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{{short description|Pistol cartridge designed by John Moses Browning}}{{Distinguish|.45 Colt}}{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2014}}

factoids

|primer= Large pistol LP (some makers are now using small pistol SP)|max_pressure=19000|pressure_method=CIP|max_pressure2=21000|pressure_method2=SAAMI|is_SI_units=|bw1=230|btype1=FMJ, Winchester|vel1=835|en1=356|bw2=165|btype2=Hydra-shok, Federal|vel2=1060|en2=412|bw3=230|btype3=FMJ, Double Tap|vel3=960|en3=471|bw4=185|btype4=JHP +P, Underwood|vel4=1200|en4=592|bw5=90|btype5=TFSP, RBCD|vel5=2036|en5=829}}The .45 ACP (Automatic Colt Pistol), also known as .45 Auto, .45 Automatic, or 11.43×23mmBOOK, Handbook of Handguns, Strickland, Jeffrey, 151, 2014, LULU.COM, 978-1-300973294, [S.l.], 1020871429, is a rimless straight-walled handgun cartridge designed by John Moses Browning in 1904, for use in his prototype Colt semi-automatic pistol. After successful military trials, it was adopted as the standard chambering for Colt's M1911 pistol.BOOK, Barnes, Fred C., Cartridges of the World, 2014, Krause Publications, Iola, WI, 978-1-4402-4265-6, The round was developed due to a lack of stopping power experiencedWEB, Tong, David, 2020-11-07, History of the .45 ACP Cartridge,weblink 2021-06-17, AmmoLand.com, en-US, in the Moro Rebellion in places like Sulu. The issued ammunition, .38 Long Colt, had proved inadequate, motivating the search for a better cartridge. This experience and the Thompson–LaGarde Tests of 1904 led the Army and the Cavalry to decide that a minimum of .45 caliber was required in a new handgun cartridge.The standard issue military .45 ACP round uses a {{convert|230|gr|g oz|abbr=on|lk=on}} round-nose bullet at approximately {{convert|830|ft/s|m/s|abbr=on}} fired from a government-issue M1911A1 pistol. It operates at a relatively low maximum chamber pressure rating of {{Cvt|21000|psi|MPa|lk=on}}, compared to {{Cvt|35000|psi|MPa|lk=on}} for both 9mm Parabellum and .40 S&W, which due to a low bolt thrust helps extend the service lives of weapons. Since standard-pressure .45 ACP rounds are subsonic when fired from handguns and submachine guns, it is a useful caliber for suppressed weapons to eliminate the sonic boom.

Design and history

(File:.45 ACP U.S. Army ball cartridge diagram.jpg|thumb|left|Cross-sectional diagram of U.S. Army .45 ACP ball cartridge for the Model 1911 pistol, with dimensions in inches)During the late 19th century and early 20th centuries, the U.S. Cavalry began trials to replace their sidearm arsenal of issued Single Action Army (SAA) in favor of the more modern and versatile double-action revolver in .45 Colt.After the example of the Cavalry, the Army in turn had fielded versions of double-action revolvers in .38 Long Colt. It was eventually evaluated that the .38 caliber round was significantly less effective in overall stopping power than the .45 Colt against determined opponents in cases such as the Tausug Moro juramentado warriors, who were encountered in the Moro Rebellion.BOOK, DK, Weapon: A Visual History of Arms and Armor,weblink 2 October 2006, DK (publisher), DK Publishing, 978-0-7566-4219-8, 290, August 26, 2016,weblink March 22, 2017, live, BOOK, The Green Muse Writers Collective, Keep Calm Carry on: A Survival Guide,weblink December 2008, iUniverse, 978-1-4401-0249-3, 138, WEB,weblink Juramentados and the development of the Colt .45 caliber Model 1911, The Manila Times Online, 2014-06-29, August 26, 2016,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20160915083326weblink">weblink September 15, 2016, live, JOURNAL,weblink Ang "Kalibre 45" At Ang Pakikibaka Ng Mga Mandirigmang Pilipino, The "Kaliber 45" and The Struggle of the Filipino Warriors, fil, Lorenz, Lasco, November 2014, Saliksik, 3, 2, 275–306, January 8, 2018,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20161009151138weblink">weblink October 9, 2016, dead, The standard-issue rifle, the .30-40 Krag, had also failed to stop Moro warriors effectively;WEB,weblink History of the M1911 Pistol, Sight M1911, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20060716083501weblink">weblink July 16, 2006, the British had similar lack-of-stopping-power issues switching to the .303 British, which resulted in the development of the dum-dum bullet, in an attempt to compensate for the round's deficiencies. This experience, and the Thompson–LaGarde Tests of 1904, led the Army and the Cavalry to decide a minimum of .45 caliber was required in a new handgun. Thompson and Major Louis Anatole La Garde of the medical corps arranged tests on cadavers and animals in the Chicago stockyards, resulting in their declaring that the .45 was the most effective pistol cartridge. They noted, however, training was critical to make sure a soldier could score a hit in a vulnerable part of the body.Colt had been working with Browning on a .41 caliber cartridge in 1904, and in 1905, when the Cavalry asked for a .45-caliber equivalent, Colt modified the pistol design to fire an enlarged version of the prototype .41 round. The result from Colt was the Model 1905 and the new .45 ACP cartridge. The original round that passed the testing fired a {{Convert|200|gr|0|adj=on|lk=out}} bullet at {{Cvt|900|ft/s|0}}, but after a number of rounds of revisions between Winchester Repeating Arms, Frankford Arsenal, and Union Metallic Cartridge, it ended up using a {{Convert|230|gr|0|adj=on}} bullet fired at a nominal velocity of {{Cvt|850|ft/s|0}}. The resulting .45 caliber cartridge, named the ".45 ACP", was similar in performance to the .45 Schofield cartridge and only slightly less powerful while significantly shorter than the .45 Colt cartridge that the United States Cavalry was using at the time.By 1906, bids from six makers were submitted, among them, Browning's design, submitted by Colt. Only DWM, Savage, and Colt made the first cut. DWM, which submitted two Luger pistols chambered in .45 ACP, withdrew from testing after the first round of tests, for unspecified reasons.WEB,weblink Background Information on the M1911 .45 Caliber Pistol, David L., Velleux, Sight M1911, May 16, 2007,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20070514053639weblink">weblink May 14, 2007, live, During the second round of evaluations in 1910, the Colt design passed extensive testing with no failures, while the Savage design suffered 37 stoppages or parts failures. The Colt pistol was adopted as the Model 1911.The cartridge-pistol combination was quite successful but not satisfactory for U.S. military purposes. Over time, a series of improved designs were offered, culminating in the adoption in 1911 of the "Cal. 45 Automatic Pistol Ball Cartridge, Model of 1911", a {{convert|1.273|in|mm|0|adj=mid|-long}} round with a bullet weight of {{convert|230|gr|0}}. The first production, at Frankford Arsenal, was marked "F A 8 11", for the August 1911 date.The cartridge was designed by John Browning for Colt, but the most influential person in selecting the cartridge was Army ordnance member General John T. Thompson. After the poor performance of the Army's .38 Long Colt pistols evidenced during the Philippine–American War (1899–1902), Thompson insisted on a more capable pistol cartridge.BOOK, Handbook of Handguns, Strickland, Jeffrey, 153, 2014, LULU.COM, 978-1-300973294, [S.l.], 1020871429,

Military cartridges

U.S. military

(File:Caliber .45 Ball M1911.jpg|thumb|11.43x23 mm Automatic Colt Pistol Mod. 1911 (Peters Cartridge Co, USA))The "T" (trials) designation was used for the experimental version of a cartridge and "M" (model) is used for the accepted and standardized version.It came in either 24-round revolver ammo cartons, containing eight 3-round "half-moon" clips (1917-1945), pre-war 20-round cartons (1911-1942), or wartime 50-round cartons (1942–present). The M12 and M15 shotshell rounds were packed in 20-round cartons sealed in heat-sealed foil-lined Kraft paper.

Commonwealth military

"S.A." stands for small arms. The "z" in the designation stands for cartridges loaded with nitrocellulose rather than cordite.

French Union military

Cartridge dimensions

The .45 ACP has {{convert|25|–|27.4|gr|g|lk=in}} of {{H2O-nl}} cartridge case capacity, depending on manufacturer and production lot.(File:.45 ACP cross section (3D model).png|thumb|.45 ACP cross section)(File:.45 ACP dimensions.svg|500x500px|.45 ACP cartridge dimensions)45 Auto maximum CIP cartridge dimensions.WEB,weblink C.I.P. TDCC sheet .45 Auto, C.I.P., November 13, 2016,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20160804075652weblink">weblink August 4, 2016, dead, All sizes are in millimeters (mm).(File:45acp SAAMI.jpg|500px|SAAMI specifications for .45 ACP. All dimensions are in inches (millimeters):)SAAMI specifications for 45 Automatic.WEB,weblink Voluntary Industry Performance Standards for Pressure and Velocity of Centerfire Pistol and Revolver Ammunition for the Use of Commercial Manufacturers, SAAMI, October 1, 2019, All dimensions are in inches (millimeters)The common rifling twist rate for this cartridge is 1 in {{Cvt|16|in|0}}, 6 grooves, Ø lands = .442 in (11.23 mm), Ø grooves = 45 in (11.43 mm), land width = .147 in (3.73 mm) and the primer type is large pistol.The cartridge headspaces on the mouth of the case at the L3 datum reference.BOOK, Wilson, R.K., 1990, Textbook of Automatic Pistols, Plantersville, South Carolina, Small Arms Technical Publishing Company, 229, 0-935632-89-1, According to Commission internationale permanente pour l'épreuve des armes à feu portatives (CIP) rulings, the .45 ACP cartridge case can handle up to {{cvt|131|MPa|psi|lk=on}} Pmax piezo pressure. In CIP-regulated countries every pistol cartridge combination has to be proofed at 130% of this maximum CIP pressure to certify for sale to consumers. This means that .45 ACP chambered arms in CIP-regulated countries are currently (2016) proof-tested at {{cvt|170|MPa|psi}} PE piezo pressure.The SAAMI pressure limit for the .45 ACP is set at {{cvt|21000|psi|MPa|2}} piezo pressure,WEB,weblink SAAMI Pressures, Leverguns.com, November 29, 2007,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20071014041459weblink">weblink October 14, 2007, while the SAAMI pressure limit for the .45 ACP +P is set at {{cvt|23000|psi|MPa|2}}, piezo pressure.

Performance

The .45 ACP is an effective combat pistol cartridge. It combines accuracy as well as stopping power for use against human targets, has relatively low muzzle blast and flash, and it produces a stout, but manageable recoil in handguns (made worse in compact models).The .45 ACP is generally considered to have greater stopping power than the 9mm.{{citation needed|date=July 2023}} Due to its larger size and slower velocity it creates a larger wound channel and transfers more energy to the target.The standard-issue, military .45 ACP cartridge contains a {{convert|230|gr|g|adj=on}} bullet that travels at approximately {{Convert|830|ft/s|0|abbr=out}} when fired from the government-issue M1911A1 pistol, and approximately {{Convert|950|ft/s|0|abbr=out}} fired from the Thompson M1A1 submachine gun. The cartridge comes in various specialty rounds of varying weights and performance levels as well.The cartridge operates at a relatively low maximum chamber pressure rating of {{Cvt|21000|psi|MPa|0}} (compared to {{Cvt|35000|psi|MPa|0|disp=sqbr}} for 9mm Parabellum and .40 S&W, {{Cvt|37500|psi|MPa|0|disp=sqbr}} for 10mm Auto, {{Cvt|40000|psi|MPa|0|disp=sqbr}} for .357 SIG), which due to a low bolt thrust helps extend service life of weapons in which it is used. Some makers of pistols chambered in .45 ACP, do not certify them to use +P ammunition.In its non-expanding full metal jacket (FMJ) version, the .45 ACP cartridge has a reputation for effectiveness against human targets because of its heavy mass, having the capacity to penetrate tissue deeply, and damage the central nervous system. Its large 11.5 mm diameter creates a more substantial permanent wound channel versus smaller calibers, which can lower blood pressure rapidly if critical organs of the circulatory system are hit.In its expanding hollow point form, it is also particularly effective against human targets. In tests against ballistic gelatin, a {{convert|185|gr|g|adj=on}} hollow point traveling at {{convert|1,050|ft/s|m/s}} expanded to about {{convert|.76|in|mm}}. This is a significantly large permanent wound cavity for a handgun projectile. For those who follow the energy dump and/or hydrostatic shock theories of wounding ballistics, this is ideal. While slightly decreasing penetration and likewise the chance of hitting a vital organ, a large diameter wound will cause more blood loss. There is also a reduced likelihood of overpenetration, meaning that it is more likely that the projectile will transfer all of its kinetic energy to the intended target, thus more reliably incapacitating them.Drawbacks for military use include the cartridge's large size, weight, and increased material costs in comparison to the smaller, flatter shooting NATO standard 9×19mm Parabellum cartridge, a cartridge which uses less powder, brass, and lead per round. Standard 9mm NATO ammunition has a more limited armor penetration capability—a deficiency shared with .45 ACP, whose large, slow bullet does not penetrate armor to any great extent. The low muzzle velocity also makes the bullet drop more over long ranges, making hits more difficult; however, it is important to note that the vast majority of self-defense situations involving handguns typically occur at close ranges.After two years of testing, one of the final FBI comments was that services that adopt (or stay with) .40 S&W or .45 ACP, did so at the risk of increased recoil and a possible reduction in accuracy as 9×19mm with premium quality ammunition had nearly exactly the same performance.WEB, Case Closed: FBI Says 9mm Is The Best Pistol Round,weblink Christian, Lowe, September 26, 2014, Grand View Outdoors, 23 February 2017, There is little to no noticeable difference in the wound tracks between premium line law Auto enforcement projectiles from 9mm Luger through the .45 Auto.,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20170215232656weblink">weblink February 15, 2017, live, A factor rated by the recent FBI testing was accuracy and time to recover. The .45 ACP handguns ranked last, largely due to increased recoil.

Use in suppressors

As standard pressure .45 ACP rounds fired from handguns and submachine guns are inherently subsonic, it is one of the most powerful pistol calibers available for use in suppressed weapons since subsonic rounds are quieter than supersonic rounds. The latter inevitably produce a highly compressed shock wave, audible as a loud "crack", a small sonic boom, while they travel through the air. Suppressors reduce the audible "report" by slowing and channeling the high speed gas generated by the burning/expanding gunpowder before it exits the muzzle resulting in a muffled "cough". Suppressors cannot act on a supersonic shock wave continuously generated by a bullet exceeding the {{cvt|1087|ft/s}} speed of sound at {{cvt|32|F}} ambient cold temperatures, as this shock wave is continuously produced throughout the entire flight path over which the bullet is supersonic, which extends long after it exits the barrel.The downside to the use of .45 ACP in suppressed weapons is that increasing the diameter of the passage through a suppressor decreases the suppressor's efficiency; thus, while .45 ACP is among the most powerful suppressed pistol rounds, it is also one of the loudest. Most .45 ACP suppressors must be fired "wet" (with an ablative medium, usually oil or water) to bring sound levels down to "hearing-safe" (under 140 dB, generally).BOOK, Truby, J. David, 1987, Silencers, Snipers, and Assassins...an Overview of Whispering Death, Boulder, Colorado, Paladin Press, 216, 0-87364-012-8,

Magazine capacities

Magazine capacity varies depending on the type of firearm. Standard (not extended) single-stack magazines for pistols based on the 1911 design commonly, hold eight rounds or fewer in .45 ACP. Many modern pistols have adapted the cartridge into double-stacked magazine designs to increase ammo capacity, though this increases the pistol grip's girth. Drum magazines used mostly for submachine guns have a capacity of 50 or 100 rounds.

Adoption

(File:45 ACP - FMJ - SB - 1.jpg|thumb|.45 ACP pistol cartridge, FMJ bullet)Several US tactical police units still use the .45 pistol round.BOOK, Special Police Task Forces, Diez, Octavio, 2000, 40, Lima Publications, 978-84-95323-43-9, BOOK, Jane's Gun Recognition Guide, 2nd, Hogg, Ian, 113, 2000, Harper Collins Publishers, MAGAZINE,weblink Most Wanted, Hopkins, Cameron, January 2000, American Handgunner, February 21, 2007,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20041209014701weblink">weblink December 9, 2004, dead, While high capacity firearms are available in .45 ACP, the greater length and diameter of the .45 ACP means that the grip of the pistol must be longer and wider than the grip of a comparable pistol of a smaller caliber, such as 9×19mm Parabellum; this increase in grip size can make the pistol difficult to use for shooters with smaller hands.Today, most NATO militaries use sidearms chambered for the 9×19mm Parabellum cartridge, but the effectiveness of the .45 ACP cartridge has ensured its continued popularity with large-caliber sport shooters, especially in the United States.BOOK, Barnes, Frank C., Skinner, Stan, Cartridges of the World, 10th Revised & Expanded, Krause Publications, 2003, 528, 978-0-87349-605-6, In addition, select military and police units around the world still use firearms firing the .45 ACP. In 1985, the .45 ACP M1911A1 pistol was replaced by the Beretta M9 9mm pistol as the main sidearm of the U.S. military, although select Special Operations units continue to use the M1911A1 or other .45 ACP pistols.

Load variants

Rounds are available from {{convert|68|to|300|gr|g|adj=on}} with a common load being the standard military loading of a {{convert|230|gr||adj=on}} FMJ bullet (for comparison, the most common 9mm load is {{convert|115|gr|}}, half the weight). Specialty rounds are available in weights under {{convert|100|gr|}} and over {{convert|260|gr|}}; popular rounds among reloaders and target shooters include {{convert|185|to|230|gr|g|adj=on}} bullets.WEB,weblink Reloading Data for Pistol Competition, John, Dreyer, Encyclopedia of Bullseye Pistol, 2022-12-19, WEB,weblink 451p_1, Stevespages.com, 2022-12-19, subscription, Target shooters competing in Bullseye Pistol (aka Precision Pistol) find that .45 ACP ammunition using light bullets (12 to 13 g) and low velocities paradoxically generates less recoil than 9mm ammunition of equivalent accuracy, despite its larger caliber, and allows better scores in sustained fire. Hollow-point rounds intended for maximum effectiveness against live targets are designed to expand upon impact with soft tissue, increasing the size of the permanent cavity left by the bullet as it passes through the target.Tracer ammunition for the .45 ACP was manufactured by Frankford Arsenal and by Remington Arms. This ammunition was available to the United States Border Patrol as early as 1940 and was used through World War II for emergency signalling by downed United States Navy and Marine Corps air crew. Tracer ammunition was identified by painting the bullet tip red.MAGAZINE, 45 ACP Tracers, Dave, Andrews, February 2002, American Rifleman, 150, 2, 20,

Plus P

Most ammunition manufacturers also market what are termed "+P" (pronounced "plus P", designating overpressure ammunition) loadings in pistol ammunition, including the .45 ACP. This means the cartridge is loaded to a higher maximum pressure level than the original SAAMI cartridge standard, generating higher velocity and more muzzle energy. In the case of the .45 ACP, the new standard cartridge pressure is {{cvt|21000|psi|MPa|0}} and the SAAMI .45 ACP +P standard is {{cvt|23000|psi|MPa|0}}. This is a common practice for updating older cartridges to match the better quality of materials and workmanship in modern firearms.The terminology is generally given as "45 ACP +P" and sometimes, but not always, appears on the headstamp. These cartridges have the same external dimensions as the standard-pressure cartridges and will chamber and fire in all firearms designed for the standard-pressure loadings. The inner dimensions of the +P cartridge are different from the standard-pressure cartridge dimensions and thus allows for higher pressures to be safely achieved in the +P cartridge. If +P loadings are used in firearms not specifically designed for them, they may cause damage to the weapon and injuries to the operator.

Others

Popular derivative versions of the .45 ACP are .45 Super and .460 Rowland. The Super is dimensionally identical to the .45 ACP; however, the cartridge carries a developer established pressure of {{cvt|28500|psi|MPa|0}} and requires minor modification of firearms for use. The Rowland operates at a developer established {{cvt|40000|psi|MPa|0}} SAAMI and may only be used within a select group of firearms significantly modified for this purpose; the Rowland case is {{convert|0.057|in|0}} longer specifically to prevent it from being chambered in standard .45 ACP firearms. Brass cases for each of these cartridges carry the applicable name within the headstamp. The Super provides approximately 20% greater velocity than the .45 ACP +P; the Rowland approximately 40% greater velocity than the .45 ACP +P.

Synonyms

{{div col}}

• 45 (colloquial in English, Spanish, and Tagalog)
• .45 ACP (Automatic Colt Pistol)
• .45 Rimless Smokeless
• .45 Auto
• 45 Auto. Colt / 45 AC (Winchester Repeating Arms Company)
• 11.43×23 mm (Metric)
• 11.43 (Mexico, Obregón pistol)
• 11.25 mm (Norway and(:File:Kongsberg Colt.jpg|Kongsberg Colt - Norwegian M1914) Argentina(:File:Marcajes ea.jpg|Español: Evolucion de los marcajes de las pistolas sistema Colt del ejercito Argentino))
• 11 mm 43 (France)
• 11 mm (Southeast Asia)NEWS,weblink Fugitive gunman shoots drug-taking relative, Bangkok Post,weblink 23 November 2022, 15 April 2018, Rakrun, Nujaree, NEWS,weblink Cheap handgun scheme misfires, Bangkok Post,weblink 23 November 2022, Wassayos, Ngamkham, 25 June 2012, WEB,weblink Súng ngắn mạ vàng thiết kế riêng cho Tổng thống Mỹ Donald Trump, Gold-plated pistol designed specifically for US President Donald Trump, vi, 21 January 2018, VCCorp.vn, April 15, 2018,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20180416073344weblink">weblink April 16, 2018, live,

{{div col end}}

Related rounds

{{div col}}

• .38/45 Clerke

• .400 Cor-Bon
• .45 Auto Rim
• .45 GAP
• .45 Peters-Thompson shot cartridgeJOURNAL,weblink The Thompson Sub-Machine Gun, Philip B., Sharpe, March–April 1933, 23, 6, Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology, Journal of the American Institute of Criminal Law and Criminology, 1098–1114, Second Amendment Foundation, November 11, 2014,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20000816062444weblink">weblink August 16, 2000, dead,
• .45 Remington–Thompson
• .45 Super
• .45 Winchester Magnum
• .450 SMC
• .451 Detonics MagnumWEB,weblink Short History of the .451 Detonics Magnum, 2012-08-05, Site8, June 24, 2015,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150623233828weblink">weblink June 23, 2015, dead,
• .460 Rowland
• .50 GIWEB,weblink Cartridge Interchangeability, October 15, 2014, TINCANBANDIT's Gunsmithing, June 24, 2015,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150624045158weblink">weblink June 24, 2015, live,

{{div col end}}

See also

• List of .45 caliber handguns
• Table of handgun and rifle cartridges

Notes

{{reflist|group=note}}

References

Citations

{{Reflist}}

Sources

• BOOK, U.S. Army Ordnance Department, United States Army Ordnance Corps, Description of the Automatic Pistol, Caliber .45, Model of 1911, with Rules for Management, Memoranda of Trajectory, and Description of Ammunition, 1917, United States Government Publishing Office, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC,weblink Official U.S. Army description of the original Model 1911 pistol, including its .45 ACP ammunition.

External links

{{Commons category}}

• WEB,weblink The model 1911, stoppingpower.info,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20070920010354weblink">weblink September 20, 2007,
• WEB,weblink .45 ACP Results in fps, Ballistics By The Inch,
• WEB,weblink SAAMI Specification,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20120403204550weblink">weblink April 3, 2012,

{{John Browning}}{{Colt's Manufacturing Company}}{{WWIUSInfWeaponsNav}}{{WWIIUSInfWeaponsNav}}{{WWIIChineseInfantryWeapons}}{{WW2 Brit Comm infantry guns}}{{Soviet infantry weapons of World War II}}{{Modern US Infantry Weapons}}