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District of Ungava
please note:
- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
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{{Use Canadian English|date=February 2020}}{{More citations needed|date=April 2009}}- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
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Political history
When created in 1895, the District of Ungava covered all of modern-day northern Quebec, the interior of modern-day Labrador, and all the islands in James Bay, the Hudson Strait, Ungava Bay, and the eastern side of Hudson Bay.Ungava's southern continental boundaries initially ranged as far south as Lake Timiskaming, well below James Bay on the modern Ontario/Quebec border. Note, however, that a dispute over the location of the boundary between Canada and Labrador (a dependency of the Dominion of Newfoundland) meant both Canada and Newfoundland claimed the far eastern portion of Ungava, an area shown in shaded red on the accompanying maps. This boundary dispute would not be settled during the time the district of Ungava was in existence.(File:District-Ungava-1898.png|thumb|right|260px|District of Ungava, 1898â1912, superimposed over a modern-day map of Canada) At the time of its creation, Ungava covered over {{convert|1|e6km2|mi2|spell=in}}, although just under 15% of its area was also claimed by Newfoundland. However, just three years later with the adoption of the Quebec Boundary Extension Act, 1898, the southernmost portion of the District of Ungava (excluding offshore islands) was transferred by the Parliament of Canada to Quebec. All told, the act transferred approximately {{convert|250000|km2}} of Ungava to Quebec, the majority of which now lies in the modern-day Jamésie region of the province. After the transfer was complete, the mainland area of the District of Ungava reached no further south than the mouth of the Eastmain Riverâabout halfway down James Bay, as shown on the accompanying map.With the Quebec Boundaries Extension Act, 1912, all of Ungava's remaining continental land was transferred to Quebec. The almost entirely uninhabited offshore islands of Ungava (over 1,500 of them) were not officially transferred to the District of Keewatin in the Northwest Territories until 1920, at which point the District of Ungava (which had not functioned in any administrative capacity for eight years) formally ceased to exist.Population
The 1901 census of Canada records 843 people living in the Ungava district. However, one census taker of the time notes that for the Ungava trading post of Great Whale River, there was extreme difficulty in making an accurate count of the area's population, due to the nomadic nature of its residents, as well as their extreme isolation. The official 1901 census count for Great Whale River numbers 216, but the census taker notes of this figure: "I should say it does not represent one-third of the Eskimos, but I am sending on as many (names) as I could obtain."WEB,weblink 1901 Census Transcription Project @ Automated Genealogy, A similar case could be made for the 1901 census figures for Ungava as a whole, giving the district an effective population of upwards of 3,000.The 1911 Census of Canada enumerated only two population centres in Ungava: Nitchequon, which had a population of 62, and Charlton Island, the southernmost of the offshore islands in James Bay, which had a population of 27. No other parts of Ungava were listed in the 1911 census records, although it is reasonable to assume an overall 1911 population similar to 1901.The Ungava district was largely inhabited by the aboriginal Cree, Innu (called "Montagnais" by French people), Naskapi, and Inuit. The northernmost inhabited area of the district, Akpatok Island in Ungava Bay, was infamous for its widespread cannibalism, which ended around 1900 as the inhabitants moved to the mainland.WEB,weblink Archived copy, 2012-05-17, 2015-09-24,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150924083358weblink">weblink dead,Post-district history
In 1927, the long-standing dispute over the location of the boundary between Labrador and the former District of Ungava (by then part of Quebec) was taken to the arbitration of the British Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, which ruled in favour of Newfoundland. This means that Ungava's former continental territory is now split between Quebec and the modern-day province of Newfoundland and Labrador, with the Quebec portion falling within the administrative regions of Nord-du-Québec and Côte-Nord. The offshore islands of the former District of Ungava remained part of the Northwest Territories until the creation of Nunavut in 1999.The name "Ungava" was revived as a political district with the creation of the provincial riding of Ungava in 1981. This Quebec riding has similar (though not exactly identical) boundaries with the original 1895 Ungava districtânotably, it does not extend into Labrador, nor into the offshore islands that are now part of Nunavut.See also
- History of Canada
- Post-Confederation Canada (1867â1914)
- Canada in the World Wars and Interwar Years
References
{{reflist}}Further reading
- Ballantyne, R. M. Ungava, A Tale of Esquimaux Land. London: J.M. Dent, 1908.
- Bergerud, A. T., Stuart N. Luttich, and Lodewijk Camps. The Return of Caribou to Ungava. McGill-Queen's native and northern series, 50. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2007. {{ISBN|978-0-7735-3233-5}}
- Chown B, and M Lewis. 1956. "The Blood Group Genes of the Cree Indians and the Eskimos of the Ungava District of Canada". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 14, no. 2: 215â24.
- Dana, Leo Paul 2010, "Nunavik, Arctic Quebec: Where Co-operatives Supplement Entrepreneurship," Global Business and Economics Review 12 (1/2), January 2010, pp. 42â71.
- Harper, Francis. The Friendly Montagnais and Their Neighbors in the Ungava Peninsula. Lawrence: University of Kansas, 1964.
- Harper, Francis. Birds of the Ungava Peninsula. Lawrence, Kan: University of Kansas, 1958.
- Lajoie, Paul G. Exploratory Soil Survey of the Fort Chimo District (Ungava Bay, Quebec). Ottawa: Experimental Farms Service, Canada Dept. of Agriculture, 1954.
- Murray, W. H. H. Mamelons, and Ungava, A Legend of the Saguenay. Boston: De Wolfe, Fiske & Co, 1890.
- Power, Geoffrey. The Salmon of Ungava Bay. [Montreal]: Arctic Institute of North America, 1969.
- Turner, Lucien M. Ethnology of the Ungava District, Hudson Bay Territory. Classics of Smithsonian anthropology. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 2001. {{ISBN|1-56098-965-3}}
- Twomey, Arthur C., and Nigel Herrick. Needle to the North, The Story of an Expedition to Ungava and the Belcher Islands. Houghton Mifflin, 1942.
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