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{{Short description|Second largest island in Estonia}}{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}

factoids

| archipelago = West Estonian archipelago| total_islands = | major_islands = | area_km2 = 989| highest_mount = Tornimägi| elevation_m = 68| country = EstoniaCounties of Estonia>County, parish| country_admin_divisions = Hiiu County, Hiiumaa Parish| country_largest_city = KärdlaComparison of self-government units {{Webarchive>url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130707192611weblink |date=7 July 2013 }}, Statistical Council's Regional Portal (checked 7 November 2012)| population = 9,558 (2019)| population_as_of = | density_km2 = 9.1| ethnic_groups = | additional_info =| image_caption = Tahkuna peninsula is the northernmost part of Hiiumaa| image_size = }}Hiiumaa ({{IPAc-en|US|ˈ|h|iː|ÊŠ|m|ɑː|,_|ˈ|h|iː|É™|m|ɑː}},WEB,weblink Hiiumaa, Collins English Dictionary, HarperCollins, 30 July 2019, MERRIAM-WEBSTER, Hiiumaa, 30 July 2019, {{IPA-et|ˈhiːumɑː|lang}}) is the second largest island in Estonia and is part of the West Estonian archipelago, in the Baltic Sea. It has an area of 989 km2 and is 22 km from the Estonian mainland. Its largest town is Kärdla. It is located within Hiiu County.WEB,weblink Hiiumaa {{!, island, Estonia|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2019-04-18}}WEB,weblink Hiiumaa, b7.org, 2019-04-18, 18 April 2019,weblink dead,

Names

Administratively Hiiumaa is the "main island" of the Hiiu County, called or in Estonian. The Swedish and German name of the island is or ('Day' island) and in Danish. In modern Finnish, it is called , literally 'Hiisi's Land'. In Old Gutnish, it was ('day isthmus'), from which the local North Germanic name is derived.

History

Prehistory

Hiiumaa emerged from the Baltic Sea 8500 years ago due to isostatic uplift after the retreat of the ice cap.BOOK,weblink Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences, Geology, 1994, Estonian Academy Publishers, en, Mesolithic settlements are found on the island's Kõpu Peninsula from about 5500 BC.WEB,weblink Coastal Adaption and Marine Exploitation of the Island Hiiumaa, Estonia, During the Stone Age with Special Emphasis on the Kõpu I Site, ethesis.helsinki.fi, 2019-04-18, 5 March 2016,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20160305042846weblink">weblink dead, These settlements seem to be related mostly to seal hunting and extend into the earliest Neolithic. As Hiiumaa is constantly uplifting the local sea level was 20 m higher than today at this time. For this reason these settlements are located far from the modern coastline. The pottery found at these sites is of the Narva Type and is similar to that found on Saaremaa and the Estonian mainland.A series of stone-cist graves are also present on the island from the Late Bronze Age through to the Late Iron Age.JOURNAL, Laneman, Margot, 2012,weblink Eesti Arheoloogia Ajakiri, en, 16, 2, 91–117, 1406-2933, 10.3176/arch.2012.2.01, Stone-Cist Grave at Kaseküla, Western Estonia in the Light of Ams Dates of the Human Bones, free,

Crusades

The first documented record of the island of Dageida was made by contemporary chroniclers in 1228, when Hiiumaa and the rest of Estonia were conquered by Germanic crusaders. In 1254, Hiiumaa was divided between the Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek and the Livonian branch of the Teutonic Order, acting partly on behalf of the Hanseatic League.

Swedish and Russian era

File:Kõpu Lighthouse-033.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Kõpu Lighthouse in Kõpu, Hiiumaa is one of the island's landmarks.]]The island was part of Swedish Estonia from 1563 to 1721, after which it passed to the Russian Empire as part of the Governorate of Estonia, though Dagö's Swedish population kept most of their privileges. Most of the island's previously numerous Swedish-speaking population emigrated or were "Estonianised" during the period of Imperial Russian rule, although a minority remained until the 20th century. Estonian Swedes are also known as aibofolke ("the island people" in the local Swedish) or rannarootslased ("coastal Swedes" in Estonian). Administratively the island of Hiiumaa belonged to Lääne County.

World War I

Hiiumaa was occupied during World War I by the Imperial German Army, in Operation Albion. After the war, in 1918, it became a part of independent Estonia.

World War II

The waters near Hiiumaa were active during World War II:BOOK, The Finnish Navy At War in 1939-1945 (Suomen Laivasto Sodassa 1939-1945), Jorma, Mäntykoski, 1991, Tietoteos Ky, Espoo, 978-951-8919-05-9, 154, 1778118M,

• 23 June 1941- The Soviet destroyer Gnevny was sunk by a German seamine.
• 25 June- the Soviet minesweeper T-208 Shkiv was destroyed by a German seamine.
• 27 June- Two German motor torpedo boats, S43 and S106, were destroyed by Soviet seamines.
• 1 July- the Soviet submarine M-81 was destroyed by a German seamine north of Hiiumaa.
• 7 July- the Soviet minesweeper T-216 was sunk.
• 30 July- the Soviet minesweeper T-201 Zarjad was sunk.
• 10 August- the German submarine {{GS|U-144|1940|2}} was sunk by a torpedo from the Soviet submarine SC-307.
• Hiiumaa Island was occupied by the Stalinist Soviet Union in 1940, by Nazi Germany in 1941, and by the USSR again in 1944.

Hiiumaa remained under Soviet control until Estonia regained independence in August 1991. During the period of Soviet occupation 1944-1991, Hiiumaa was declared a restricted zone, closed to foreigners and to most mainland Estonians. A number of derelict Soviet forts and communication towers are still present on the island's northern coast.WEB,weblink Military Structures of Hiiumaa, Atlas Obscura, en, 2019-04-18,

Natural environment

File:Tahkuna looduskaitseala.jpg|thumb|Tahkuna Nature ReserveTahkuna Nature ReserveHiiumaa is an island in Estonia located north of Saaremaa in the Baltic Sea. It is the northernmost island in the Muhu archipelago, which includes Saaremaa and Muhu. Hiiumaa has a low relief (up to 68 m above sea level) and is mostly formed of limestone, that is exposed in cliffs around parts of the island's coast. In the North of the island there are a series of fossilized beaches preserved as uplift has occurred. The modern beaches are primarily on the northern and western coast lines. The natural environment is protected within the Tahkuna Nature Reserve and West Estonian Archipelago Biosphere Reserve.The Hiiu Shoal (Nekmangrund) is located off the northwestern shore of Hiiumaa Island. The Soela Strait separates Hiiumaa from Saaremaa to its south, and the Muhu Strait separates it from the mainland of Estonia.

Ecology

(File:Sääretirbi rannataimestik.jpg|thumb|Beach vegetation on Hiiumaa)The fauna and flora of Hiiumaa are similar to the Estonian mainland. The mammal fauna includes elk, red deer, roe deer, wild boars, foxes, lynxes and martens. Wolves have recently started to repopulate the island after being made locally extinct.JOURNAL, Saarma, Urmas, Kübarsepp, Marko, Männil, Peep, Jõgisalu, Inga, Hindrikson, Maris, Remm, Jaanus, Keis, Marju, Plumer, Liivi, 2016-07-06, Wolves Recolonizing Islands: Genetic Consequences and Implications for Conservation and Management, PLOS ONE, en, 11, 7, e0158911, 10.1371/journal.pone.0158911, 1932-6203, 4934778, 27384049, 2016PLoSO..1158911P, free, Minks were also reintroduced in 2000, after they were exterminated by trappers.WEB,weblink Scientists think they can save the European mink—by killing its ruthless rivals, Karát, Kata, 2017-08-15, Science {{!, AAAS|language=en|access-date=2019-04-18}} Since the end of the 1990s the island shelters a conservation project aimed at restoring populations of European mink, an endangered species of which there is about only 1,000 individual specimens left in Europe as of 2017. This project started with removing from the island all American minks that had escaped from breeding farms, and reintroducing some European minks. The latter started breeding.The Baltic coast, video by Free High-Quality Documentaries, on youtube.com. For the European mink conservation project on Hiiumaa, see 32'20 - 34-02. For the American mink having supplanted the European mink and the former's removal from the island, see 33'40 - 34'02.The bird species found on the island include black storks, golden eagles, cranes, avocets and swans. The forests are dominated by pine and deciduous trees, the rest of the uncultivated land is covered by swamps and dunes. The island has about 1000 species of large plants of which 50 are protected.

Geology

The exposed geology of Hiiumaa is composed of Paleozoic limestone which dips towards the South, covered by glacial sediments. In the North of the island the limestones are Ordovician and they young upwards to the Silurian in the South.JOURNAL, Schwartz, Maurice, Bird, Eric, Orviku, Kaarel, 1995-01-09, The Provenance of Beaches on the Estonian Islands of Hiiumaa, Saaremaa and Muhu,weblink Journal of Coastal Research, en, 11, 1, 0749-0208, These limestones formed at 30 degrees South and have since been moving North with the rest of the Estonian block.BOOK, Suuroja, Kalle, Impacts in Precambrian Shields, 2002, Natural Resources of the Kärdla Impact Structure, Hiiumaa Island, Estonia, 295–306, 10.1007/978-3-662-05010-1_12, 1612-8338, Impact Studies, 978-3-642-07803-3, Bore holes have found Cambrian sedimentary rocks and a crystalline basement.JOURNAL, Puura, Väino, Suuroja, Kalle, 1992, Ordovician impact crater at Kärdla, Hiiumaa Island, Estonia, Tectonophysics, 216, 1–2, 143–156, 10.1016/0040-1951(92)90161-X, 0040-1951, 1992Tectp.216..143P, In the Ordovician (c. 455 million years ago) the sea floor was hit by a meteorite forming the 4 km wide Kärdla impact structure. This structure was then filled with Paleozoic sediment. It located about 4 km west-southwest of Kärdla and is barely visible in the modern geomorphology. The crater is well preserved at depth, with a clear rim, breccia and minerals and rocks formed from the heat and pressure of the impact.The limestone is overlain by Pleistocene glacial deposits that were deposited as the ice cap retreated 11 to 12 thousand years ago. These include terminal moraines, the two most prominent being one in the South of Island running towards the North-East and another forming the Kõpu Peninsula.

Climate

{{Weather box|location = Hiiumaa (Ristna 1991–2020 normals and extremes 1922–present, western part of Hiiumaa)|metric first = Yes|single line = Yes|Jan record high C = 8.4|Feb record high C = 7.1|Mar record high C = 13.5|Apr record high C = 21.5|May record high C = 27.8|Jun record high C = 29.4|Jul record high C = 31.5|Aug record high C = 31.5|Sep record high C = 27.0|Oct record high C = 18.6|Nov record high C = 13.0|Dec record high C = 9.6|year record high C = 31.5|Jan high C = 1.2|Feb high C = 0.3|Mar high C = 2.5|Apr high C = 7.3|May high C = 12.6|Jun high C = 16.9|Jul high C = 20.8|Aug high C = 20.3|Sep high C = 15.9|Oct high C = 10.3|Nov high C = 5.8|Dec high C = 3.2|year high C = 9.7|Jan mean C = -0.5|Feb mean C = -1.6|Mar mean C = 0.3|Apr mean C = 4.1|May mean C = 9.0|Jun mean C = 13.5|Jul mean C = 17.5|Aug mean C = 17.3|Sep mean C = 13.3|Oct mean C = 8.3|Nov mean C = 4.2|Dec mean C = 1.6|year mean C = 7.2|Jan low C = −2.7|Feb low C = −3.7|Mar low C = −2.0|Apr low C = 1.1|May low C = 5.6|Jun low C = 10.4|Jul low C = 14.4|Aug low C = 14.2|Sep low C = 10.5|Oct low C = 5.9|Nov low C = 2.3|Dec low C = −0.3|year low C = 4.6|Jan record low C = −28.4|Feb record low C = −26.9|Mar record low C = −20.0|Apr record low C = −11.9|May record low C = −3.8|Jun record low C = -0.6|Jul record low C = 4.6|Aug record low C = 1.5|Sep record low C = −2.3|Oct record low C = −6.9|Nov record low C = −15.1|Dec record low C = −26.2|year record low C = −28.4|precipitation colour = green|Jan precipitation mm = 52|Feb precipitation mm = 42|Mar precipitation mm = 35|Apr precipitation mm = 31|May precipitation mm = 32|Jun precipitation mm = 50|Jul precipitation mm = 53|Aug precipitation mm = 72|Sep precipitation mm = 60|Oct precipitation mm = 72|Nov precipitation mm = 72|Dec precipitation mm = 58|year precipitation mm = 628|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm|Jan precipitation days = 12|Feb precipitation days = 8|Mar precipitation days = 8|Apr precipitation days = 7|May precipitation days = 6|Jun precipitation days = 7|Jul precipitation days = 7|Aug precipitation days = 9|Sep precipitation days = 11|Oct precipitation days = 12|Nov precipitation days = 14|Dec precipitation days = 14|year precipitation days = 116|Jan humidity = 86|Feb humidity = 86|Mar humidity = 83|Apr humidity = 81|May humidity = 79|Jun humidity = 81|Jul humidity = 80|Aug humidity = 80|Sep humidity = 81|Oct humidity = 83|Nov humidity = 86|Dec humidity = 85|year humidity = 83|Jan sun = 28.2|Feb sun = 59.3|Mar sun = 119.4|Apr sun = 190.9|May sun = 293.1|Jun sun = 297.6|Jul sun = 303.2|Aug sun = 251.0|Sep sun = 166.2|Oct sun = 96.1|Nov sun = 36.3|Dec sun = 19.0|year sun = 1864.4|source 1 = Estonian Weather Service (precipitation days and sun 1971–2000)WEB,weblink Climate normals-Temperature, Estonian Weather Service, 5 April 2021, WEB,weblink Climate normals-Precipitation, Estonian Weather Service, 5 April 2021, WEB,weblink Climate normals-Humidity, Estonian Weather Service, 5 April 2021, WEB,weblink Rekordid, Estonian, Estonian Weather Service, 5 April 2021, WEB,weblink Kliimanormid-Sademed, õhuniiskus, Estonian Weather Service, et, 5 April 2021, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20120222112141weblink">weblink 22 February 2012, WEB , }}

Towns and buildings

The island has several villages, as well a small town of Kärdla (pop. 3,287) and small boroughs of Käina and Kõrgessaare. The oldest surviving church was built in Pühalepa in 1259, though it was rebuilt in the 18th century. The Hanseatic League built a lighthouse in Kõpu near the start of the 16th century. It is the third oldest continuously operating lighthouse in the world.

Employment and land-use

The island’s economy is mostly tourism, livestock, farming, wrecking, fishing, and fish processing. The tourism is mostly seasonal.JOURNAL, Ahas, Rein, Aasa, Anto, Mark, Ülar, Pae, Taavi, Kull, Ain, 2007, Seasonal tourism spaces in Estonia: Case study with mobile positioning data, Tourism Management, 28, 3, 898–910, 10.1016/j.tourman.2006.05.010, 0261-5177, WEB,weblink Hiiumaa - Official tourist activities, hiiumaa.ee, 2019-04-18, Hiiumaa council agrees to the construction of a wind farm.WEB,weblink Hiiumaa council agrees to construction of wind farm, 2017-06-10, ERR, en, 2019-04-18, Recently there has been a trend towards smaller farms and more tourism

Transport

Road transport from Estonian mainland to Hiiumaa involves a 75-minute (28 km) ferry crossing from Rohuküla to Heltermaa, which is 25 km by road from Kärdla. There are up to 10 ferry departures a day operated by TS Laevad.Praamid.ee. Ferry schedules and booking. In the summer weekends, getting car space on the ferry usually requires advance booking. There are about 2 scheduled buses a day between Tallinn (the capital of Estonia) and Kärdla.WEB,weblink Bus schedules and booking, BussiReisid, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20080913193341weblink">weblink 13 September 2008, In the winter, the island can be reached, conditions permitting, via a 26.5 km ice road (the longest in Europe) across the frozen Baltic Sea.Estonia claims Europe's longest ice highway. The Independent. 19 February 2011. Retrieved 19 February 2011.NEWS,weblink BBC: No seatbelts allowed on Europe's longest ice road, 18 February 2014, 7 April 2011, A bridge to the mainland of Estonia has been occasionally proposed.WEB,weblink 10 companies ready to privately finance bridges to Saaremaa, Hiiumaa, 2018-09-18, ERR, en, 2019-04-18, Hiiumaa is served by Kärdla Airport, with regular flights to Tallinn. Bicycle rental is also available in Kärdla and there is a good bicycle path built from Kärdla towards Kõrgessaare.

Culture and politics

(File:Estonia2007 by municipality.png|thumb|2007 Estonia election. Social Democratic Party (Red), Estonian Reform Party (yellow), Estonian Center Party (green), Union of Pro Patria and Res Publica (Blue), People's Union of Estonia (brown))The island is part of the B7 Network, a loose grouping of the major islands of the Baltic Sea.WEB,weblink B7 Steering Committee, b7.org, 2019-04-18, Smoked cooked plaice is a traditional summertime delicacy. There is a friendly rivalry with the neighboring island of Saaremaa.WEB,weblink Rival Estonian islands drawn closer through 10 km long tug-of-war battle, SBS News, en, 2019-04-18,

Notable people

• Juhan Maaker (1845–1930), Estonian folk musician
• Rudolf Tobias (1873–1918), Estonian composer
• Marie Under (1883–1980), Estonian poet, nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature several times
• Roman von Ungern-Sternberg (1885–1921), Russian White military commander in the Russian Civil War
• Aleksander Maaker (1890–1968), the last traditional player of the torupill (Estonian bagpipe)
• Lydia Mei (1896–1965), Estonian artist
• Ivan Triesault (1898–1980), Estonian-American actor
• Natalie Mei (1900–1975), Estonian artist
• Elmar Tampõld (1920–2013), Estonian-Canadian architect
• Ãœlo Sooster (1924–1970), Estonian artist
• Ave Alavainu (1942–2022), Estonian poet
• Erkki-Sven Tüür (b. 1959), Estonian composer of contemporary classical music
• Heiki Nabi (b. 1985), Estonian Olympic champion Greco-Roman wrestler

Image gallery

Tahkuna tuletorn Hiiumaal, päikeseloojanguvalguses.jpg|{{center|Tahkuna lighthouse}}File:Hiidenmaa-Kassarin kirkko.JPG|{{center|Church of Kassari}}File:Talo Tammelan kylässä.JPG|{{center|Old farmhouse}}File:Sorven museo.JPG|{{center|Sõru museum}}File:Malvastechapell.jpg|{{center|Malvaste chapel}}File:Port of Heltermaa 2.jpg|Cars boarding the ferry to mainland at HeltermaaHellamaa panoraam.jpg|Coast of HiiumaaTubala tuulik august 2014.jpg|Tubala windmillHiiu-Suuremõisa mõisahoone.jpg|Suuremõisa Manor in Suuremõisa23623 Suuremõisa mõisa allee.jpg|Avenue at Suuremõisa ParkOrjaku sadam-kohvik.JPG|Café at Orjaku HarborOrjaku õpperada.jpg|Nature trail near Orjaku

See also

• List of islands of Estonia
• List of islands in the Baltic Sea
• Estonian Swedes

References

{{Reflist}}

External links

{{Wikivoyage-inline|Hiiumaa}}

• {{commons category-inline|Hiiumaa}}
• Hiiumaa County government Official site
• {{curlie|Regional/Europe/Estonia/Hiiumaa|Hiiumaa}}
• Pictures of Coastal batteries World War I and World War II in Hiiumaa Official site

{{Islands of Estonia}}{{Islands in the Baltic Sea}}{{Authority control}}