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Iberomaurusian
please note:
- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
- it has been imported raw for GetWiki
{{Short description|Archaeological culture in North Africa}}{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
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Definition
{{BlockquoteAlternative names
Because the name of the Iberomaurusian implies Afro-European cultural contact now generally discounted, researchers have proposed other names:- Mouillian or Mouillan, based on the site of La Mouillah (Goetz 1945â6).
- The Oranian, based on the Algerian region of Oran (Breuil 1930, Gobert et al. 1932, McBurney 1967, Barker et al. 2012).
- The Late Upper Palaeolithic (of Northwest African facies, Barton et al. 2005).
Timeline of sites
What follows is a timeline of all published radiocarbon dates from reliably Iberomaurusian contexts, excluding a number of dates produced in the 1960s and 1970s considered "highly doubtful" (Barton et al. 2013). All dates, calibrated and Before Present, are according to Hogue and Barton (2016). The Tamar Hat date beyond 25,000 cal BP is tentative.{{Timeline of Iberomaurusian sites}}Genetics
In 2005, the Mitochondrial DNA of 31 prehistoric skeletons dated from the site of Taforalt, Morocco in a cave called âGrotte des pigeons' was analyzed by the Tunisian geneticist Rym Kefi (Pasteur Institute of Tunis) and her team.JOURNAL, Kefi, Kefi, Une approche genetique de l'etude des Peuples d'Afrique du Nord, Anthropologie, 2005, 43, 1, 1â12, 26292709,weblink The remains at Taforalt were dated between 23,000 YBP and 10,800 YBP (Ferembach 1985).Later analysis of bones and charcoals using a high precision radiocarbon chronology showed that the Iberomaurusian industry appeared in TAF at least 22,093â21,420 Cal BP (calibrated YBP) (Barton et al. 2013) . In 2016 she updated the research and wrote a new article which also included 8 skeletons from the Algerian Iberomaurusian site called 'Afalou'. The Afalou site is dated from 15,000 to 11,000 YBP. 23 individuals from the original 2005 Taforalt sample were determined in Kefi's 2016 article to be of the maternal genetic lineage U6 and of Eurasian haplogroups H, U, R0 and at the Algerian Afalou site maternal groups were JT, J, T, H, R0a1 and U. This suggests genetic flow between North Africa and southern Mediterranean littoral since the Epipaleolithic.JOURNAL, Kefi, Rym, Hechmi, Meriem, Naouali, Chokri, Jmel, Haifa, Hsouna, Sana, Bouzaid, Eric, Abdelhak, Sonia, Beraud-Colomb, Eliane, Stevanovitch, Alain, On the origin of Iberomaurusians: new data based on ancient mitochondrial DNA and phylogenetic analysis of Afalou and Taforalt populations, Mitochondrial DNA Part A, 2 January 2018, 29, 1, 147â157, 10.1080/24701394.2016.1258406, 28034339, 4490910, JOURNAL, Bernard Secher, Rosa Fregel, José M Larruga, Vicente M Cabrera, Phillip Endicott, José J Pestano, Ana M González, amp, The history of the North African mitochondrial DNA haplogroup U6 gene flow into the African, Eurasian and American continents, BMC Evolutionary Biology, 14, 109, 10.1186/1471-2148-14-109, 24885141, 4062890, 2014, 1, free, 2014BMCEE..14..109S, In a article entitled 'Pleistocene North African genomes link Near Eastern and sub-Saharan African human populations', Marieke Van de Loosdrecht et al. (2018) did a full genome-wide analysis including Y-DNA from seven ancient individuals from the Taforalt site. The fossils were directly dated to between 15,100 and 13,900 calibrated years before present. All males at Taforalt belonged to haplogroup E1b1b1a1 (M-78). This haplogroup occurs most frequently in present-day North and East African populations. The closely related E1b1b1b (M-123) haplogroup has been reported for Epipaleolithic Natufians and Pre-Pottery Neolithic Levantines. Loosdrecht states: "Present-day North Africans share a majority of their ancestry with present-day Near Easterners, but not with sub-Saharan Africans" although the predominant Y-DNA of the Maghreb is E-M81 (see Haplogroup E-Z827 ) Maternally, six individuals of the Taforalt remains bore the U6a haplogroup and one individual was of the M1b haplogroup, these Eurasian haplogroups proposed as markers for autochthonous Maghreb ancestry which might have been originally introduced into this region by a back-to-Africa migration from West Asia. A two-way admixture scenario using Natufian and modern sub-Saharan samples (including West Africans and the Tanzanian Hadza) as reference populations inferred that the seven Taforalt individuals are best modeled genetically as of 63.5% West-Eurasian-related and 36.5% sub-Saharan ancestry (with the latter having both West African-like and Hadza-like affinities), with no apparent gene flow from the Epigravettian culture of Paleolithic southern Europe.JOURNAL, van de Loosdrecht, Marieke, Bouzouggar, Abdeljalil, Humphrey, Louise, Posth, Cosimo, Barton, Nick, Aximu-Petri, Ayinuer, Nickel, Birgit, Nagel, Sarah, Talbi, El Hassan, El Hajraoui, Mohammed Abdeljalil, Amzazi, Saaïd, Hublin, Jean-Jacques, Pääbo, Svante, Schiffels, Stephan, Meyer, Matthias, 4 May 2018, Pleistocene North African genomes link Near Eastern and sub-Saharan African human populations, Science, en, 360, 6388, 548â552, 10.1126/science.aar8380, 29545507, 2018Sci...360..548V, 206666517, 0036-8075, free, The Sub-Saharan African DNA in Taforalt individuals was not found to have a good proxy in any present-day or ancient Holocene African groups. It was also found that if Iberomaurusians harbor sub-Saharan African-like ancestry, they would fail as possible contributing source for Natufians or other Middle Eastern groups, except the sub-Saharan African geneflow postdated Iberomaurusian geneflow into the Levant, or was a locally confined phenomen.JOURNAL, van de Loosdrecht, Marieke, Bouzouggar, Abdeljalil, Humphrey, Louise, Posth, Cosimo, Barton, Nick, Aximu-Petri, Ayinuer, Nickel, Birgit, Nagel, Sarah, Talbi, El Hassan, El Hajraoui, Mohammed Abdeljalil, Amzazi, Saaïd, Hublin, Jean-Jacques, Pääbo, Svante, Schiffels, Stephan, Meyer, Matthias, 2018-05-04, Pleistocene North African genomes link Near Eastern and sub-Saharan African human populations,weblink Science, en, 360, 6388, 548â552, 10.1126/science.aar8380, 0036-8075, the complex sub-Saharan ancestry in Taforalt makes our individuals an unlikely proxy for the ancestral population of later Natufians who do not harbor sub-Saharan ancestry. An epicenter in the Maghreb is plausible only if the sub-Saharan African admixture into Taforalt either postdated the expansion into the Levant or was a locally confined phenomenon., Jeong (2020) indicated that the Sub-Saharan African DNA of the Taforalt population has similarity with the remnant of a more basal Sub-Saharan African lineage (e.g. a basal Eurasian and/or basal West African lineage).BOOK, Jeong, Choongwon, Current Trends in Ancient DNA Study: Beyond Human Migration in and Around Europe, The Handbook of Mummy Studies,weblink Springer, Singapore, 2020, 1â16, 10.1007/978-981-15-1614-6_10-1, 978-981-15-1614-6, 226555687, Iosif Lazaridis et al. (2018), as summarized by Rosa Fregel (2021), contested the conclusion of Loosdrecht (2018) and argued instead that the Iberomaurusian population of Upper Paleolithic North Africa, represented by the Taforalt sample, "can be better modeled as an admixture between a Dzudzuana [West Eurasian] component and a sub-Saharan African component" (or an "Ancient North African" component, "that may represent an even earlier split than the Basal Eurasians"). Iosif Lazaridis et al. (2018) also argued that an Iberomaurusian/Taforalt-like population contributed to the genetic composition of Natufians "and not the other way around", and that this Iberomaurusian/Taforalt lineage also contributed around 13% ancestry to modern West Africans "rather than Taforalt having ancestry from an unknown Sub-Saharan African source". Fregel (2021) summarized: "More evidence will be needed to determine the specific origin of the North African Upper Paleolithic populations."BOOK, Fregel, Rosa,weblink Paleogenomics of the Neolithic Transition in North Africa, 17 November 2021, Brill, 978-90-04-50022-8, en, However, a preprint from Lazaridis et al. (2018) has contested this conclusion based on new evidence from Paleolithic samples from the Dzudzuana site in Georgia (25,000 years BCE). When these samples are considered in the analysis, Taforalt can be better modeled as a mixture of a Dzudzuana component and a sub-Saharan African component. They also argue that it is the Taforalt people who contributed to the genetic composition of Natufians and not the other way around. More evidence will be needed to determine the specific origin of the North African Upper Paleolithic populations, but the presence of an ancestral U6 lineage in the Dzudzuana people is consistent with this population being related to the back migration to Africa., BIORXIV, Lazaridis, Iosif, Belfer-Cohen, Anna, Mallick, Swapan, Patterson, Nick, Cheronet, Olivia, Rohland, Nadin, Bar-Oz, Guy, Bar-Yosef, Ofer, Jakeli, Nino, Kvavadze, Eliso, Lordkipanidze, David, Matzkevich, Zinovi, Meshveliani, Tengiz, Culleton, Brendan J., Kennett, Douglas J., 21 September 2018, Paleolithic DNA from the Caucasus reveals core of West Eurasian ancestry, 10.1101/423079, Moreover, our model predicts that West Africans (represented by Yoruba) had 12.5±1.1% ancestry from a Taforalt related group rather than Taforalt having ancestry from an unknown Sub-Saharan African source; this may have mediated the limited Neanderthal admixture present in West Africans. An advantage of our model is that it allows for a local North African component in the ancestry of Taforalt, rather than deriving them exclusively from Levantine and Sub-Saharan sources. ... and Taforalt, can all be modeled as a mixture of Dzudzuana and additional âDeepâ ancestry that may represent an even earlier split than the Basal Eurasians., Martiniano et al. (2022) later reassigned all the Taforalt samples to haplogroup E-M78 and none to E-L618, the predecessor to EV13.JOURNAL, Martiniano, Rui, De Sanctis, Bianca, Hallast, Pille, Durbin, Richard, February 2022, Placing Ancient DNA Sequences into Reference Phylogenies,weblink Molecular Biology and Evolution, 39, 2, 10.1093/molbev/msac017, 35084493, 8857924, DâAtanasio et al. 2023 found that Iberomaurusian-like ancestry was characterizing for the "ancient Green Saharan" population about 12,000-5,000 years ago, and that modern-day Fula people derive around 30% of their ancestry from this ancient Saharan population, which was "modeled as a sister group of ancient Northern Africans, or alternatively, as an outgroup of all the âEurasian-ancestryâ enriched groups".JOURNAL, DâAtanasio, Eugenia, Risi, Flavia, Ravasini, Francesco, Montinaro, Francesco, Hajiesmaeil, Mogge, Bonucci, Biancamaria, Pistacchia, Letizia, Amoako-Sakyi, Daniel, Bonito, Maria, Onidi, Sara, Colombo, Giulia, Semino, Ornella, Destro Bisol, Giovanni, Anagnostou, Paolo, Metspalu, Mait, December 18, 2023, The genomic echoes of the last Green Sahara on the Fulani and Sahelian people,weblink Current Biology, 33, 24, 5495â5504.e4, 10.1016/j.cub.2023.10.075, 37995693, 265356320, 0960-9822,Food consumption
Despite many people thinking they ate mostly meat, research has indicated that their diet was mostly plant-based.NEWS, Dunham, Will, April 29, 2024, What did people eat before agriculture? New study offers insight,weblink Reuters, "The prevailing notion has been that hunter-gatherers' diets were primarily composed of animal proteins. However, the evidence from Taforalt demonstrates that plants constituted a big part of the hunter-gatherers' menu," said Zineb Moubtahij, a doctoral student in archaeology at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Germany and lead author of the study published on Monday in the journal Nature Ecology & Evolution, April 29, 2024,See also
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