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Commissar
please note:
- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
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{{Short description|Military political officer in Communist countries}}{{for|the 1967 film|Commissar (film)}}{{more citations needed|date=September 2014}}Commissar (or sometimes Kommissar) is an English transliteration of the Russian (komissar), which means ‘commissary’. In English, the transliteration commissar often refers specifically to the political commissars of Soviet and Eastern-bloc armies or to the people’s commissars (effectively government ministers), while administrative officers are called commissaries.The Russian word комиÑÑаÌÑ, from French commissaire, was used in Russia for both political and administrative officials. The title has been used in the Soviet Union and in Russia since the time of the emperor Peter the Great ({{reign | 1682 | 1725}}).- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
- it has been imported raw for GetWiki
History
In the 18th and 19th centuries in the Russian army kommissars, then krigs-komissars (from ‘war’) were officials in charge of supply for the armed forces (see Rus. (:ru:ÐенеÑал-кÑигÑкомиÑÑаÑ|ÐенеÑал-кÑигÑкомиÑÑаÑ)).WEB, Ðолное ÑобÑание законов РоÑÑийÑкой импеÑии: поиÑк,nlr.ru/e-res/law_r/search.php?part=15®im=3, 2022-04-18, nlr.ru, File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-121-0011-20, Polen, deutsch-sowjetische Siegesparade.jpg|thumb|right|Russian political commissar in leather coat at the German-Soviet military parade in Brest-LitovskGerman-Soviet military parade in Brest-LitovskCommissaries were used during the Provisional Government (MarchâJuly 1917) for regional heads of administration, but the term commissar is associated with a number of Cheka and military functions in Bolshevik and Soviet government military forces during the Russian Civil War (the White Army widely used the collective term “bolsheviks and commissars” for their opponents) and with the later terms People’s Commissar (or narkom) for government ministers and political commissar in the military.Variants
People’s Commissar
A People’s Commissar (informally abbreviated narkom) was a government official serving in a Council of People’s Commissars. This title was first used by the Russian SFSR (out of dislike for the tsarist and bourgeois term minister) and then copied among the many Soviet and Bolshevik-controlled states in the Russian Civil War.The government departments headed by a People’s Commissar were called People’s Commissariat (informally abbreviated narkomat).People’s Commissars and People’s Commissariats were renamed Ministers and Ministries in 1946 by a decree of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union.Political commissar
In the Red Army, a political commissar was a high-ranking functionary at a military headquarters who held coequal rank and authority with the military commander of the unit. The Bolshevik Party established political commissars in 1918 to control and improve morale in the military forces. Commissars were in charge of communist political propaganda and indoctrinating the public with communist ideology. From 1917 the Bolshevik administration, like the Provisional Government before it, relied on experienced (ex-Tsarist) army-officers whose loyalty it distrusted. Trotsky summarised the solution to the issue: “We took a military specialist and we put on his right hand and on his left a commissar [...].“BOOK, Trotsky, Lev Davidovich, Leon Trotsky, Brian Pearce, How the Revolution armed, Volumes 4-5,books.google.com/books?id=jexoAAAAMAAJ, 2013-10-16, 1981, New Park Publications, 125, 9780861510030, We took a military specialist and we put on his right hand and on his left a commissar â who was in those days something different from what he is today.,, Mulvenon
, James C.
, Yang
, Andrew N. D.
, The People’s Liberation Army as Organization
,books.google.com/books?id=rtO5AAAAIAAJ
, Volume 182 of Conference proceedings (Rand Corporation)
, 2002
, V 1.0, Volume 1
, Rand
, 2002
, 483
, 9780833033031
, 29 March 2021
, Some analysts of the PLA believe that professional performance is increasingly important, and that the political commissar’s job is increasingly that of a personnel manager and ‘human resources’ specialist, rather than ideological policeman
, , James C.
, Yang
, Andrew N. D.
, The People’s Liberation Army as Organization
,books.google.com/books?id=rtO5AAAAIAAJ
, Volume 182 of Conference proceedings (Rand Corporation)
, 2002
, V 1.0, Volume 1
, Rand
, 2002
, 483
, 9780833033031
, 29 March 2021
, Some analysts of the PLA believe that professional performance is increasingly important, and that the political commissar’s job is increasingly that of a personnel manager and ‘human resources’ specialist, rather than ideological policeman
Military commissar
The voenkom (), translated as war commissar, is the head of a military commissariat â a regional office that conscripts men for military service, executes plans for military mobilization and maintains records on military reserves.NKVD
Until the late 1930s, the People’s Militsiya and Internal Troops of the NKVD had no personal ranks, and used many various position-ranks instead. In 1935, the Militsiya created a special system of personal ranks that was a blend of standard military ranks and position-ranks; this system was largely reused by the newly created Main Directorate of State Security (GUGB) in their rank structure, although they had Commissar-style ranks for top officers in place of Militsiya-style inspector and director.From 1943, the Militsiya switched to a new rank system and insignia introduced in the Soviet Army. Instead of General ranks, top officers used Commissar of Militsiya 3rd, 2nd, and 1st rank, even though they used army-standard Major General, Lieutenant General and Colonel General shoulder boards. These Commissar ranks were replaced by corresponding General ranks in 1975.The GUGB also switched to military-style ranks and insignia in 1945, although they replaced Commissar-style ranks with General officer ranks right away.Similar terms
Commissar is linked to titles in a variety of languages, such as commissary in English, commissaire in French, Kommissar in German, and komisszár (or népbiztos; archaic: csendbiztos) in Hungarian.The term commissary was used by the British and U.S. military to denote an officer in charge of supplying an army with provisions and equipment (and Commissariat).A similar term in French describes the equivalent of the rank of Major both in the army of the Ancien Régime and the French Revolution. Such officials were not military officers but reported back to the political authorities: the king and the National Assembly (French Revolution), respectively.Various historical German states have used an equivalent title, Reichskommissar (a compound of Reich and the German Kommissar), for several administrators who held responsibility over a territory or area of government.See also
References
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