoths

On November 22, 498, both Pope Symmachus and Antipope Laurentius were elected pope; both Byzantine Emperor Anastasius I and the Gothic King Theodoric the Great originally supported Laurentius, who was installed in the Lateran Palace, but Symmachus prevailed when Theodoric expelled Laurentius from Rome, fearing that he was too influenced by the Byzantine ruler.DeCormenin and de Lahaye, 1857, p. 98.{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="width:100%"! width="*" | Appointer! width="*" | Pope! width="*" | Pontificate! width="50%" | Notes|Theodoric the Great/Athalaric

Pope Felix IV>Felix IV|July 13, 526 to September 22, 530	Penny cyclopaedia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. C. Knight. p. 320.Appointed "for all practical purposes" by TheodoricHolland, David. 1989. The Encyclopedia Americana. Grolier Incorporated. {{ISBN>0-7172-0120-1}}. p. 87.

|Pope Felix IV/Athalaric

Pope Boniface II>Boniface II|September 17, 530 to October 532|Appointment meant to avoid split between "Byzantine" and "Gothic" factionsCoulombe, 2003, p. 96.

|Athalaric

Pope John II>John II|January 2, 533 to May 8, 535	sede vacante of over two months, "shameless trafficking in sacred things was indulged in. Even sacred vessels were exposed for sale. The matter was brought before the Senate, and before the Arian Ostrogothic Court at Ravenna" (c.f. Senatus Consultum)POPE JOHN II,

! rowspan=2 |Theodahad

Pope Agapetus I>Agapetus I|May 13, 535 to April 22, 536	The Empress Theodora: Partner of Justinian. University of Texas Press. {{ISBN>0-292-72105-6}}. p. 65.

Pope Silverius>Silverius|June 8, 536 to June 20, 537|Legitimate son of Pope HormisdasCoulombe, 2003, p. 99.

Byzantine

{{Clear}}{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="width:100%"! width="*" | Appointer! width="*" | Pope! width="*" | Pontificate! width="50%" | Notes! rowspan=3 |Justinian I

Pope Vigilius>Vigilius|March 29, 537 to 555| Previously appointed by his successor Pope Boniface IICoulombe, 2003, p. 101.

Pope Pelagius I>Pelagius I|April 16, 556 to March 4, 561|"Pelagius, as the nominee of Justinian, at once succeeded on his arrival in Rome, but most of the clergy, suspecting his orthodoxy, and believing him to have had some share in the unlooked-for removal of his predecessor, shunned his fellowship, and only two bishops and presbyter could be got to take part in his ordination to the pontificate"Baynes, Thomas Spencer. 1888. "Pelagius I". The Encyclopædia Britannica. H. G. Allen. p. 473.

Pope John III>John III|July 17, 561 to July 13, 574|"At the death of Pelagius I, Rome had been under Byzantine control for many years, and according to the procedure imposed by Constantinople, the name of the elected candidate had to be submitted to the emperor for approval. This explains the long vacancy [...]"Sotinel, Claire. 2003. "John III" in Levillain. p. 833.

|Justin II

Pope Benedict I>Benedict I|June 2, 575 to June 30, 579

|Tiberius II Constantine

Pope Pelagius II>Pelagius II|November 26, 579 to February 7, 590

Maurice (emperor)>Maurice	Pope Gregory I>Gregory I|September 3, 590 to March 12, 604

! rowspan=3 |Phocas

Pope Sabinian>Sabinian|September 13, 604 to February 22, 606

Pope Boniface III>Boniface III|February 19, 607 to November 12, 607

Pope Boniface IV>Boniface IV|August 25, 608 to May 8, 615

|Heraclius

Pope Severinus>Severinus|October 638 to August 2, 640	Ecthesis [...] This the pope-elect refused to do [...] Meanwhile his envoys at Constantinople, [...] finally secured the imperial confirmation."POPE SEVERINUS,

Exarchate of Ravenna{| class"wikitable sortable collapsible" style"width:100%"

! width="*" | Appointer! width="*" | Pope! width="*" | Pontificate! width="50%" | Notes! rowspan=2 |Isaac the Armenian

Pope John IV>John IV|December 24, 640 to October 12, 642

Pope Theodore I>Theodore I|November 24, 642 to May 14, 649

|None

Pope Martin I>Martin I|July 649 to September 16, 655

|Theodore I Calliopas

Pope Eugene I>Eugene I|August 10, 654 to June 2, 657	Andreas Nikolaou Stratos, transl. by Marc Ogilvie-Grant. 1968. Byzantium in the Seventh Century. Adolf M. Hakkert. {{ISBN>90-256-0852-3}}. p. 55.

|None

Pope Vitalian>Vitalian|July 30, 657 to January 27, 672	Monothelitism>Monothelite controversy. He sent letters (synodica) announcing his elevation by envoys both to the emperor and to Patriarch Peter of Constantinople [...]"CE1913, Pope St. Vitalian,

Byzantine{| class"wikitable sortable collapsible" style"width:100%"

! width="*" | Appointer! width="*" | Pope! width="*" | Pontificate! width="50%" | Notes|Constantine IV

Pope Leo II>Leo II|December 681 to July 3, 683

Exarchate of Ravenna{| class"wikitable sortable collapsible" style"width:100%"

! width="*" | Appointer! width="*" | Pope! width="*" | Pontificate! width="50%" | Notes

Theodore II (exarch)>Theodore II*	Pope Benedict II>Benedict II|683/June 26, 684 to May 8, 685

|None

Pope John V>John V|July 12, 685 to August 2, 686

Theodore II (exarch)>Theodore II*	Pope Conon>Conon|October 21, 686 to September 22, 687

|None

Pope Sergius I>Sergius I|December 15, 687 to September 8, 701

|None

Pope John VI>John VI|March 1, 705 to October 18, 707

Eutychius (exarch)>Eutychius*	Pope Gregory III>Gregory III|March 18, 731 to November 28, 741	acclamation, when he was accompanying the funeral procession of his predecessor, 11 February, 731. As he was not consecrated for more than a month after his election, it is presumed that he waited for the confirmation of his election by the exarch at Ravenna."POPE ST. GREGORY III,

|None

Pope Zachary>Zachary|December 3, 741 to March 14/March 22, 752	synodica (letter) was not addressed to the iconoclastic Patriarch Anastasius but to the Church of Constantinople."POPE ST. ZACHARY,

Frankish interregnum{| class"wikitable sortable collapsible" style"width:100%"

! width="*" | Appointer! width="*" | Pope! width="*" | Pontificate! width="50%" | Notes|None

Pope Stephen II>Stephen II|March 26, 752 to April 26, 757	Pepin the Short>crowned Pepin as King of the Franks [...]"CE1913, Pope Stephen (II) III,

|None

Pope Paul I>Paul I|May 29, 757 to June 28, 767

Counts of Tusculum>house of Archdeacon Theophylact in order to secure the latter's succession to the papal see. However, immediately after the burial of Stephen (died 26 April, 757), Paul was elected by a large majority, and received episcopal consecration on the twenty-ninth of May. Paul continued his predecessor's policy towards the Frankish king, Pepin, and thereby continued the papal supremacy over Rome and the districts of central Italy in opposition to the efforts of the Lombards and the Eastern Empire."CE1913, Pope Paul I,

|None

Pope Stephen III>Stephen III|August 1, 767 to January 24, 772

|None

Pope Adrian I>Adrian I|August 1, 767 to December 26, 795	Desiderius"Pavia fell into the hands of Charles; the kingdom of the Lombards was extinguished, and the Papacy was forever delivered from its persistent and hereditary foe."POPE ADRIAN I,

Kings of the Franks/Holy Roman Empire{| class"wikitable sortable collapsible" style"width:100%"

! width="*" | Appointer! width="*" | Pope! width="*" | Pontificate! width="50%" | Notes|Charlemagne*

Pope Leo III>Leo III|December 26, 795 to June 12, 816

Angilbert>Angilbert, Abbot of St. Regnier, to Rome to carry to the new Pope admonitions about the proper filling of his office."Landone, Brown. 1917. Civilization: An Appreciation of the Victories of Scholarship, Science and Art. I. Squire. p. 102."He was elected on the very day his predecessor was buried (26 Dec., 795), and consecrated on the following day. It is quite possible that this haste may have been due to a desire on the part of the Romans to anticipate any interference of the Franks with their freedom of election."CE1913, Pope Leo III,

! rowspan=4 |Louis the Pious*

Pope Stephen IV>Stephen IV|June 12, 816 to January 24, 817	Suzerainty>suzerain, and he sent notice of his election to him. He then went to France and crowned Louis."CE1913, Pope Stephen (IV) V,

Pope Paschal I>Paschal I|January 25, 817 to February 11, 824

Pope Eugene II>Eugene II|May 8, 824 to August 827

Pope Gregory IV>Gregory IV|827 to January 844

|None

Pope Sergius II>Sergius II|January 844 to January 7, 847	Lothair I>Emperor Lothaire, the latter was indignant, and sent Louis II of Italy	with an army to examine into the validity of the election. But Sergius succeeded in pacifying Louis, whom he crowned king, but to whom he would not take an oath of fealty."POPE SERGIUS II,

|None

Pope Leo IV>Leo IV|January 847 to July 17, 855

|None*

Pope Benedict III>Benedict III|855 to April 7, 858	Anastasius Bibliothecarius>ambitious and excommunicated Cardinal Anastasius. The imperial missi, gained over in turn by them, endeavoured to force Anastasius on the Roman Church."CE1913, Pope Benedict III,

|Louis II of Italy

Pope Nicholas I>Nicholas I|April 24, 858 to November 13, 867

The Beginnings of the Temporal Sovereignty of the Popes: A. D. 754-1073. K. Paul, Trench, Trübner & co., ltd. p. 155."After Benedict's death (7 April, 858) the Emperor Louis II, who was in the neighbourhood of Rome, came into the city to exert his influence upon the election. On 24 April Nicholas was elected pope, and on the same day was consecrated and enthroned in St. Peter's in the presence of the emperor."POPE ST. NICHOLAS I,

|Unknown

Pope Adrian II>Adrian II|December 14, 867 to December 14, 872	Charlemagne."POPE ADRIAN II,

|None*

Pope Marinus I>Marinus I|December 16, 882 to May 15, 884	Charles the Fat."POPE MARINUS I,

|None

Pope Stephen V>Stephen V|885 to September 14, 891	Charles the Fat found with what unanimity he had been elected he let the matter rest."POPE STEPHEN (V) VI,

! rowspan=2 |Lambert II of Spoleto*

Pope Romanus>Romanus|August 897 to November 897

Pope John IX>John IX|January 898 to January 900

|Unknown

Pope Leo V>Leo V|July 903 to September 903

Counts of Tusculum

{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="width:100%"! width="*" | Appointer! width="*" | Pope! width="*" | Pontificate! width="50%" | Notes! rowspan=5 |Marozia, Senatrix of Rome

Pope Sergius III>Sergius III|January 29, 904 to April 14, 911|Mistress of Marozia

Pope John X>John X|March 914 to May 928|Appointed and then deposed by MaroziaGreeley, 2005, p. 20.

Pope Leo VI>Leo VI|May 928 to December 928|

Pope Stephen VII>Stephen VII|December 928 to February 931|

Pope John XI>John XI|February/March 931 to December 935|Illegitimate son of Pope Sergius III and Marozia, and half-brother of Alberic IIGraboïs, 1980, p. 448.

! rowspan=4 |Alberic II of Spoleto, Senator of Rome

Pope Leo VII>Leo VII|3 January 936 to 13 July 939|Cooperated with Henry I and Otto IDahmus, 1984, p. 432.

Pope Marinus II>Marinus II|October 30, 942 to May 946

Pope Agapetus II>Agapetus II|May 10, 946 to December 955

Pope John XII>John XII|December 16, 955 to May 14, 964

Holy Roman Empire

{{Clear}}{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="width:100%"! width="*" | Appointer! width="*" | Pope! width="*" | Pontificate! width="50%" | Notes|None*

Pope Benedict V>Benedict V|May 22, 964 to June 23, 964

! rowspan=3 |Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor

Pope Leo VIII>Leo VIII|July 964 to March 1, 965|Sometimes considered an antipope for the first year of his papacyNewman, Albert Henry. A Manual of Church History. American Baptist publication society. p. 501.Bryce Johnston, John Johnstone. 1807. A Commentary on the Revelation of St. John. Printed for William Creech. p. 136.

Pope John XIII>John XIII|October 1, 965 to September 6, 972	Crescentius the Elder"In presence of the imperial envoys, Liutprand, Bishop of Cremona, and Otgar, Bishop of Speyer, the emperor's candidate, John, Bishop of Narni, was elected pope, and crowned on 1 October, 965, as John XIII."POPE JOHN XIII,

Pope Benedict VI>Benedict VI|January 19, 973 to June 974	Crescentius the Elder"[...] the necessity of waiting for the ratification of the Emperor Otho delayed his consecration till 19 January, 973."POPE BENEDICT VI,

!rowspan=2 |Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor

Pope Benedict VII>Benedict VII|October 974 to July 10, 983	Alberic II of Spoleto, the Counts of Tusculum>Count of Tusculum and the Crescentii

Pope John XIV>John XIV|December 983 to August 20, 984

|Unknown; existence is disputed

Pope John XV>John XV|August 985 to March 996	Crescentius the Younger as Patricius Romanorum likely interfered in the succession of John XV, if, in fact, it occurred"John remained throughout his pontificate under the influence of the powerful patricius, though he maintained friendly relations with the German court and with both empresses-Adelaide, widow of Otto I, and Theophano, widow of Otto II."POPE JOHN XV (XVI),

! rowspan=2 |Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor

Pope Gregory V>Gregory V|996 to 999|Cousin of Otto III; Crescentius the Younger and the Roman clergy did not choose a successor to John XV immediately, but rather deferred to Otto III to select one.Graboïs, 1980, p. 372.

Pope Sylvester II>Sylvester II|April 2, 999 to May 12, 1003|André Maurel, Helen Gerard. 1913. Little Cities of Italy. G. P. Putnam's sons. p. 398.

Crescentii

Crescentius the Elder, the brother of Pope John XIII, had previously deposed and had strangled Pope Benedict VI, and helped install Antipope Boniface VII in Rome in opposition to the imperial candidates, Pope Benedict VII and Pope John XIV, the latter of which perished in the Castel Sant'Angelo like Benedict V. Crescentius the Younger, the son of Crescentius the Elder, likely had a strong hand in the election of Pope John XV, although the details of that papacy are incomplete and disputed. However, it is known that Crescentius the Younger deferred to Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor for the choice of the successor of John XV: Pope Gregory V, Otto III's cousin. Yet, not long afterward, disputes with the emperor and Gregory V caused Crescentius the Younger to support Antipope John XVI, who was deposed with some difficulty by Otto III, who proceeded to have John XVI mutilated and Crescentius the Younger killed.Three years later, after a revolt in Rome involving John Crescentius, the son of Crescentius the Younger, Otto III and Pope Sylvester II were expelled from Rome; the three successors of Sylvester II (who was later permitted to return to Rome) were appointed by John Crescentius before he died in the spring of 1012, nearly simultaneously with Sergius IV, allowing the Counts of Tusculum to displace the Crescentii.{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="width:100%"! width="*" | Appointer! width="*" | Pope! width="*" | Pontificate! width="50%" | Notes! rowspan=3 |John Crescentius

Pope John XVII>John XVII|June 1003 to December 1003|Began in opposition to Gregory VSociety for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. Penny cyclopaedia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. p. 129.

Pope John XVIII>John XVIII|December 25, 1003 to July 1009

Pope Sergius IV>Sergius IV|July 31, 1009 to May 12, 1012|

Counts of Tusculum

Unlike the Tusculan popes during the "Pornocracy", Benedict VIII, John XIX, and Benedict IX were the Count of Tusculum themselves immediately prior to their becoming pope. Benedict VIII subjugated the Crescentii and made peace with the Holy Roman Empire, crowning Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor on February 14, 1014, nearly two years after his accession to the papacy.}}{{Clear}}{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="width:100%"! width="*" | Appointer! width="*" | Pope! width="*" | Pontificate! width="50%" | Notes! rowspan=3 |Counts of Tusculum

Pope Benedict VIII>Benedict VIII|May 18, 1012 to April 9, 1024

Pope John XIX>John XIX|April/May 1024 to October 20, 1032|Count of Tusculum immediately prior to becoming pope; brother of Benedict VIII

Pope Benedict IX>Benedict IX|1032 to 1044	Alberic III, Count of Tusculum"Regarding it as a sort of heirloom, his father Alberic placed him upon [the Chair of Peter] when a mere youth, not, however, apparently of only twelve years of age [...]"POPE BENEDICT IX, First term; abdicated twice for financial reward (c.f. Pope Sylvester III and Pope Gregory VI)

Holy Roman Empire

}}{{Clear}}{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="width:100%"! width="*" | Appointer! width="*" | Pope! width="*" | Pontificate! width="50%" | Notes! rowspan=4 |Henry III

Pope Clement II>Clement II|December 25, 1046 to October 9, 1047|Proceeded to crown Henry III; first "German Pope"Graboïs, 1980, p. 214.

Pope Damasus II>Damasus II|July 17, 1048 to August 9, 1048|With the concurrence of Boniface III of TuscanyThe Historians' History of the World. p. 608.Doran, John. Monarchs Retired from Business. Redfield. p. 104.

Pope Leo IX>Leo IX|February 12, 1048 to April 19, 1054	Worms, Germany>Worms with the concurrence of Roman nobles, with the subsequent assent of the Roman clergy; Cousin of the emperor;Hill, 1905, p. 204. brought Hildebrand (future Pope Gregory VII) to Rome with him.Kuiper, B. K. 1988. The Church in History. B. Eerdmans Publishing. {{ISBN|0-8028-1777-7}}. p. 100.

Pope Victor II>Victor II|April 13, 1055 to July 28, 1057

|None

Pope Stephen IX>Stephen IX|August 2, 1057 to March 29, 1058

|None

Pope Nicholas II>Nicholas II|December 6, 1058 to July 27, 1061

In Nomine Domini (1059)"As soon as the news of the death of Stephen X at Florence reached Rome (4 April 1058). the Tusculan party appointed a successor in the person of John Mincius, Bishop of Velletri, under the name of Benedict X. His elevation, due to violence and corruption, was contrary to the specific orders of Stephen X that, at his death, no choice of a successor was to be made until Hildebrand's return from Germany. Several cardinals protested against the irregular proceedings, but they were compelled to flee from Rome. Hildebrand was returning from his mission when the news of these events reached him. He interrupted his journey at Florence, and after agreeing with Duke Godfrey of Lorraine-Tuscany upon Bishop Gerhard for elevation to the papacy, he won over part of the Roman population to the support of his candidate. An embassy dispatched to the imperial court secured the confirmation of the choice by the Empress Agnes. At Hildebrand's invitation, the cardinals met in December, 1058, at Siena and elected Gerhard who assumed the name of Nicholas II. On his way to Rome the new pope held at Sutri a well-attended synod at which, in the presence of Duke Godfrey and the imperial chancellor, Guibert of Parma, he pronounced deposition against Benedict X."POPE NICHOLAS II,

|Burchard II, Bishop of Halberstadt*

Pope Alexander II>Alexander II|September 30, 1061 to April 21, 1073	Papal election, 1061>Alexander's election was confirmed by an envoy"A Manual of Church History. 1939. B. Herder. p. 264.

Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor>Henry IV*	Pope Gregory VII>Gregory VII|April 22, 1073 to May 25, 1085|"Last pope whose election was confirmed by the Emperor"Chetham Society. 1865. Remains historical and literary connected with the Palatine counties. Oxford University. p. 279.

Lothair III, Holy Roman Emperor>Lothair III*Watkin Wynn Williams. 1953. Saint Bernard of Clairvaux. Manchester University Press. p. 109.	Pope Innocent II>Innocent II|February 14, 1130 to September 24, 1143	Würzburg at the request of the German king [...]"POPE INNOCENT II,

{{further|Papal election, 1061}}

List of anti-papal appointments{| class"wikitable sortable collapsible" style"width:100%"

! width="*" | Secular power! width="*" | Antipope! width="*" | Pontificate! width="50%" | Notes valign="top"

Constantius II>Constantius	Antipope Felix II>Felix II|355 to 358|Opposed to Pope LiberiusCoulombe, 2003, p. 71.

|Exarchate of Ravenna

Antipope Theodore>Theodore|687|"While Pope Conon lay dying, the archdeacon Pascal offered the exarch a large sum to bring about his election as his successor. Through the exarch's influence the archdeacon was accordingly elected by a number of people; about the same time another faction elected the archpriest Theodore. The mass of clergy and people, however, set them both aside and chose Sergius, who was duly consecrated."

|Godfrey III, Duke of Lower Lorraine

Antipope Clement III>Clement III|1080 to 1100|Bishop of Ravenna at the time Rome was captured from the Countess Matilda of TuscanyVictor Duruy, Louis Edwin Van Norman. 1912. A General History of the World. The Review of Reviews Co. p. 231.

|Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor

Antipope Gregory VIII>Gregory VIII|March 10, 1118 to April 22, 1121|J. Willoughby Rosse, John Blair. 1858. An Index of Dates. H. G. Bohn. p. 108.

|Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor

Antipope Nicholas V>Nicholas V|May 12, 1328 to July 25, 1330|Opposed to Pope John XXIIDahmus, 1984, p. 581.

Notes

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References

• Coulombe, Charles A. 2003. Vicars of Christ: A History of the Popes. Citadel Press. {{ISBN|0-8065-2370-0}}.
• Dahmus, Joseph Henry. 1984. Dictionary of medieval civilization. Macmillan. {{ISBN|0-02-907870-9}}.
• Graboïs, Aryeh. 1980. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Medieval Civilization. Octopus.
• Greeley, Andrew M. 2005. The Making of the Pope. Little, Brown and Company. {{ISBN|0-316-32560-0}}.
• Hill, David Jayne. 1905. A history of diplomacy in the international development of Europe. Longmans, Green, and co.