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Grassmann's law
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{{For|Grassmann's law in color theory|Grassmann's laws (color science)}}{{IPA notice}}(File:Hermann_GraÃmann.jpg|thumb|right|Hermann Grassmann)Grassmann's law, named after its discoverer Hermann Grassmann, is a dissimilatory phonological process in Ancient Greek and Sanskrit which states that if an aspirated consonant is followed by another aspirated consonant in the next syllable, the first one loses the aspiration. The descriptive version was given for Sanskrit by PÄá¹ini.Here are some examples in Greek of the effects of Grassmann's law: - the content below is remote from Wikipedia
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- {{IPA|/tʰú-ÉË/}} 'I sacrifice (an animal)'; {{IPA|/e-tú-tÊ°ÉË/}} 'it was sacrificed'
- {{IPA|/tÊ°rÃk-s/}} 'hair'; {{IPA|/trÃkÊ°-es/}} 'hairs'
- {{IPA|/tʰápt-ein/}} 'to bury (present)'; {{IPA|/tápʰ-os/}} 'a grave'
In Greek
In Koine Greek, in cases other than reduplication, alternations involving labials and velars have been completely levelled, and Grassmann's law remains in effect only for the alternation between {{IPA|/t/}} and {{IPA|/tÊ°/}}, as in the last two examples above. (It makes no difference whether the {{IPA|/tÊ°/}} in question continues Proto-Indo-European {{PIE|*dÊ°}} or {{PIE|*É¡Ê·Ê°}}.)Thus, alongside the pair {{IPA|/takʰús/}} 'fast' : {{IPA|/tʰássÉËn/}} 'faster', displaying Grassmann's law, Greek has the pair {{IPA|/pakʰús/}} 'thick' : {{IPA|/pássÉËn/}} 'thicker' from the Proto-Indo-European etymon {{PIE|*bÊ°n̻ɡʰ-}} (established by cognate forms like Sanskrit {{IPA|/bahú-/}} 'abundant' since {{PIE|*bÊ°}} is the only point of intersection between Greek {{IPA|/p/}} and Sanskrit {{IPA|/b/}}) in which the {{IPA|/p/}} in the comparative is a result of levelling. Similarly, {{IPA|/peútÊ°omai/}} ~ {{IPA|/puntʰánomai/}} 'come to know' from PIE {{PIE|*bÊ°eudÊ°-}} has the future {{IPA|/peúsomai/}}. However, only {{IPA|/tÊ°/}} dissimilates before aspirated affixes like the aorist passive in {{IPA|/-tÊ°ÉË/}} and the imperative in {{IPA|/-tÊ°i/}}; {{IPA|/pÊ°/}} and {{IPA|/kÊ°/}} do not, as in {{IPA|/pʰátÊ°i/}} 'speak!'.Diaspirate roots
Cases like {{IPA|/tÊ°rÃk-s/}} ~ {{IPA|/trÃkÊ°-es/}} and {{IPA|/tʰáp-sai/}} ~ {{IPA|/tapÊ°-eîn/}} illustrate the phenomenon of diaspirate roots for which two different analyses have been given.In one account, the underlying diaspirate theory, the underlying roots are taken to be {{IPA|/tÊ°rikÊ°/}} and {{IPA|/tÊ°apÊ°/}}. When an {{IPA|/s/}}, a word edge, or various other sounds immediately follow, the second aspiration is lost, and the first aspirate therefore survives ({{IPA|/tÊ°rÃk-s/}}, {{IPA|/tʰáp-sai/}}). If a vowel follows the second aspirate, the second aspirate survives unaltered, and the first aspiration is thus lost by Grassmann's law ({{IPA|/trÃkÊ°-es/}}, {{IPA|/tápÊ°-os/}}).A different analytical approach was taken by the Indian grammarians. They took the roots to be underlying {{IPA|/trikÊ°/}} and {{IPA|/tapÊ°/}}. The roots persist unaltered in {{IPA|/trÃkÊ°-es/}} and {{IPA|/tapÊ°-eîn/}}. If an {{IPA|/s/}} follows, it triggers an aspiration throwback and the aspiration migrates leftward, docking onto the initial consonant ({{IPA|/tÊ°rÃk-s/}}, {{IPA|/tʰáp-sai/}}).In his initial formulation of the law, Grassmann briefly referred to aspiration throwback to explain the seemingly aberrant forms. However, the consensus among contemporary historical linguists is that the former explanation (underlying representation) is the correct one, as aspiration throwback would require multiple root shapes for the same basic root in different languages whenever an aspirate follows in the next syllable ({{PIE|*d}} for Sanskrit, {{PIE|*t}} for Greek, {{PIE|*dÊ°}} for Proto-Germanic and Proto-Italic which have no dissimilation), but the underlying diaspirate allows for a single root shape, with {{PIE|*dÊ°}} for all languages.In the later course of Sanskrit, under the influence of the grammarians, aspiration throwback was applied to original mono-aspirate roots by analogy. Thus, from the verb root {{IPA|/É¡aËh-/}} ('to plunge'), the desiderative stem {{IPA|/dÊi-ɡʱaËkÊ°a-/}} is formed by analogy with the forms {{IPA|/bu-bʱutsaË-/}} (a desiderative form) and {{IPA|/bʱut-/}} (a nominal form, both from the root {{IPA|/budʱ-/}} 'to be awake', originally Proto-Indo-European {{PIE|*bÊ°udÊ°-}}).The linguist Ivan Sag has pointed out an advantage of the ancient Indian theory: it explains why there are no patterns like hypothetical {{IPA|*/trÃk-s/}} ~ {{IPA|*/trÃkÊ°-es/}}, which are not ruled out by the underlying diaspirate theory. However, aspiration fails to account for reduplication patterns in roots with initial aspirates, such as Greek {{IPA|/tÃ-tÊ°ÉËmi/}} 'I put', with an unaspirated reduplicated consonant. Aspiration throwback thus needs to be enhanced with a stipulation that aspirates reduplicate as their unaspirated counterparts. From a diachronic standpoint, the absence of these patterns in Greek is explained by the Proto-Indo-European constraint against roots of the form {{PIE|*T...DÊ°-}}.Other languages
Processes similar to Grassmann's law continues to work in Middle Indo-Aryan, although it tends to be inconsistent regarding direction, for example Sanskrit {{wikt-lang|sa|सà¥à¤à¤¨à¥à¤§}} (skandha) â khandha â Assamese {{wikt-lang|as|à¦à¦¾à¦¨à§à¦§}} (kandh), but {{wikt-lang|sa|à¤à¥à¤°à¤·à¥à¤}} (bhraá¹£á¹a) â bhaá¹á¹ha â {{wikt-lang|as|à¦à¦¾à¦à¦¾}} (bhata).{{citation|last=Kakati|first=Banikanta|year=1941|title=Assamese: Its Formation and Development|url=https://archive.org/details/AssameseitsFormationAndDevelopment|publisher=Government of Assam|place=Gauhati, Assam}}A process similar to Grassmann's law is also known to occur in Ofo, an extinct and underdocumented Siouan language. The law is found in compounds such as the following:- óskha ('the crane') + afhá⿠('white') â oskạfha ('the white egret')
- {{IPA|/tÊ°in-/}} ('pierce') + {{IPA|/-kÊ°Ét/}} ('upward') â {{IPA|/tÊ°inÉ¡Ét/}} ('pierce upwards')
- {{IPA|/sÉÅ/}} ('cow') + {{IPA|/kÊ°om/}} ('udder') â {{IPA|/sÉÅÉ¡om/}} ('milk')
- {{IPA|/hi-/}} ('trim') + {{IPA|/-tÊ°ok/}} ('outward') â {{IPA|/hidok/}} ('trim outwards')
{{IPA|/tÊe-tÊÊ°eÊe-mae/}} 'look at each other', from {{IPA|/tÊÊ°eÊe/}} 'look'
In Hadza, {{IPA|/h/}} has no effect on aspiration.A similar effect takes place in Koti and other Makhuwa languages, where it was dubbed Katupha's law in Schadeberg (1999). If two aspirated consonants are brought together in one stem, the first loses its aspiration. The effect is particularly clear in reduplicated words: kopikophi 'eyelash'; piriphiri 'pepper' (cf. Swahili 'piripiri'); okukuttha 'to wipe'. This is slightly different from in Greek and Sanskrit, in that the two syllables need not be adjacent.The four Salishan languages Salish-Spokane-Kalispel, Okanagan, Shuswap and Tillamook exhibit a similar process affecting ejective rather than aspirated consonants, which has been called "Grassmann's law for Salish", for example Shuswap underlying {{IPA|/x-tʼÉk-tʼÉkÊ-éÏn/}} 'crutches' â surface {{IPA|/xtÉktʼÉkÊéÏn/}}.Laurence C. Thompson, M. Terry Thompson, "A Grassmann's Law for Salish" Oceanic Linguistics Special Publications 20:134-147 (1985) {{JSTOR|20006717}}See also
- Dahl's law and Katupha's law, similar sound laws in Bantu languages
- Graeco-Aryan
References
{{reflist}}Sources
- {{Citation|last=Collinge|first=N. E.|year=1985|title=The Laws of Indo-European|place=Amsterdam|publisher=John Benjamins|isbn=0-915027-75-5
- Chelliah, Shobhana L. (1997). A Grammar of Meithei. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. {{ISBN|0-19-564331-3}}.
- Reuse, Willem J. de (1981). "Grassmann's law in Ofo". International Journal of American Linguistics, 47 (3), 243â244.
- Sag, Ivan A. (1974) "The Grassmann's Law Ordering Pseudoparadox," Linguistic Inquiry; 5, 591â607.
- Czaykowska-Higgins, Ewa & Kinkade, M. Dale (1998) Salish Languages and Linguistics, Trends in Linguistics. Studies and Monographs, 107, 1-68.
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