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{{Short description|Chinese Sufi leader (died 1871)}}{{family name hatnote|Ma|lang=Chinese}}{{Islam and China|figures}}Ma Hualong ({{zh|s=马化龙|t=馬化龍|p=Mǎ Huàlóng|w=Ma Hua-lung}}) (died March 2, 1871), was the fifth leader (, jiaozhu) of the Jahriyya, a Sufi order (menhuan) in northwestern China.Dillon (1999), pp. 124–126From the beginning of the anti-Qing Muslim Rebellion in 1862, and until his surrender and death in 1871, he was one of the main leaders of the rebellion.

Biography

Ma Hualong became the leader of the Jahriyya ca. 1849, succeeding the menhuan’s fourth shaykh, Ma Yide (late 1770s – 1849Lipman (1998), p. 179). Although the Jahriyya had been originally created by Ma Mingxin in the central Gansu, by the time of Ma Hualong’s succession to the leadership position the order was centered in the northern Ningxia (which in the 19th century was also part of Gansu Province), its headquarters being located inJinjipu (),Some authors, e.g. Michael Dillon and Kim Hodong, transcribe the town’s as Jinjibao (since }}, meaning “fort”, has pronunciation bao). However, Lipman’s Jinjipu is probably more correct, because dictionaries also say that }}, when used as a suffix in place names, is pronounced pu. a few kilometers south from today’s Wuzhong City.Lipman (1998), p. 125 The town of Jinjipu became an important religious and commercial center, and the menhuan’s leaders grew wealthy thanks to the order’s profitable participation in the caravan trade across Inner Mongolia, between Baotou, Huhhot and Beijing.Since the beginning of the Muslim Rebellion in 1862, Ma Hualong was based at the Jahriyya headquarters in Jinjipu. The area of his direct influence included the Jahriyya-heavy eastern parts of the 19th-century Gansu Province,Until the early 20th century, Gansu Province also included today’s Ningxia and Qinghai i.e. today’s Ningxia and easternmost sections of today’s Gansu.Dillon (1999), pp. 66–68While the rebels elsewhere within the 19th-century borders of Gansu had their own leaders – notably, Ma Zhan’ao in Hezhou (now Linxia), Ma Guiyuan in Xining, and Ma Wenlu in Suzhou (Jiuquan), – who, in the view of modern historians, were acting essentially independent from each other, there were Jahriyya members (all owing allegiance to the Ma Hualong) participating in the rebellion throughout the region.Lipman (1998), p. 121 Ma Guiyuan’s sons were castrated after he was executed.At some points during the rebellion Ma Hualong negotiated with the authorities, and at least once he even surrendered, taking a new name, “Ma Chaoqing” (“one who attends on the Qing“).JOURNAL, Garnaut, Anthony, 2008, From Yunnan to Xinjiang: Governor Yang Zengxin and his Dungan Generals,www.ouigour.fr/recherches_et_analyses/Garnautpage_93.pdf, Études Orientales, 25, 98,www.ouigour.fr/recherches_et_analyses/Garnautpage_93.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20120309054654www.ouigour.fr/recherches_et_analyses/Garnautpage_93.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20120309054654www.ouigour.fr/recherches_et_analyses/Garnautpage_93.pdf, 2012-03-09, However, instead of disbanding his militias, he continued fortifying Jinjipu, and collaborating with the rebels who had retreated to Gansu from Shaanxi.Ma was besieged in Jinjipu in July 1869 by the Qing forces led by General Zuo Zongtang.Dillon, p. 66. The book does not actually state the year, but it appears to be 1869 from the context. After fortifications outside of the town itself had been captured by the government troops, and starvation started inside the walls, Ma Hualong surrendered in January 1871, hoping to spare the lives of his people. However, once Zuo’s troops entered Jinjipu, a massacre followed, with over a thousand people losing their lives. and the town being destroyed.Existing accounts on Ma Hualong’s death differ. It is likely that he was executed on Zuo’s orders on March 2, 1871, along with his son Ma Yaobang and over eighty rebel officials (supposedly, Zuo sentenced them to death by slicing{{Citation needed|date=October 2009}}), although it was said by some that he had been murdered by a traitor from within his own ranks.

Family and succession

Few of Ma Hualong’s family survived the massacre at Jinjipu. Two his grandsons, Ma Jincheng and Ma Jinxi, were sentenced to castration upon reaching the age of 12. Ma Jincheng ended his days as a eunuch slave in Kaifeng in 1890, although the new Jahriyya leader, Ma Yuanzhang (the 1850s–1920), managed to secretly provide him with some support until his death. The younger grandson, Ma Jinxi, was spirited away, intact, from his Xi’an confinement by Ma Yuanzhang, and was hidden at a Hui household in Hangzhou.Lipman (1998), pp. 179–181).Zuo executed a lot of Ma’s relatives, except his daughter and grandson, who was sent to Yunnan. The grandson’s name was Ma Tsen-wu.BOOK,books.google.com/books?id=_e8vAQAAIAAJ&q=ma+chi+muslim, Papers Tso Tsung-tʼang and the Muslims: statecraft in northwest China, 1868–1880, Lanny B. Fields, 1978, Limestone Press, 72, 978-0-919642-85-0, 2010-06-28, Many years later, Ma Yuanzhang managed to obtain a pardon for Ma Jinxi, and Ma Hualong’s grandson returned to Ningxia. A split within the Jahriyya followed, with some members becoming followers of Ma Jinxi, and others holding for Ma Yuanzhang (who claimed descent from the order’s founder Ma Mingxin, and was also related to Ma Hualong’s family through his marriage).

Legacy

(File:吴忠四旗梁子拱北.jpg|thumb|260px|Siqiliangzi Gongbei)According to Jahriyya adherents in Ningxia, Ma Hualong’s grave is in Dongta Town, which now is a suburb of Wuzhong City. Accordingly, a tomb shrine called Siqiliangzi gongbei () has been established there. More than 10,000 people from all over China attended a commemoration ceremony (ermaili) at that site in 1985.Gladney, Dru. www.drugladney.com/articles/tombs.pdf" title="web.archive.org/web/20060721112308www.drugladney.com/articles/tombs.pdf">“Muslim Tombs and Ethnic Folklore: Charters for Hui Identity” Journal of Asian Studies, August 1987, Vol. 46 (3): 495–532.Adherents of a rival tradition within Jahriyya, however, believe that Ma Hualong’s true tomb is in Xuanhuagang, in Gansu’s Zhangjiachuan County,Dillon (1989), p. 126; Gladney (1996), p. 50; the place is called “Zhanquanchuan” in Dillon, however which, coincidentally, was the base of Ma Hualong’s successor, Ma Yuanzhang.Some authors try to reconcile the two traditions, by saying that Ma Hualong’s body is in Dongta, and the head is in Zhangjiachuan.Gladney (1996), p. 50

References

• {{citation|publisher=Routledge |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-7007-1026-3|title=China’s Muslim Hui community: migration, settlement and sects

  url=books.google.com/books?id=hUEswLE4SWUC}} {{citation|title=Muslim Chinese: ethnic nationalism in the People’s Republic|first=Dru C.|last=Gladney|author-link=Dru Gladney|volume=149|series=Harvard East Asian monographs|isbn=978-0-674-59497-5|publisher=Harvard University Asia Center|year=1996|url=books.google.com/books?id=_hJ9aht6nZQC}} Jonathan N. Lipman, “Ethnicity and Politics in Republican China: The Ma Family Warlords of Gansu” Modern China, Vol. 10, No. 3 (Jul., 1984), pp. 285–316. (JSTOR) Jonathan N. Lipman, “Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China (Studies on Ethnic Groups in China)”, University of Washington Press (February 1998), {{ISBN|0-295-97644-6}}. The mausoleum of Ma Hualong Photo made c. 1936 by Claude C. Pickens. This photo, and many related photos, in the proper context, can be found by going to the via.harvard.edu:9080/via/deliver/advancedsearch?_collection=via" title="web.archive.org/web/20040701003051via.harvard.edu:9080/via/deliver/advancedsearch?_collection=via">Harvard University Library Visual Information Access site, and entering “Pickens” and “Ma Hualong” in the first two of the search boxes. Notes {{Reflist}}{{Authority control}}

  
  
  
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