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Aqua Traiana
please note:
- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
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{{Short description|1st-century Roman aqueduct from Lake Bracciano to Rome}}{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
- it has been imported raw for GetWiki
missing image!
- Aqua traiana planlatium 2.png -
Route of Aqua Traiana shown in red
The Aqua Traiana (later rebuilt and named the Acqua Paola) was a 1st-century Roman aqueduct built by Emperor Trajan and inaugurated in 109 AD.JOURNAL, Watkins, H., Colonia Marciana Traiana Thamugadi: Dynasticism in Numidia Thomas, Phoenix, 56, 1/2, 84â108, SpringâSummer 2002, 10.2307/1192471, 1192471, Classical Association of Canada, It channelled water from sources around Lake Bracciano, 40 km (25 mi) north-west of Rome, to ancient Rome. It joined the earlier Aqua Alsietina to share a common lower route into Rome.It had only fallen into disuse in the 17th century.- Aqua traiana planlatium 2.png -
Route of Aqua Traiana shown in red
History
Frontinus indicatedFrontinus, de aq. 64, 87â93 in c. 98 AD that a new aqueduct was being planned, and completion took about a decade. The inauguration of the aqueduct was recorded in the Fasti Ostienses as being dedicated with great fanfare in 109, and stated that the water was tota urbe salientem (issuing throughout the city).The date of inauguration was also significant for its intended uses, being only a few months before the Naumachia Traiani,Buzzetti, C. 1968. âNota sulla topografia dellâAger Vaticanus.â QITA 5:105â11. the vast, grandstand-encircled pool on west bank of the Tiber, intended for naval spectacles (and only two days after the Baths of Trajan on the Oppian Hill, in the heart of Rome, overlooking the lower Forum Romanum and Colosseum).Later the Aqua Traiana powered Rome's important flour mills which became critical to its survival during the Gothic Siege of Rome (537â538) when the Janiculum mills were famously put out of action by the Ostrogoths who cut the urban aqueducts. General Belisarius restored the supply of flour by using mills floating in the Tiber.Procop., Goth. 5.19.8â19 This aqueduct alone was soon repairedA. Casio, Corso delle acque antiche, Rome, 1756, t. i. 11. 28, p. 260. The mutilated inscription bearing the words: Belisarius Adquisivit Anno /)..., was found on an arch of the aqueduct at Lake Bracciano) near Vicarello but recent excavations revealed that a major branch of the aqueduct (of two) that had powered the mills was never cleared of its blockage from the siege.Wilson, A.I. 2000. âThe Water-Mills on the Janiculum.â MAAR 45:219â46, 232â36. Nevertheless, the aqueduct continued to supply the Vatican and western regions of Rome until at least the 9th century.Wilson, A.I. 2000. âThe Water-Mills on the Janiculum.â MAAR 45:219â46, 239â245Sources of the aqueduct
The Aqua Traiana was fed by a collection of aquifer sources around the western and northern sides of Lake Bracciano. The sources were identified in the 19th century in the following groups, running clockwise around the lake from Bracciano:Alberto Cassio, Corso dell'Aquae Antiche (1756)Rodolfo Lanciani, Topografia di Roma Antica. I Commentari di Frontino intorno le acque e gli acquedotti (1881)(File:Sources of the Aqua Traiana Aqueduct.jpg|thumb|320px|Sources around Lake Bracciano)- The seven sources in the Villa Flavia / Fosso di Grotta Renara area. These were gathered together into three tanks named by Cassio and Lanciani as Greca, Spineta and Pisciarello. The seventeenth Century architect Carlo Fontana names three tanks as: Botte Greca, Botte Ornava, and Botte Arciprete (Arch-Priest) then places one additional tank further down the Fosso di Grotta Renara as the Botte di Pisciarelli. One tank is currently called 'Fonte Micciaro'.
- The sources in the Fosso di Fiora area: These include the source at the monumental Fiora Nymphaeum, another source at the 'Carestia' Nymphaeum approx 1 km from the Fiora, which now lies in ruin, but is documented by various maps in the Orsini collection.
- A collection of sources at the Vicarello Baths
- One source close to the contemporary Acqua delle Donne Restaurant.
- The Sette Botti (seven tanks) immediately to the East of the Acqua delle Donna.
- Various sources to the north of Monte Rocca Romana in the territory of Bassano Romano and along the Fosso Della Calandrina including the notable Fonte Ceraso.
- The Aquarelli sources to the North East of the Lake.
- The Acqua D'Impolline due East of the Lake.
(File:Yield of water sources around Lake Bracciano 1692.jpg|450px) Yield of Water Sources in 1692. |
Distribution of Aqua Traiana within Rome
missing image!
- Aqua traiana planrome.PNG -
Route of Aqua Traiana within ancient Rome
How distribution was achieved is mostly subject to speculation, but some suggest that the aqueduct crossed the River Tiber on a high bridge in the area of the modern Ponte Sublicio, and curved around the Aventine before heading north to the Oppio.Rabun Taylor, Public Needs and Private Pleasures, L'Erma Di Bretschneider; 2000, {{ISBN|978-8882651008}}The aqueduct was found on the Janiculum hill under the present American Academy in Rome by excavations in the 1990s.Janiculum Mills Excavations, Roman water-mills on the Janiculum Hill, Romeweblink fed a number of water mills on the Janiculum, including a sophisticated mill complex revealed by excavations in the 1990s under the present American Academy in Rome.- Aqua traiana planrome.PNG -
Route of Aqua Traiana within ancient Rome
Dilapidation and revival as Acqua Paola
File:Barbegal mill 02.jpg|thumb|right|The sixteen overshot wheels at Barbegal are considered the biggest ancient mill complex. Their capacity was sufficient to feed the whole nearby city of ArlesArlesAlthough the Aqua Traiana, along with all the other aqueducts, was cut by the Ostrogoths in 537, it was the only one restored by Belisarius before his departure in 547 in order to supply water to the grain mills.Gregorovius, Ferdinand, History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages, Vol. 1, (1894) p. 448 Over the next few centuries it once again fell in to ruin and ceased to function. It was restored a second time around the year 775 by Pope Adrian I as a way of alleviating the need for the Roman people to carry water in casks from the Tiber to supply the fountains at Saint Peter's Basilica.Gregorovius, Ferdinand, History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages, Vol. 2, (1894) pp. 385â386 Subsequently, it once again fell into disrepair.Camillo Borghese, on his accession in 1605 as Pope Paul V, initiated work on rebuilding the Aqua Traiana, supervised from 1609 by Giovanni Fontana. At that time, the Roman suburbs west of the Tiber River, including the Vatican, were suffering from chronic water shortage. The new pope persuaded the Municipality of Rome to pay for the development of an aqueduct to provide a better water supply to that part of the city.In 1612, the aqueduct was completed. It was initially called the Acqua Sabbatina or Acqua Bracciano, but was renamed Acqua Paola in honour of Paul V.Not all original Aqua Traiana sources were available to contribute water to the Aqua Paola. The most copious sources at Santa Fiora, for example, had long since been purloined by duke Paolo Giordano Orsini, who had diverted them to power mills and industry in the city of Bracciano.The fountain at the end of the aqueduct was referred to as "Il Fontanone" â the Big Fountain â because of its size. It was in the form of a free-standing triumphal arch constructed in white marble with granite columns on high socles. Most of the material was pillaged from the Forum of Nerva. Originally, it consisted of three large central arches, separated by columns, and a smaller one on each side. Water gushed into five basins at the base of each arch. The designer was Paul V's usual architect, Flaminio Ponzio. Among the team of sculptors involved was Ippolito Buzzi, who was responsible for the Borghese coat-of-arms, flanked by the Borghese eagle and dragon, and held aloft by putti, it is presumed to Ponzio's design.Then, in 1690, Pope Alexander VIII commissioned Carlo Fontana, Giovanni's nephew, to enlarge the fountain. Carlo replaced the five small basins with an enormous single one, the Fontana dell'Acqua Paola, which remains to this day. In more recent times, a small garden has been arranged, hidden behind the structure.See also
- List of aqueducts in the city of Rome
- List of aqueducts in the Roman Empire
- List of Roman aqueducts by date
- Parco degli Acquedotti
- Ancient Roman technology
- Roman engineering
References
{{reflist}}- Notes
- "Trajan's aqueduct sourced by UK father and son"{{dead link|date=May 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, The Times. 2010-04-29. (Archive)
- "Two-thousand-year-old Roman aqueduct discovered", The Daily Telegraph. 2010-04-29
- Fea, C., Storia 1. delle acque antiche sorgenti in Roma, perdute..., 1832
External links
- weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20061230224416weblink">Roman Fountains
- Satellite photo Acqua Paola is the white hemicircle in the center. To the Northeast is San Pietro in Montorio and the Bramante Tempietto.
- Touring Club Italiano, Roma e Dintorni 1965 p. 454
- Il Fontanone Video by Maurizio Meyer My Rome
- Excavation and historical context of Aqua Traiana at Janiculum mills, 1998â1999
- Aqua Trajana in A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome, Samuel Ball Platner (as completed and revised by Thomas Ashby, 1929)
- Video of the underground structure at the source of the Aqua Traiana taken by British film-makers in 2009.
- Interactive Atlas Aqua Traiana/Paola
- American Society of Civil Engineers - International Historic Civil Engineering Landmark
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