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{{Short description|Section of the British Labour Party's constitution concerning economic views}}{{for|the group in Labour student politics|Clause Four Group}}Clause IV is part of the Labour Party Rule Book, which sets out the aims and values of the British Labour Party. The original clause, adopted in 1918, called for common ownership of industry, and proved controversial in later years; Hugh Gaitskell attempted to remove the clause following Labour's loss in the 1959 general election.In 1995, under the leadership of Tony Blair, a new Clause IV was adopted. This was seen as a significant moment in Blair's redefinition of the party as New Labour, but has in the years since survived beyond the New Labour branding.

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File:Sidney Webb.jpg|thumb|Sidney Webb, a socialist economist and early member of the Fabian SocietyFabian SocietyThe original version of Clause IV was drafted by Sidney and Beatrice Webb in November 1917, and adopted by the party in 1918.NEWS, The Birth of a Socialist Party,weblink 27 September 2015, Manchester Guardian, 27 February 1918, London, It read, in part 4:}}This section was widely seen as the Labour Party's commitment to socialism, even though the word "socialism" is not explicitly mentioned. The Manchester Guardian heralded it as showing "the Birth of a Socialist Party", stating that:In 1918, nationalisation was seen by many voters as akin to modernisation – the nationalisation of the railways was a widely supported policy, for instance, as it would reduce the plethora of uncoordinated and competing companies. This text is usually assumed to involve nationalisation of the whole economy, but close reading of the text shows that there are many other possible interpretations. Common ownership, though later given a technical definition in the Industrial Common Ownership Act 1976, could mean municipal ownership, worker cooperatives or consumer cooperatives.WEB, Industrial Common Ownership Bill (Hansard, 12 March 1976),weblink 2020-11-22, api.parliament.uk, In December 1944, the Labour Party adopted a policy of "public ownership"WEB,weblink 2007-08-21, 1945 Labour Party Election Manifesto, 1945,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20130315015558weblink">weblink 2013-03-15, There are basic industries ripe and over-ripe for public ownership and management in the direct service of the nation., dead, and won a clear endorsement for its policies – the destruction of the "evil giants" of want, ignorance, squalour, disease and idleness (identified by William Beveridge in the Beveridge Report)WEB, The Labour Government 1945 -51 - The Welfare State,weblink BBC Bitesize Revision, 21 March 2015, 24 September 2015,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150924152953weblink">weblink dead, {{better source needed|date=August 2022}} – in the post-war election victory of 1945 which brought Clement Attlee to power. However, the party had no clear plan as to how public ownership would shape their reforms, and much debate ensued.The nationalisation was led by Herbert Morrison, who had had the experience of uniting London's buses and underground train system into a centralised system in the 1930s. He started with the Bank of England in April 1946, whereby stockholders received compensation and the governor and deputy governor were both re-appointed. Further industries swiftly followed: civil aviation in 1946, and railways and telecommunications in 1947, along with the creation of the National Coal Board, which was responsible for supplying 90% of the UK's energy needs. 1946 also saw the establishment of the National Health Service, which came into force in July 1948; railways, canals, road haulage and electricity were all also nationalised in 1948. By 1951, the iron, steel and gas industries had also been brought into public ownership.BOOK, Chester, Daniel, The Nationalisation of British industry 1945–1950, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, January 1975, 9780116301895, 38,

Hugh Gaitskell's fight

After losing the 1959 general election, Labour Party leader Hugh Gaitskell came to believe that public opposition to nationalisation had led to the party's poor performance and proposed to amend Clause IV.

• BOOK, Tudor Jones, Remaking the Labour Party: From Gaitskell to Blair,weblink Routledge, 21 September 2005, 8, 978-1-134-80132-9,
• BOOK, David Denver, Justin Fisher, Steve Ludlam, Charles Pattie, British Elections and Parties Review,weblink Routledge, 18 October 2013, 110, 978-1-135-25578-7,
• BOOK, Keith Barlow, The Labour Movement in Britain from Thatcher to Blair,weblink Peter Lang, 2008, 224, 978-3-631-55137-0,
• BOOK, Robert Leach, Political Ideology in Britain,weblink Palgrave Macmillan, 1 May 2015, 118, 978-1-137-33256-1,
• BOOK, Matt Beech, The Political Philosophy of New Labour,weblink I.B.Tauris, 2006, 218, 978-1-84511-041-3,
• BOOK, Alistair Clark, Political Parties in the UK,weblink Palgrave Macmillan, 13 February 2012, 66, 978-0-230-36868-2,
• BOOK, Are the Lords Listening?: Creating Connections Between People and Parliament First Report of Session 2008-09: Evidence,weblink The Stationery Office, 1 June 2007, 162, 978-0-10-844466-1,
• BOOK, Anthony F. Heath, Roger M. Jowell, John K. Curtice, The Rise of New Labour: Party Policies and Voter Choices: Party Policies and Voter Choices,weblink Oxford University Press, Oxford, 5 April 2001, 106, 978-0-19-152964-1,
• BOOK, Timothy Heppell, Leaders of the Opposition: From Churchill to Cameron,weblink 27 March 2012, Palgrave Macmillan, 978-0-230-36899-6, 38, The left wing of the party fought back and managed to defeat any change: symbolically, it was then agreed to include Clause IV, part 4, on Labour Party membership cards.NEWS, Gani, Aisha, Clause IV: a brief history,weblink 27 September 2015, The Guardian, 9 August 2015, NEWS, Hill, Alison, The axing of Clause IV: Making Labour safe for capitalism,weblink 27 September 2015, The Socialist, 1 April 2015,

The economic crisis of the 1970s, and the defeats suffered by the trade union movement, as well as the decline in influence of the Communist Party of Great Britain, led to a strengthening of the position of Labour Party members who were opposed to Marxism.

Tony Blair's alteration

File:Tony_Blair_in_2002.jpg|thumb|right|Tony BlairTony BlairTony Blair had in 1993, before becoming Leader of the Labour Party, written a pamphlet for the Fabian Society which criticised the wording of Clause IV for not clearly stating the means and ends of the party.WEB, Donadio, Paolo, Old Clause IV vs. New Clause IV: linguistic / political analysis,weblink federica.unina.it, 27 September 2015, Blair put forward a case for re-defining socialism in terms of a set of values which were constant, while the policies needed to achieve them would have to account for a changing society. At the conclusion of the 1994 conference, after becoming Leader, Blair proposed that the Labour Party needed a new statement of aims and values and stated that he would draw one up and present it to the party. This astonished many people, as the last time such a move had been taken in the late 1950s, it had been a failure. The new version was adopted at a Special Conference at Easter 1995 following a debate, and reads, in part:{{cquote|The Labour Party is a democratic socialist party. It believes that by the strength of our common endeavour we achieve more than we achieve alone, so as to create for each of us the means to realise our true potential and for all of us a community in which power, wealth and opportunity are in the hands of the many, not the few, where the rights we enjoy reflect the duties we owe, and where we live together, freely, in a spirit of solidarity, tolerance and respect.}}This version of Clause IV {{as of|2015|alt=currently appears}} on the back of individual Labour Party membership cards today.Presentationally, the abandonment of the socialist principles of the original Clause IV represented a break with Labour's past and, specifically, a break with its 1983 Manifesto (dubbed "the longest suicide note in history", by Gerald Kaufman, one of the party's MPs),NEWS,weblink Foot's message of hope to left, Mann, Nyta, 17 August 2003, BBC News, in which greater state ownership was proposed.NEWS, The Guardian, Alan, Travis, 11 May 2017, 1983 v 2017: how Labour's manifestos compare,weblink

Jeremy Corbyn's leadership

The {{as of|2020|alt=leader of the Labour Party from 2015 to 2020}}, Jeremy Corbyn, was a consistent supporter of renationalising public utilities, such as British Rail and energy companies, to bring them back into public ownership.NEWS, Merrick, Jane,weblink Jeremy Corbyn to 'bring back Clause IV': Contender pledges to bury New Labour with commitment to public ownership of industry, The Independent on Sunday, 9 August 2015, 9 August 2015, London, NEWS, Matt, Dathan, Jon, Stone, The 9 charts that show the 'left-wing' policies of Jeremy Corbyn the public actually agrees with,weblink The Independent, 23 July 2015, 27 July 2015, London, Corbyn ignited controversy within his party in an interview with The Independent on Sunday: Although this has been seen by some as an endorsement for the reinstatement of the original Clause IV, Corbyn denied this and said that more discussion within the party was needed.NEWS, Perraudin, Frances, Jeremy Corbyn denies he would bring back Labour's nationalising clause IV,weblink 27 September 2015, The Guardian, 9 August 2015, NEWS, Jeremy Corbyn backs greater public ownership for Labour,weblink 27 September 2015, BBC News, 11 August 2015,

Other uses

Clause Four was also the name of a campaigning group within the Labour Party's student wing (now Labour Students), which succeeded in ending its control by the Militant group in 1975. However, the attempt of the Clause Four group to oppose Militant in the Labour Party Young Socialists (LPYS) was a failure, and LPYS was eventually dissolved.{{citation needed|date=July 2016}}

Clause Four moment

The changing of Clause IV was seen by political commentators as the defining moment at which Old Labour became New Labour.WEB, Rentoul, John, John Rentoul,weblink 'Defining moment' as Blair wins backing for Clause IV, The Independent, 1995-03-14, 2013-11-30, The phrase "Clause Four moment" has subsequently become a metaphor for any need or perceived need for a fundamental recasting of a political party's principles or attitudes.

References

{{reflist|30em}}

Further reading

• Clause IV, current and original
• Emily Robinson. Recapturing Labour's Traditions? History, nostalgia and the re-writing of Clause IV (PDF) University of Nottingham
• BOOK, Ken Coates, Common Ownership: Clause IV and the Labour Party,weblink Spokesman Press, 1995, illustrated, 9780851245737,
• BOOK, Danny Nicol, The Constitutional Protection of Capitalism,weblink Bloomsbury Publishing, 29 January 2010, 95, 978-1-84731-559-5,

{{UK Labour Party}}{{Hugh Gaitskell|state=collapsed}}{{New Labour|state=collapsed}}