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Oboe
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{{short description|Double-reed woodwind instrument}}{{About||the British bomb aiming system|Oboe (navigation)|other uses|OBOE (disambiguation){{!}}OBOE}}{{Redirect|Hautbois|the strawberry |Musk strawberry}}- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
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| name | Oboe
SoundIn comparison to other modern woodwind instruments, the treble oboe is sometimes referred to as having a "bright and penetrating" voice.WEB,weblink The Amazing Instruments of the Orchestra, WEB,weblink Difference Between a Clarinet and an Oboe, 22 July 2022, The Sprightly Companion, an instruction book published by Henry Playford in 1695, describes the oboe as "Majestical and Stately, and not much Inferior to the Trumpet".BOOK, J.B., The Spritely Companion, 1695, printed by J. Heptinstall for Henry Playford, London, 2,weblink 19 May 2022, In the play Angels in America the sound is described as like "that of a duck if the duck were a songbird".{{sfn|Kushner|1993|loc=167|ps=: "The oboe: official instrument of the International Order of Travel Agents. If the duck was a songbird it would sing like this. Nasal, desolate, the call of migratory things."}} The rich timbre is derived from its conical bore (as opposed to the generally cylindrical bore of flutes and clarinets). As a result, oboes are easier to hear over other instruments in large ensembles due to its penetrating sound.BOOK, American Symphony Orchestra League, 2001, Oxford University Press, Oxford Music Online, 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.00790, The highest note is a semitone lower than the nominally highest note of the B{{Music|flat}} clarinet. Since the clarinet has a wider range, the lowest note of the B{{Music|flat}} clarinet is significantly deeper (a minor sixth) than the lowest note of the oboe.WEB,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20160304061700weblink">weblink dead, ifCompare, 4 March 2016, ifCompare.de, 19 April 2021, Music for the standard oboe is written in concert pitch (i.e., it is not a transposing instrument), and the instrument has a soprano range, usually from B{{Music|flat}}3 to G6. Orchestras tune to a concert A played by the first oboe.WEB, Thomas, Julia, Executive Director of the Rockford Symphony Orchestra,weblink Rockford Symphony Orchestra, Rockford Symphony Orchestra, October 20, 2014, June 5, 2020,weblink dead, According to the League of American Orchestras, this is done because the pitch is secure and its penetrating sound makes it ideal for tuning.weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20090717011835weblink">"About the Orchestra" American League of Orchestras, (accessed January 1, 2009). The pitch of the oboe is affected by the way in which the reed is made. The reed has a significant effect on the sound. Variations in cane and other construction materials, the age of the reed, and differences in scrape and length all affect the pitch. German and French reeds, for instance, differ in many ways, causing the sound to vary accordingly. Weather conditions such as temperature and humidity also affect the pitch. Skilled oboists adjust their embouchure to compensate for these factors. Subtle manipulation of embouchure and air pressure allows the oboist to express timbre and dynamics.ReedsFile:Albrecht Mayer 04.jpg|thumb|240px|Oboist Albrecht MayerAlbrecht MayerThe oboe uses a double reed, similar to that used for the bassoon.WEB,weblink Oboe vs. Bassoon: Similarities and Differences, Most professional oboists make their reeds to suit their individual needs. By making their reeds, oboists can precisely control factors such as tone color, intonation, and responsiveness. They can also account for individual embouchure, oral cavity, oboe angle, and air support.(File:6 Oboen.jpg|thumb|500px|Renaissance oboe (shawm), baroque oboe (Stanesby copy, maker Olivier Cottet), classical oboe early 19th century (Copy of Sand Dalton on the original by Johann Friedrich Floth), Viennese oboe early 20th century, Viennese oboe late 20th century and a modern oboe)Novice oboists rarely make their own reeds, as the process is difficult and time-consuming, and frequently purchase reeds from a music store instead. Commercially available cane reeds are available in several degrees of hardness; a medium reed is very popular, and most beginners use medium-soft reeds. These reeds, like clarinet, saxophone, and bassoon reeds, are made from Arundo donax. As oboists gain more experience, they may start making their own reeds after the model of their teacher or buying handmade reeds (usually from a professional oboist) and using special tools including gougers, pre-gougers, guillotines, knives, and other tools to make and adjust reeds to their liking.{{sfn|Joppig|1988|loc=208–209}} The reed is considered the part of oboe that makes the instrument so difficult because the individual nature of each reed means that it is hard to achieve a consistent sound. Slight variations in temperature, humidity, altitude, weather, and climate can also have an effect on the sound of the reed, as well as minute changes in the physique of the reed.WEB,weblink Reed Styles and Reed Testing, 2017-08-11, Oboehelp, 2020-01-10, Oboists often prepare several reeds to achieve a consistent sound, as well as to prepare for environmental factors such as chipping of a reed or other hazards. Oboists may have different preferred methods for soaking their reeds to produce optimal sounds; the most preferred method tends to be to soak the oboe reed in water before playing.WEB,weblink How to Play the Oboe：The most attention is paid to the reeds - Musical Instrument Guide - Yamaha Corporation, Yamaha.com, 19 April 2021, Plastic oboe reeds are rarely used, and are less readily available than plastic reeds for other instruments, such as the clarinet. However, they do exist, and are produced by brands such as Legere.WEB, legereadmin, Oboe Reeds,weblink 2021-06-24, Légère Reeds, en-US, {{anchor|Hautbois|Hautboy|Baroque oboe}}HistoryIn English, prior to 1770, the standard instrument was called a hautbois, hoboy, or French hoboy ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|h|əʊ|b|ɔɪ}} {{respell|HOH|boy}}). This was borrowed from the French name, {{IPA-fr|obwÉ‘|}}, which is a compound word made up of haut ("high", "loud") and bois ("wood", "woodwind").{{sfn|Marcuse|1975|loc=371}} The French word means 'high-pitched woodwind' in English. The spelling of oboe was adopted into English {{Circa|1770}} from the Italian oboè, a transliteration of the 17th-century pronunciation of the French name.The regular oboe first appeared in the mid-17th century, when it was called a hautbois. This name was also used for its predecessor, the shawm, from which the basic form of the hautbois was derived.{{sfn|Burgess|Haynes|2004|loc=27}} Major differences between the two instruments include the division of the hautbois into three sections, or joints (which allowed for more precise manufacture), and the elimination of the pirouette, the wooden ledge below the reed which allowed players to rest their lips.The exact date and location of origin of the hautbois are obscure, as are the inventors. Circumstantial evidence, such as the statement by the flautist composer Michel de la Barre in his Memoire, points to members of the Philidor (Filidor) and Hotteterre families. The instrument may in fact have had multiple inventors.{{sfn|Burgess|Haynes|2004|loc=28 ff}} The hautbois quickly spread throughout Europe, including Great Britain, where it was called hautboy, hoboy, hautboit, howboye, and similar variants of the French name.{{sfn|Carse|1965|loc=120}} It was the main melody instrument in early military bands, until it was succeeded by the clarinet.{{sfn|Burgess|Haynes|2004|loc=102}}The standard Baroque oboe is generally made of boxwood and has three keys: a "great" key and two side keys (the side key is often doubled to facilitate use of either the right or left hand on the bottom holes). In order to produce higher pitches, the player has to "overblow", or increase the air stream to reach the next harmonic. Notable oboe-makers of the period are the Germans Jacob Denner and J.H. Eichentopf, and the English Thomas Stanesby (died 1734) and his son Thomas Jr (died 1754). The range for the Baroque oboe comfortably extends from C4 to D6. In the mid-20th century, with the resurgence of interest in early music, a few makers began producing copies to specifications taken from surviving historical instruments.ClassicalThe Classical period brought a regular oboe whose bore was gradually narrowed, and the instrument became outfitted with several keys, among them those for the notes D{{Music|sharp}}, F, and G{{Music|sharp}}. A key similar to the modern octave key was also added called the "slur key", though it was at first used more like the "flick" keys on the modern German bassoon.{{sfn|Haynes|Burgess|2016}} Only later did French instrument makers redesign the octave key to be used in the manner of the modern key (i.e. held open for the upper register, closed for the lower). The narrower bore allows the higher notes to be more easily played, and composers began to use the oboe's upper register more often in their works. Because of this, the oboe's tessitura in the Classical era was somewhat broader than that found in Baroque works. The range for the Classical oboe extends from C4 to F6 (using the scientific pitch notation system), though some German and Austrian oboes are capable of playing one half-step lower.Several Classical-era composers wrote concertos for oboe. Mozart composed both the solo concerto in C major K. 314/285d and the lost original of Sinfonia Concertante in E{{music|flat}} major K. 297b, as well as a fragment of F major concerto K. 417f. Haydn wrote both the Sinfonia Concertante in B{{music|flat}} Hob. I:105 and the spurious concerto in C major Hob. VIIg:C1. Beethoven wrote the F major concerto, Hess 12, of which only sketches survive, though the second movement was reconstructed in the late 20th century). Numerous other composers including Johann Christian Bach, Johann Christian Fischer, Jan AntonÃn Koželuh, and Ludwig August Lebrun also composed pieces for the oboe. Many solos exist for the regular oboe in chamber, symphonic, and operatic compositions from the Classical era.Wiener oboeThe Wiener oboe (Viennese oboe) is a type of modern oboe that retains the essential bore and tonal characteristics of the historical oboe. The Akademiemodel Wiener Oboe, first developed in the late 19th century by Josef Hajek from earlier instruments by C. T. Golde of Dresden (1803–73), is now made by several makers such as André Constantinides, Karl Rado, Guntram Wolf, Christian Rauch and Yamaha. It has a wider internal bore, a shorter and broader reed and the fingering-system is very different from the conservatoire oboe.{{sfn|Haynes|Burgess|2016|loc=176}} In The Oboe, Geoffrey Burgess and Bruce Haynes write "The differences are most clearly marked in the middle register, which is reedier and more pungent, and the upper register, which is richer in harmonics on the Viennese oboe".{{sfn|Burgess|Haynes|2004|loc=212}} Guntram Wolf describes them: "From the concept of the bore, the Viennese oboe is the last representative of the historical oboes, adapted for the louder, larger orchestra, and fitted with an extensive mechanism. Its great advantage is the ease of speaking, even in the lowest register. It can be played very expressively and blends well with other instruments."WEB, Modern Woodwind Instruments,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20080803063635weblink">weblink dead, August 3, 2008, Guntram Wolf, 27 November 2012, The Viennese oboe is, along with the Vienna horn, perhaps the most distinctive member of the Wiener Philharmoniker instrumentarium.Conservatoire oboeThis oboe was developed further in the 19th century by the Triébert family of Paris. Using the Boehm flute as a source of ideas for key work, Guillaume Triébert and his sons, Charles and Frederic, devised a series of increasingly complex yet functional key systems. A variant form using large tone holes, the Boehm system oboe, was never in common use, though it was used in some military bands in Europe into the 20th century. F. Lorée of Paris made further developments to the modern instrument. Minor improvements to the bore and key work have continued through the 20th century, but there has been no fundamental change to the general characteristics of the instrument for several decades.{{sfn|Howe|2003}}Modern oboeThe modern standard oboe is most commonly made from grenadilla, also known as African blackwood, although some manufacturers also make oboes out of other species of the genus Dalbergia, which includes cocobolo, rosewood, and violetwood (also known as kingwood). Ebony (genus Diospyros) has also been used. Student model oboes are often made from plastic resin to make the instrument cheaper and more durable.The oboe has an extremely narrow conical bore. It is played with a double reed consisting of two thin blades of cane tied together on a small-diameter metal tube (staple) which is inserted into the reed socket at the top of the instrument. The commonly accepted range for the oboe extends from B{{Music|flat}}3 to about G6, over two and a half octaves, though its common tessitura lies from C4 to E{{Music|flat}}6. Some student oboes do not have a B{{Music|flat}} key and only extend down to B3.A modern oboe with the "full conservatoire" ("conservatory" in the US) or Gillet key system has 45 pieces of keywork, with the possible additions of a third-octave key and alternate (left little finger) F- or C-key. The keys are usually made of nickel silver, and are silver- or occasionally gold-plated. Besides the full conservatoire system, oboes are also made using the British thumbplate system. Most have "semi-automatic" octave keys, in which the second-octave action closes the first, and some have a fully automatic octave key system, as used on saxophones. Some full-conservatory oboes have finger holes covered with rings rather than plates ("open-holed"), and most of the professional models have at least the right-hand third key open-holed. Professional oboes used in the UK and Iceland frequently feature conservatoire system combined with a thumb plate. Releasing the thumb plate has the same effect as pressing down the right-hand index-finger key. This produces alternate options which eliminate the necessity for most of the common cross-intervals (intervals where two or more keys need to be released and pressed down simultaneously), as cross-intervals are much more difficult to execute in such a way that the sound remains clear and continuous throughout the frequency change (a quality also called legato and often called for in the oboe repertoire).Other members of the oboe familyFile:Musette To Heckel.jpg|thumb|right|The members of the oboe family from top: heckelphone, bass oboe, cor anglais, oboe d'amore, oboe, and piccolo oboepiccolo oboeThe standard oboe has several siblings of various sizes and playing ranges. The most widely known and used today is the cor anglais (English horn) the tenor (or alto) member of the family. A transposing instrument; it is pitched in F, a perfect fifth lower than the oboe. The oboe d'amore, the alto (or mezzo-soprano) member of the family, is pitched in A, a minor third lower than the oboe. J.S. Bach made extensive use of both the oboe d'amore as well as the taille and oboe da caccia, Baroque antecedents of the cor anglais.Less common is the bass oboe (also called baritone oboe), which sounds one octave lower than the oboe. Delius, Strauss and Holst scored for the instrument.WEB, Hurd, Peter, Heckelphone / Bass Oboe Repertoire,weblink oboes.us, 14 December 2020, Similar to the bass oboe is the more powerful heckelphone, which has a wider bore and larger tone than the baritone oboe. Only 165 heckelphones have ever been made. Competent heckelphone players are difficult to find due to the extreme rarity of this particular instrument.{{sfn|Howe|Hurd|2004}}The least common of all are the musette (also called oboe musette or piccolo oboe), the sopranino member of the family (it is usually pitched in E{{music|flat}} or F above the oboe), and the contrabass oboe (typically pitched in C, two octaves deeper than the standard oboe).Folk versions of the oboe, sometimes equipped with extensive keywork, are found throughout Europe. These include the musette (France) and the piston oboe and bombarde (Brittany), the piffero and ciaramella (Italy), and the xirimia (also spelled chirimia) (Spain). Many of these are played in tandem with local forms of bagpipe, particularly with the Italian müsa and zampogna or Breton biniou.Notable classical works featuring the oboe{{see also|Oboe concerto}}{{div col|colwidth=25em|small=yes}}
Unaccompanied pieces{{div col|colwidth=25em|small=yes}}
Use in non-classical musicJazzThe oboe remains uncommon in jazz music, but there have been notable uses of the instrument. Some early bands in the 1920s and '30s, most notably that of Paul Whiteman, included it for coloristic purposes. Most often in this era it was used for dance band music, but occasionally oboists may be heard used in a similar manner to a saxophone for solos. Most of the time these oboists were already playing with the band or orchestra on a different woodwind instrument. The multi-instrumentalist Garvin Bushell (1902–1991) played the oboe in jazz bands as early as 1924 and used the instrument throughout his career, eventually recording with John Coltrane in 1961.Coltrane Discography {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090102112154weblink |date=2009-01-02 }} Dave Wild Gil Evans featured oboe in sections of his famous Sketches of Spain collaboration with trumpeter Miles Davis. Though primarily a tenor saxophone and flute player, Yusef Lateef was among the first (in 1961) to use the oboe as a solo instrument in modern jazz performances and recordings. Composer and double bassist Charles Mingus gave the oboe a brief but prominent role (played by Dick Hafer) in his composition "I.X. Love" on the 1963 album Mingus Mingus Mingus Mingus Mingus.With the birth of jazz fusion in the late 1960s, and its continuous development through the following decade, the oboe became somewhat more prominent, replacing on some occasions the saxophone as the focal point. The oboe was used with great success by the Welsh multi-instrumentalist Karl Jenkins in his work with the groups Nucleus and Soft Machine, and by the American woodwind player Paul McCandless, co-founder of the Paul Winter Consort and later Oregon.The 1980s saw an increasing number of oboists try their hand at non-classical work, and many players of note have recorded and performed alternative music on oboe. Some present-day jazz groups influenced by classical music, such as the Maria Schneider Orchestra, feature the oboe.WEB, Maria Schneider: Concert in the Garden Reviews/Credits,weblink mariaschneider.com, Maria Schneider, 4 December 2019,Rock and popIndie singer-songwriter and composer Sufjan Stevens, having studied the instrument in school, often includes the instrument in his arrangements and compositions, most frequently in his geographic tone-poems Illinois, Michigan.Album Credits for Sufjan Stevens Allmusic.com Peter Gabriel played the oboe while he was a member of Genesis, most prominently on "The Musical Box".MAGAZINE,weblink Gabriel, Spin, September 1986, 53, Andy Mackay of Roxy Music plays oboe, sometimes with a Wah-Wah pedal.Film musicThe oboe is frequently featured in film music, often to underscore a particularly poignant or emotional scene. An example is the 1989 film Born on the Fourth of July. One of the most prominent uses of the oboe in a film score is Ennio Morricone's "Gabriel's Oboe" theme from the 1986 film The Mission.It is featured as a solo instrument in the theme "Across the Stars" from the John Williams score to the 2002 film (Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones).WEB,weblink The music of Star Wars analyzed: Across the Stars (Love Theme from Episode II), Rascón, Eduardo GarcÃa, 2017-09-01, Medium, 2020-01-13, The oboe is also featured as a solo instrument in the "Love Theme" in Nino Rota's score to The Godfather (1972).WEB, Fitzgerald, Liam, August 18, 2015, The Godfather Film Music Analysis by Liam Fitzgerald,weblink November 20, 2020, Press,Notable oboistsOboe manufacturers{{Div col|colwidth=20em|small=yes}}
Notes{{Reflist|30em}}References
Further reading
External links{{commons category|Oboes|lcfirst=yes}}
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