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Nome (Egypt)
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{{short description|Subnational administrative division of ancient Egypt}}A nome ({{IPAc-en|n|oÊ|m}},Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary, Eleventh Edition. Merriam-Webster, 2007. p. 841 from , nomós, “district“) was a territorial division in ancient Egypt.WEB, Nome {{!, ancient Egyptian government|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/nome-ancient-Egyptian-government|access-date=2020-09-14|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}} Each nome was ruled by a nomarch (, “Great Chief“).BOOK, Bunson, Margaret, Margaret Bunson, Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt,books.google.com/books?id=-6EJ0G-4jyoC&pg=PA280, 2014, Infobase Publishing, 978-1-4381-0997-8, 280, The number of nomes changed through the various periods of the history of ancient Egypt.WEB, Nomes, Ancient Egypt Online,ancientegyptonline.co.uk/nomes/, 2020-09-14, en-GB, - the content below is remote from Wikipedia
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Etymology
The term nome comes from Ancient Greek νομÏÏ, nomós, meaning “district”; the Ancient Egyptian term was sepat or spAt.WEB,www.ucl.ac.uk/museums-static/digitalegypt/geo/index.html, Provinces of Egypt, www.ucl.ac.uk, 2017-05-21, Today’s use of the Ancient Greek rather than the Ancient Egyptian term came about during the Ptolemaic period, when the use of Greek was widespread in Egypt.WEB, Ptolemaic Dynasty,www.worldhistory.org/Ptolemaic_Dynasty/, 2020-09-14, World History Encyclopedia, The availability of Greek records on Egypt influenced the adoption of Greek terms by later historians.History
Dynastic Egypt
{{see also|Ancient Egypt}}(File:Ancient Egypt map-hiero.svg|thumb|The nomes & towns of Egypt in hieroglyphics)The division of ancient Egypt into nomes can be traced back to prehistoric Egypt (before 3100 BC). These nomes originally existed as autonomous city-states{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}}, but later began to unify. According to ancient tradition, the ruler Menes completed the final unification.Herodotus, Euterpe, 2.4.1 and 2.99.1ff.Not only did the division into nomes remain in place for more than three millennia, the areas of the individual nomes and their ordering remained remarkably stable. Some, like Xois in the Nile Delta or Khent in Upper Egypt, were first mentioned on the Palermo Stone, which was inscribed in the Fifth Dynasty. The names of a few, like the nome of Bubastis, appeared no earlier than the New Kingdom. Under the system that prevailed for most of pharaonic Egypt’s history, the country was divided into 42 nomes.Lower Egypt nomes
(File:Lower Egypt Nomes 01.png|thumb|Lower Egypt nomes)Lower Egypt (Egyptian: “Ä-meḥty“), from the Old Kingdom capital Memphis to the Mediterranean Sea, comprised 20 nomes. The first was based around Memphis, Saqqara, and Giza, in the area occupied by modern-day Cairo. The nomes were numbered in a more or less orderly fashion south to north through the Nile Delta, first covering the territory on the west before continuing with the higher numbers to the east. Thus, Alexandria was in the Third Nome; Bubastis was in the Eighteenth.- White Walls Nome
- Travellers land
- Cattle land
- Southern shield land
- Northern shield land
- Mountain bull land
- West harpoon land
- East harpoon land
- Andjety god land
- Black bull land
- Heseb bull land
- Calf and Cow land
- Prospering Sceptre land
- Eastmost land
- Ibis-Tehut land
- Fish land
- The throne land
- Prince of the South land
- Prince of the North land
- Sopdu-Plumed Falcon land
Upper Egypt nomes
(File:UpperEgyptNomes.png|thumb|Upper Egypt nomes)(File:Middle Egypt Nomes.jpg|thumb|Middle Egypt nomes)Upper Egypt was divided into 22 nomes. The first of these was centered on Elephantine close to Egypt’s border with Nubia at the First Cataract â the area of modern-day Aswan. From there the numbering progressed downriver in an orderly fashion along the narrow fertile strip of land that was the Nile valley. Waset (ancient Thebes or contemporary Luxor) was in the Fourth Nome, Amarna in the Fourteenth, and Meidum in the Twenty-first.- Bows land
- Throne of Horus land
- Shrine land
- Sceptre land
- The two falcons land
- The crocodile land
- Sistrum land
- The Great land
- Min-God land
- Cobra land
- Sha-Set animal land
- Viper mountain land
- Upper Sycamore and Viper land
- Lower Sycamore and Viper land
- Hares land
- Oryx Nome
- Anubis land
- Set land
- Two Sceptres land
- Southern Sycamore land
- Northern Sycamore land
- Knife land
Ptolemaic Egypt
{{see also|Ptolemaic Kingdom}}Some nomes were added or renamed during the Graeco-Roman occupation of Egypt.BOOK, Bagnall, Roger S., Egypt in Late Antiquity, 1996, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 0691069867, 333, Fourth printing,books.google.com/books?id=re9E5TiVzUsC, 2 February 2015, For example, the Ptolemies renamed the Crocodilopolitan nome to Arsinoe. Hadrian created a new nome, Antinoopolites, for which Antinoöpolis was the capital.Roman Egypt
{{see also|Egypt (Roman province)}}The nomes survived into Roman times. Under Roman rule, individual nomes minted their own coinage, the so-called “nome coins”, which still reflect individual local associations and traditions. The nomes of Egypt retained their primary importance as administrative units until the fundamental rearrangement of the bureaucracy during the reigns of Diocletian and Constantine the Great.From AD 307/8, their place was taken by smaller units called pagi. Eventually powerful local officials arose who were called pagarchs, through whom all patronage flowed. The pagarch’s essential role was as an organizer of tax-collection. Later the pagarch assumed some military functions as well. The pagarchs were often wealthy landowners who reigned over the pagi from which they originated.Nomarch
File:Mesehtisoldiers.JPG|thumb|Wooden figures found in the tomb of 11th dynasty nomarch Mesehti: Egyptian army of the 11th Dynasty11th DynastyFor most of the history, each nome was headed by a nomarch. The position of the nomarch was at times hereditary, while at others they were appointed by the pharaoh. Generally, when the national government was stronger, nomarchs were the king’s appointed governors. When the central government was weaker, howeverâsuch as during foreign invasions or civil warsâindividual nomes would assert themselves and establish hereditary lines of succession. Conflicts among these different hereditary nomarchies were common, most notably during the First Intermediate Period, a time that saw a breakdown in central authority lasting from the 7thâ11th Dynasties which ended when one of the local rulers became strong enough to again assert control over the entire country as pharaoh.{{anchor|List}}List of nomes
The nomes (, ) are listed in separate tables for “Isti” - “the two Egypts” (Upper and Lower Egypt).Note:- older or other variants of the name in square brackets ‘[ ]’;
- names vary from different time or era, or even titles, most epithets, honorific titles with a slash ‘/’;
- Greek-Egypto derived names from the original Egyptian in parentheses ‘()’
Lower Egypt{| class“wikitable”
! rowspan=“2” | Number! rowspan=“2” colspan=“2” |Nome Standard (Symbol on top of head of man or woman)! colspan=“2” |Ancient EgyptianNome Name! colspan=“2” |Ancient Greek and Coptic Nome Name! rowspan=“2” | Capital !! rowspan=“2” | Modern name of capital site !! rowspan=“2” | Translation !! rowspan=“2” | Godcenter | 70x70px)| | |ð Inebu-hedj|ÎεμÏίÏηÏMemphites | Memphis, Egypt>Memphis) | Memphis, Egypt | > | | Ptah |
center | 70x70px|Khensu)| | Khensu (nome)>Khensu) |ÎηÏοÏολίÏηÏLetopolites | Letopolis) > | Letopolis>Ausim | Cow’s thigh | Horus |
center | 70x70px|Iment (Ament))| | Ament (nome)>Ament) |ÎÏ Î½Î±Î¹ÎºÎ¿ÏολίÏηÏGynaikopolites | Yamu>Kom El Hisn | West | Hathor |
|ð£ (Sapi-Res) |Î ÏοÏÏÏίÏηÏProsopites | Zawyat Razin>Zawyet el-Razin |
center | 70x70px|Sapi-Res)||Nit Resu|ð£ (Sapi-Res)|ΦθεμÏÎ¿Ï Î¸Phthemphouth||Ptkheka|Tanta|Southern shield|Sobek, Isis, Amun |
center | 73x73px | thumb|Sap-Meh)Sap-Meh]] | center | 73x73px|Sap-Meh) | |ð¤/ð¥ (Sap-Meh) |ΣαίÏηÏSaites | Sais, Egypt>Sais) | Sais, Egypt | > | | Neith |
center | 73x73px|Khaset)| | Khaset (nome)>Khaset) |ÎοίÏηÏXoites | Xois) > | Sakha, Egypt>Sakha | Mountain bull | Amun-Ra |
center | 70x70px|A-ment)| | |ð§ (A-ment) |ÎενελαίÏηÏMenelaites | Damanhur> | Hu (mythology)>Hu |
center | 70x70px|Nefer-Iabti)| | |ð¨ Nefer-Iabti (A-bt) |ἩÏοοÏολίÏηÏHeroopolites | Pithom) > | Tell al-Maskhuta> | | Atum |
center | 73x73px|Ati)| | Ati (nome)>Ati) |ÎÎ¿Ï ÏιÏίÏηÏBousirites | Busiris (Lower Egypt)>Busiris) | Abu Sir Bara | Andjeti | Osiris |
center | 73x73px|Ka-Khem)| | |ðª Ka-Ka’m (Ka-khem) |á¼Î¸ÏιβίÏηÏAthribites | Athribis) > | Banha (Tell Atrib) > | | Horus |
center | 73x73px|Ka-Heseb)||Ḥesbu/ Ḥesebu|ð« (Ka-heseb) |ÎεονÏοÏολίÏηÏLeontopolites | Leontopolis) > | | Isis |
center | 73x73px|Tjeb-Ka)||Tjeb-Netjer|ð¬ (Theb-ka) |ΣεβεννÏÏηÏSebennytes | Sebennytos) > | | Anhur |
center | 70x70px|Heq-At)||Ḥeka-Redj|ð (Heq-At) |ἩλιοÏολίÏηÏHeliopolites | Heliopolis (ancient Egypt)>Iunu)/ In-meḥ/ Iset-Tem/ Igert, Igertet, Iqert, Iugertet (Heliopolis (Ancient Egypt) | ) > | Cairo, Egypt>Cairo) | Prospering Sceptre | Ra |
center | 70x70px|Khent-Abt)| | |ð® (Khent-abt) |ΣεθÏÏίÏηÏSethroites | Zarw>Tjaru/ Dj’anet (Sile, Tanis) | Tell Abu Sefa | Eastmost/ Foremost of the East | Horus |
center | 70x70px|Djehuti)| | |ð¯ (Tehut) |ÎενδήÏιοÏMendesios | Hermopolis (Lower Egypt)>Hermopolis Parva) | Baqliya | Thoth | / Ibis >| Thoth |
center | 80x80px|Kha)||Ḥat Meḥit | Kha (nome)>Kha) |ÎενδήÏιοÏMendesios | Mendes) > | | Banebdjedet and Hatmehyt |
center | 73x73px|Sema-Beḥut) | center | 73x73px|Sema-Beḥut) | |ð±/ð² Sma-Beḥut (Sema-Beḥut) |ÎιοÏολίÏÎ·Ï ÎάÏÏDiospolites Kato | Diospolis Inferior) > | Tel El Balamun> | Behdety>Horus of Behdet | Amun-Ra |
center | 70x70px|Im-Khent)| | |ð³ Im-Khent (Am-Khent) |ÎÎ¿Ï Î²Î±ÏÏίÏηÏBoubastites | Bubastis) > | Zagazig) > | | Bastet |
center | 70x70px|Im-Peḥ)| | Am-Pehu>Am-Peḥu) |ΤανίÏηÏTanites | Tell Nebesha or Tanis>San El Hagar | Prince of the North | Uatchet |
center | 70x70px|Sep-d)| | Sopdu (nome)>Sopdu) |á¼ÏαβίαArabia | Saft el-Hinna>Saft El Hinna | Plumed Falcon/ Sopdu | >| Sopdet |
Upper Egypt{| class“wikitable”
! rowspan=“2” |Number! rowspan=“2” colspan=“2” |Nome Standard (Symbol on top of head of man or woman)! colspan=“2” |Ancient EgyptianNome Name! rowspan=“2” |Capital! rowspan=“2” |Modern Capital! rowspan=“2” |Translation! rowspan=“2” | Godcenter | 71x71px|Ta-Seti)| | Ta-Seti) > | Elephantine) > | Aswan) > | | Khnum |
center | 70x70px|Wetjes-Her)| | Wetjes-Hor) > | Apollonopolis Magna) > | Edfu) > | Horus >| Horus-Behdety |
center | 70x70px|Nekhen)| | Nekhen (nome)>Nekhen) | Nekhen (Hierakonpolis) | Elkab | Shrine | Nekhebet |
center | 70x70px|Uas (Uaset/ Waset))| | Waset (nome)>Waset) | Niwt-rst / Waset [Ir-t RÄ/ Iset-Sekhenu-en-Äkhemu/ Änkh] (Thebes, Egypt | ) > | Luxor> | | Amun-Ra |
center | 70x70px|HeruiHerui| | Herui) > | Qift> | Min (god)>Min |
center | 70x70px|Iqer) | center | 72x72px|Iqer) | Iqer) > | Tentyra/ Dendera) > | Tentyra/ Dendera) > | | Hathor |
center | 70x70px|Seshesh)| | Seshesh) > | Hu, Egypt>Hu | Sistrum | Hathor |
center | 70x70px|Ta-wer)| | Ta-wer> | Thinis> | | Anhur |
center | 70x70px|Min)| | Min (nome)>Min) | Ip/ Ipi/ Ipu/ Apu/ [later: Khen-Min, perhaps another name for “Khemenu”]/ Ärty-Ḥeru (Panopolis) | Akhmim | Min (god) | >| Min |
center | 70x70px|Uadj (Wadjet)) | center | 70x70px|Uadj (Wadjet)) | Aphroditopolis Nome>Wadjet) | Djew-qa / Tjebu (Antaeopolis) | Qaw el-Kebir | > | | Hathor |
center | 70x70px|Set) | center | 70x70px|Set) | Set (nome)>Set) | Shashotep (Hypselis) | Shutb | The set-animal (hieroglyph) | with Set (god)>Set | Khnum |
center | 70x70px|Ta-wer)| | Tu-ph) > | Hieracon) > | | Horus |
center | 70x70px|Ta-wer)| | Atef-Khent) > | Asyut>Zawty (z3wj-tj, Lycopolis) | Asyut | Upper Sycamore and Viper | Apuat |
center | 70x70px|Ta-wer)| | Atef-Pehu>Atef-Peḥu) | Qesy (Cusae) | El Qusiya | Lower Sycamore and Viper | Hathor |
center | 70x70px|Ta-wer)| | Hare nome>Wenet) | Khemenu (Hermopolis Magna) | Hermopolis | > | hare (hieroglyph)>HareWolfram Grajetzki, The Middle Kingdom of ancient Egypt: history, archaeology and society. London, Duckworth Egyptology, 2006, pp. 109-111 | Thoth |
center | 70x70px|Ta-wer)| | Oryx nome>Ma-hedj) | Herwer? | Hur? | Oryx | Horus |
center | 70x70px|Ta-wer)| | Anpu (nome)>Anpu) | Saka (Cynopolis) | El Qais | Anubis | Anubis |
center | 70x70px|Ta-wer)| | Sep (nome)>Sep) | Teudjoi / Hutnesut (Alabastronopolis) | El Hiba | Set (mythology) | >| Anubis |
center | 70x70px|Ta-wer)| | Uab (nome)>Uab) | Per-Medjed/ Per-MÄdjet/ Uabu-t (Oxyrhynchus) | El Bahnasa | Two Sceptres | Set |
center | 70x70px|Ta-wer)| | Atef-Khent) > | Herakleopolis Magna) > | | Heryshaf |
center | 70x70px|Ta-wer)||N’art Peḥtet/ N’aret Peḥtet | Atef-Pehu>Atef-Peḥu) | Shenakhen / Semenuhor/ Ium’Ä (Crocodilopolis, Arsinoe) | Faiyum | Northern Sycamore | Khnemu |
center | 70x70px|Ta-wer)| | Maten (nome)>Maten) | ð¶ð¤ððªð Tepihu (Aphroditopolis) | Atfih | Knife | Hathor |
References
Citations
{{reflist|30em}}BIbliography
- {{citation |first=Roger S. |last=Bagnall |author-link=Roger S. Bagnall |date=1996 |title=Egypt in Late Antiquity |location=Princeton |publisher=Princeton University Press }}.
- {{citation |first=Alan K. |last=Bowman |date=1990 |title=Egypt after the Pharaohs |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford}}.
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