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{{Short description|None}}File:Quark structure proton.svg|thumb|A proton, the only baryon stable in isolation, has two up quarks and one down quark, confined via the exchange of gluongluonBaryons are composite particles made of three quarks, as opposed to mesons, which are composite particles made of one quark and one antiquark. Baryons and mesons are both hadrons, which are particles composed solely of quarks or both quarks and antiquarks. The term baryon is derived from the Greek "βαρύς" (barys), meaning "heavy", because, at the time of their naming, it was believed that baryons were characterized by having greater masses than other particles that were classed as matter.Until a few years ago, it was believed that some experiments showed the existence of pentaquarks – baryons made of four quarks and one antiquark.H. Muir (2003)K. Carter (2003) Prior to 2006 the particle physics community as a whole did not view the existence of pentaquarks as likely.W.-M. Yao et al. (2006): Particle listings – Positive Theta On 13 July 2015, the LHCb collaboration at CERN reported results consistent with pentaquark states in the decay of bottom lambda baryons (Λ{{su|p=0|b=b}}).R. Aaij et al. (2015)Since baryons are composed of quarks, they participate in the strong interaction. Leptons, on the other hand, are not composed of quarks and as such do not participate in the strong interaction. The best known baryons are protons and neutrons, which make up most of the mass of the visible matter in the universe, whereas electrons, the other major component of atoms, are leptons. Each baryon has a corresponding antiparticle, known as an antibaryon, in which quarks are replaced by their corresponding antiquarks. For example, a proton is made of two up quarks and one down quark, while its corresponding antiparticle, the antiproton, is made of two up antiquarks and one down antiquark.

Baryon properties

These lists detail all known and predicted baryons in total angular momentum J = {{sfrac|1|2}} and J = {{sfrac|3|2}} configurations with positive parity.{{citation| author=Griffiths, David J.|title=Introduction to Elementary Particles|edition=2nd revised| publisher=WILEY-VCH |year=2008|isbn= 978-3-527-40601-2|pages=181–188}}

• Baryons composed of one type of quark (uuu, ddd, ...) can exist in J = {{sfrac|3|2}} configuration, but J = {{sfrac|1|2}} is forbidden by the Pauli exclusion principle.
• Baryons composed of two types of quarks (uud, uus, ...) can exist in both J = {{sfrac|1|2}} and J = {{sfrac|3|2}} configurations.
• Baryons composed of three types of quarks (uds, udc, ...) can exist in both J = {{sfrac|1|2}} and J = {{sfrac|3|2}} configurations. Two J = {{sfrac|1|2}} configurations are possible for these baryons.

The symbols encountered in these lists are: I (isospin), J (total angular momentum), P (parity), u (up quark), d (down quark), s (strange quark), c (charm quark), b (bottom quark), Q (charge), B (baryon number), S (strangeness), C (charm), {{prime|B}} (bottomness), as well as a wide array of subatomic particles (hover for name). (See Baryon for a detailed explanation of these symbols.)Antibaryons are not listed in the tables; however, they simply would have all quarks changed to antiquarks, and Q, B, S, C, {{prime|B}}, would be of opposite signs. Particles with † next to their names have been predicted by the Standard Model but not yet observed. Values in parentheses have not been firmly established by experiments, but are predicted by the quark model and are consistent with the measurements.P.A Zyla et al. (2020): Particle summary tables – BaryonsJ.G. Körner et al. (1994)J'P  {{sfrac>1|2}}+ baryons">

 J'P {{sfrac|1|2}}+ baryons {| class"wikitable sortable" style"text-align: center; margin-right:0;"J'P  {{sfrac>1|2}}+ baryons

style="height:40px" style="height:40px" style="height:40px" style="height:40px" style="height:40px" style="height:40px" style="height:40px" style="height:40px" style="height:40px" style="height:40px" style="height:40px" style="height:40px" style="height:40px" style="height:40px" style="height:40px" style="height:40px" style="height:40px" style="height:40px" style="height:40px" style="height:40px" style="height:40px" style="height:40px" style="height:40px" style="height:40px" style="height:40px" style="height:40px" style="height:40px" style="height:40px" style="height:40px" style="height:40px" style="height:40px" style="height:40px" style="height:40px" style="height:40px" style="height:40px" style="height:40px" style="height:40px" style="height:40px" style="height:40px" style="height:40px" style="height:40px"†{{note|Undiscovered}} Particle has not yet been observed.[a] {{note|massofnucleons}} The masses of the proton and neutron are known with much better precision in daltons (Da) than in MeV/c2. In atomic mass units, the mass of the proton is {{physconst|mp_Da}} whereas that of the neutron is {{physconst|mn_Da|after=.}}[b] {{note|protonlifetime}} At least 1035 years. See proton decay.[c] {{note|neutronlifetime}} For free neutrons; in most common nuclei, neutrons are stable.[d] {{note|Lifetime}} PDG reports the resonance width (Γ). Here the conversion Ï„ = {{sfrac|ħ|Γ}} is given instead.[e] {{note|charmedXi0data}} There is a controversial discovery claim, disfavored by other experimental data.J. Beringer et al. (2012): Particle listings – {{#invoke:particles|nolink|Double Charmed Xi+}}J'P  {{sfrac>3|2}}+ baryons">

 J'P {{sfrac|3|2}}+ baryons {| class"wikitable sortable" style"text-align: center; margin-right:0;"J'P  {{sfrac>3|2}}+ baryons

style="height:40px" style="height:40px" style="height:40px" style="height:40px" style="height:40px" style="height:40px" style="height:40px" style="height:40px" style="height:40px" style="height:40px" style="height:40px" style="height:40px" style="height:40px" style="height:40px" style="height:40px" style="height:40px" style="height:40px" style="height:40px" style="height:40px" style="height:40px" style="height:40px" style="height:40px" style="height:40px" style="height:40px" style="height:40px" style="height:40px" style="height:40px" style="height:40px" style="height:40px" style="height:40px" style="height:40px" style="height:40px" style="height:40px" style="height:40px" style="height:40px" style="height:40px"†{{note|Undiscovered2}} Particle has not yet been observed.[h] {{note|Lifetime2}} PDG reports the resonance width (Γ). Here the conversion Ï„ = {{sfrac|ħ|Γ}} is given instead.

Baryon resonance particles

This table gives the name, quantum numbers (where known), and experimental status of baryons resonances confirmed by the PDG.JOURNAL, Baryon Summary Table, C. Patrignani et al. (Particle Data Group), Chin. Phys. C, 40, 100001, 2018,weblink 27 September 2018, Baryon resonance particles are excited baryon states with short half lives and higher masses. Despite significant research, the fundamental degrees of freedom behind baryon excitation spectra are still poorly understood.JOURNAL, Crede, Volker, Roberts, Winston, Progress Toward Understanding Baryon Resonances, Rep. Prog. Phys., 2013, 76, 7, 10.1088/0034-4885/76/7/076301, 23787948, 1302.7299, 2013RPPh...76g6301C, 076301, 24922824, The spin-parity J'P (when known) is given with each particle. For the strongly decaying particles, the J'P values are considered to be part of the names, as is the mass for all resonances.{| class="wikitable"|+ Baryon resonance particles! colspan="3" | Nucleons! colspan="3" | Δ particles! colspan="3" | Λ particles! colspan="3" | Σ particles! colspan="3" | Ξ and Ω particles! colspan="3" | Charmed particles! colspan="3" | Bottom particles

1

>

3

|

1

>

1

|

1

>

Λ

BR=c}}

{{frac

2}}+

Λ

BR=b}}

{{frac

2}}+

***

	1		>		3	|		1		>		1	|		1		>		1	| ***		1	| ***

	1		>		1	|		3		>		1	|		3		>		3	| ***		3	| ***

	3		>		3	|		1				3	|					| *		1	| ***

1

>

1

| *

1

>

| *

5

| ***

Σ

BR=b}}

{{frac

2}}+

***

	1		>		1	| ***		3		>		| **		3				3	| ***	Ξ	BR=b}}, {{Physics particle	TR=−		1	| ***

	5		>		5	|		1				3	| *					|		1	| ***

	5		>		1	|		1				1	| *		5				1	|		3	| ***

	3				3	| ***		1				1	| ***					3	| ***		3	| ***

1

>

5

| ***

5

>

3

|

>

| *

Ω

BR=b}}

{{frac

2}}+

***

3

>

3

| **

5

>

| **

|

| *

5

7

|

3

>

3

| *

Ξ

BR=c}}

{{frac

2}}+

***

| *

3

5

| **

1

| ***

Ξ

BR=c}}

{{frac

2}}+

***

1

1

| *

7

1

| *

3

>

Ξ{{prime}}

BR=c}}

{{frac

2}}+

***

1

>

7

| ***

3

5

|

Ξ{{prime}}

BR=c}}

{{frac

2}}+

***

	3		>		9	| **		7		>		3	| *					3	| ***

	7				5	| *		5				1	| **					1	| ***

	5				7	| *		3				1	| *				Ξc(2815)	{{frac	2}}−	***

	3				9	| **		9				5	|		| *

	5				11	|					3	| *		| ***

1

13

| **

Σ(1940)

{{frac

2}}−

***

| ***

	3				15	| **		1	| *		| ***

	7		>					7	|		| *

	9	|		5	| *		|

	9	|		3	| **	Ω	BR=c}}	{{frac	2}}+	***

	1	| **		7	| *		3	| ***

	5	| **		| ***		| ***

	11	| ***		| **		| ***

	13	| **		| **		| ***

				| *		| ***

				| ***

	|

Ξ	BR=cc}}		*

Ξ	BR=cc}}		***

{| >| Existence is certain, and properties are at least fairly well explored.

| Existence ranges from fairly certain to certain, but further confirmation is desirable, and/or quantum numbers, branching fractions, etc. are not well determined.

| Evidence of existence is only fair.

| Evidence of existence is poor.

See also

• Eightfold way (physics)
• List of mesons
• List of particles
• Roper resonance
• Timeline of particle discoveries

{{Clear}}

References

{{Reflist|30em}}

Bibliography

• JOURNAL

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• JOURNAL

• JOURNAL

• JOURNAL

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• WEB

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• WEB

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• JOURNAL

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• WEB

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• JOURNAL

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Further reading

• WEB

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• JOURNAL

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• BOOK

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• BOOK

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• JOURNAL

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• JOURNAL

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• JOURNAL

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• JOURNAL

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• JOURNAL

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External links

• Particle Data Group – The Review of Particle Physics (2018)
• Georgia State University – weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20181121154316weblink">HyperPhysics
• Baryons made thinkable, an interactive visualisation allowing physical properties to be compared

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