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{{Short description|World of the dead in various mythologies}}{{Other uses}}{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}File:yggdrasil.jpg|thumb|
Yggdrasil, a modern attempt to reconstruct the
Norse world tree which connects the
heavens, the earth and the underworld]]File:Patala Shesha.jpg|thumb|upright|The legs of the god
Vishnu as the
Cosmic Man depict earth and the
seven realms of the
Hindu underworld of
Patala. The feet rest on cosmic serpent
SheshaSheshaThe
underworld, also known as the
netherworld or
hell, is the
supernatural world of the dead in various
religious traditions and
myths, located below the world of the living.WEB,
www.thefreedictionary.com/underworld, Underworld, The free dictionary, 1 July 2010,
Chthonic is the technical adjective for things of the underworld.The concept of an underworld is found in almost every civilization and “may be as old as humanity itself”.Isabelle Loring Wallace, Jennie Hirsh,
Contemporary Art and Classical Myth (2011), p. 295. Common features of underworld
myths are accounts of
living people making journeys to the underworld, often for some
heroic purpose. Other myths reinforce traditions that the entrance of souls to the underworld requires a proper observation of ceremony, such as the ancient Greek story of the recently dead
Patroclus haunting
Achilles until his body could be properly buried for this purpose.Radcliffe G. Edmonds, III,
Myths of the Underworld Journey: Plato, Aristophanes, and the ‘Orphic’ Gold Tablets (2004), p. 9. People with high social status were dressed and equipped in order to better navigate the underworld.Jon Mills,
Underworlds: Philosophies of the Unconscious from Psychoanalysis to Metaphysics (2014), p. 1.A number of mythologies incorporate the concept of the soul of the deceased making its own journey to the underworld, with the dead needing to be taken across a defining obstacle such as a lake or a river to reach this destination.Evans Lansing Smith,
The Descent to the Underworld in Literature, Painting, and Film, 1895–1950 (2001), p. 257. Imagery of such journeys can be found in both ancient and modern art. The descent to the underworld has been described as “the single most important myth for Modernist authors”.Evans Lansing Smith,
The Descent to the Underworld in Literature, Painting, and Film, 1895–1950 (2001), p. 7.
By religion
This list includes underworlds in various religious traditions, with links to corresponding articles:{| class=“wikitable sortable“!Ethnicity, religion, or region!Name of underworld
|
|Albanian mythology| Ferri (mythology)>Ferri |
|
|Aztec mythology|Mictlan
|
| Ancient Mesopotamian underworld>Mesopotamian religion| Irkalla |
|
| Sunda Wiwitan>Baduy & Sundanese mythology|Buana Larang |
|
|Buddhism| Naraka (Buddhism)>Naraka (also Niraya) |
|
|Celtic mythology|Annwn, Mag Mell, Dubnos
|
|Chinese folk religion / Taoism| 冥界), Huángquán (:zh:黃泉 | 地狱) |
|
|Christian mythology| Hell in Christianity>Hell, Tartarus#New Testament | , Purgatory, Christian views on Hades>Hades |
|
| Ancient Egyptian religion>Egyptian religion|Aaru, Duat, Neter-khertet, Amenti |
|
|Estonian mythology| Tuonela>Toonela |
|
|Fijian mythology|Burotu, MurimuriaT. Williams, J. Calvert, Fiji and the Fijians, Heylin, 1858.
|
|Finnish mythology|Tuonela
|
|Georgian mythology|Kveskneli
|
| Germanic paganism>Germanic religion | Hel (location)>Hel, Náströnd, Niflhel |
|
| Ancient Greek religion>Greek religion | Elysium, Asphodel Meadows, Tartarus |
|
| Guanches>Guanche mythology | Echeide, Guayota |
|
|Hinduism| Patala, Naraka (Hinduism)>Naraka or Yamaloka |
|
|Hittite mythology|Dankuš daganzipaš/Dankuš tekan (dark earth)
|
|Hopi mythology|Maski
|
|Hungarian mythology|Alvilág
|
|Inca mythology|Uku Pacha
|
|Inuit mythology|Adlivun
|
|Islamic mythology|Jahannam, Sijjin
|
| Jain cosmology>Jainism | Naraka (Jainism)>Naraka, Adho Loka (the lower world) |
|
| Japanese mythology>Shinto | Yomi 黄泉, Ne-no-kuni>Ne-no-Kuni æ ¹ã®å›½, Jigoku åœ°ç„ |
|
|Jewish mythology|Sheol, Abaddon, Tehom (in Kabbalah), Tophet, Tzoah Rotachat, Dudael
|
|Korean mythology| hangul=지옥 | rr=Jiok}} |
|
|Latvian mythology| Latvian mythology#Afterlife>Aizsaule |
|
|Lithuanian mythology|Anapilis mountain
|
|Malay mythology| Alam Ghaib (The unseen realm) |
|
|Indonesian mythology
|
|Mandaeism| World of Darkness (Mandaeism)>World of Darkness (alma d-hšuka) |
|
|MÄori mythology|Hawaiki, Rarohenga, Rangi Tuarea, Te Toi-o-nga-Ranga, Uranga-o-te-rÄ
|
|Mapuche mythology|Pellumawida, Degin, Wenuleufu, Ngullchenmaiwe
|
|Maya mythology|Xibalba or Metnal
|
|Melanesian mythology| Bulu (Fijian mythology)>Bulu, Burotu, Murimuria, Nabagatai, Tuma |
|
| Oromo people>Oromo mythology|Ekera |
|
|Zoroastrianism|Duzakh
|
|Philippine mythology|Kasanaan
|
|Polynesian mythology| Avaiki, Bulotu, Iva (mythology)>Iva, Lua-o-Milu, Nga- Atua, Pulotu, Rangi Tuarea, Te Toi-o-nga-Ranga, Uranga-o-Te-Ra |
|
|Pueblo mythology| Sipapu>Shipap |
|
|Roman mythology| Orcus, Di inferi>Inferi Di, Avernus |
|
|Romanian mythology| Tărâmul Celălalt) |
|
|Slavic mythology| Nav (Slavic folklore)>Nav, Podsvetie, Peklo, Vyraj |
|
| Sumerian religion>Sumerian mythology|Kur, Hubur |
|
| Turco-Mongol mythology>Turko-Mongol | Tamag>TamaÄŸ |
|
|Vietnamese mythology|Âm phủ 陰府, Äịa ngục 地ç„
|
|Wagawaga (New Guinea) mythology|Hiyoyoa
Underworld figures
This list includes rulers or guardians of the underworld in various religious traditions, with links to corresponding articles.{| class=“wikitable sortable” style="text-align:left;”|
! Origin! associated deity/spirits
|
|Aboriginal mythology|Baiame (Kamilaroi), Eingana
|
| Akkadian literature#Mythology>Akkadian mythology | Alû>Allu, Anu, Anunnaku, Ereshkigal, Etemmu, Gallu, Humbaba, Mamitu, Nergal, Utnapishtim |
|
|Albanian mythology|E Bukura e Dheut
|
| Turco-Mongol mythology>Turko-Mongol|Erlik |
|
|Armenian mythology|Spandaramet
|
|Aztec mythology|Mictlantecuhtli & Mictecacihuatl (advocations: Chalmecacihualt, Chalmecatl)
|
|Babylonian mythology| Erra (god)>Erra, Nergal, Ninlil, Sursunabu, Ur-shanabi, Utnapishtim |
|
|Balinese mythology|Batara Kala, Setesuyara
|
|Bon mythology|gNyan
|
|Buddhism| Yama (East Asia)>King Yama |
|
|Canaanite mythology| Mot (Semitic god)>Mot, Arsay |
|
|Celtic mythology| Aed (god)>Aed, Arawn, Cwn Annwn, Donn, Gwyn ap Nudd, Manannán mac Lir, Pwyll, Nemain, The Morrigan, Taranis (sometimes in popular culture). |
|
|Chinese folk religion|Yanluo Wang, Heibai Wuchang, Ox-Head and Horse-Face, Meng Po, Zhong Kui
|
|Christianity|Satan, Lucifer, Beelzebub, Belial
|
|Egyptian mythology| Aken (god)>Aken, Aker (god) | (strictly only the gatekeeper), Am-heh, Amunet, Ammit, Andjety, Anubis, Apep, Apis (Egyptian mythology)>Apis, Astennu, Ha (mythology) | , Imiut fetish>Imiut (if the Imiut was ever considered a god), Isis, Mehen, Naunet, Nehebkau, Nephthys, Nun, Nut, Osiris, Ptah, Seker, Thoth, Wepwawet |
|
|Elamite mythology|Jabru
|
|Estonian mythology|Vanapagan
|
|Etruscan mythology| Charun, Culsu, Februus, Mania (deity)>Mania, Mantus, Nethuns, Tuchulcha, Vanth |
|
|Fijian mythology|Degei
|
|Finnish mythology| Kalma (goddess)>Kalma, Kipu-Tyttö, Kivutar, Lovitar, Surma (Finnish mythology) | , Akka (Spirit)>Tuonen akka, Tuonetar, Tuoni, Vammatar |
|
|Greek mythology| Cerberus, Charon, Hades, Pluto (mythology)>Pluto, Keres, Persephone, Thanatos | , Eris (mythology)>Eris, Hermes, Hera |
|
|Georgian mythology|sasuleti
|
| Germanic paganism>Germanic religion | Garmr, Hel (goddess)>Hel, Rán, NÃðhögg |
|
|Haida mythology| Ta’xet, Tia (goddess)>Tia |
|
|Hattian mythology, Hittite mythology|Lelwani
|
|Hinduism| Yama (Hinduism)>Yama |
|
|Hopi mythology|Maasaw
|
|Hungarian mythology|Ördög
|
|Ibo mythology| Ala (mythology)>Ala |
|
|Incan mythology|Supay, Vichama
|
|Indonesian mythology (ancient Javananese, Sundanese and Balinese)|Batara Kala guardian for sinners souls’ underworld, Dewi Sri guardess for the righteous souls’ underworld
|
|Islam|Maalik (Guardian)
|
|Inuit mythology| Pana (mythology)>Pana, Sedna |
|
|Japanese mythology| Izanami>Izanami-no-Mikoto, Jikininki, Shikome, ShiryÅ, Susanoo-no-Mikoto |
|
|Judaism| Samael), Malachei Habala (“Sabotage Angels“), Dumah (angel)>Dumah |
|
|Kassite mythology| Dur (mythology)>Dur |
|
|Khmer mythology|Preas Eyssaur
|
|Latvian mythology|Veļi, Veļu mÄte, Zemes mÄte
|
|Lithuanian mythology|Velnias, Velinas
|
|Levantine mythology| Mot (Semitic god)>Mot, Arsay |
|
|Lunda mythology|Kalunga
|
|Mandaean mythology| Ruha, Ur (Mandaeism)>Ur, Krun, Gaf (Mandaeism) | , Qin (Mandaeism)>Qin, Zahreil, Lilith, Hobgoblin | , Satan>Saá¹ani, Devil | , Vampire>Nalai, Ghost | , Anathan, Giu (Mandaeism)>Giu, Shdum, Zartai-Zartanai, Hag and Mag | , Hag and Mag>Mag |
|
|Maori mythology| Hina (goddess)>Hina, Hine-nui-te-Po, Kewa (Maori mythology) | , Mahiuki, Rohe (mythology)>Rohe, Whiro |
|
|Maya mythology| Ah Puch (Lords: Maya death gods>Hun-Came & Vucub-Came) |
|
|Melanesian mythology|(includes Fijian mythology) Degei, Ratumaibulu, Samulayo
|
|Narragansett mythology|Chepi
|
|Navaho mythology|Estsanatlehi
|
|Niquiran mythology|Mictanteot
|
|Ob-Ugrian mythology|Heini-iki
|
|Orokolo mythology|Kiavari
|
|Persian mythology| Angra Mainyu, Zahhak>Azhi Dahaka, Div (mythology) |
|
|Philippine mythology| Anito>Magwayen/Maguayen, Sidapa |
|
|Phoenician mythology| Hauron>Horon |
|
|Phrygian mythology| Men (god)>Men |
|
|Polynesian mythology| Hikuleo, Hina (goddess)>Hina, Hine-nui-te-Po, Kanaloa, Kiho-tumu, Makea Tutara, Mahuika, Mahu-ika, Marama (mythology) | , Mauri (mythology)>Mauri, Merau, Milu (mythology) | , Miru (goddess)>Miru, Rimu, Rohe, Whiro |
|
|Prussian mythology|Picullus
|
|Pueblo mythology|Iyatiku
|
|Roma (Gypsy) mythology|Beng
|
|Roman mythology| Cerberus, Dea Tacita, Dis Pater, Egestes, Fames, Di inferi>Inferi Di, Larenta, Letum, Libitina, Mors (mythology) | , Orcus, Pluto (god)>Pluto, Proserpina, Viduus |
|
|Romanian mythology| Diavolu, Satana, Nosferatu (word)>Necuratu, Scaraoschi |
|
|Russian mythology|Dyavol, Satanaya
|
|Saami mythology| Akka (Spirit)>Yambe-akka |
|
|Salish mythology|Amotken
|
|Siberian mythology| Chebeldei, Kul (mythology)>Kul |
|
|Slavic mythology| Crnobog, Flins (mythology)>Flins, Marzana, Nyia, Veles (god) |
|
| Sumerian religion>Sumerian mythology | Edimmu, Ekimmu, Lugaldukuga>Endukugga, Enmesharra, Ereshkigal, Gidim, Nintinugga, Irkalla, Kur, Namtar, Nergal, Bitu (god) | , Nindukugga, Ninlil, Urshanabi, Utnapishtim>Ziusudra |
