{{Short description|Liner copy}}File:Holst-planets-inscription.jpg|thumb|Handwritten inscription by Gustav Holst on Adrian Boult's copy of the score of The Planets The PlanetsLiner notes (also sleeve notes or album notes) are the writings found on the sleeves of LP record albums and in booklets that come inserted into the compact disc jewel case or cassette j-cards.BOOK, Hoffmann, Frank, Frank, Hoffmann,weblink Encyclopedia of Recorded Sound, Taylor & Francis, 2004, 9780203484272, 1001, 10.4324/9780203484272,
Origin
Liner notes are descended from the program notes for musical concerts, and developed into notes that were printed on the outer album jacket or the inner sleeve used to protect a traditional 12-inch vinyl record, i.e., long playing or gramophone record album. The term descends from the name "record liner" or "album liner". Album liner notes survived format changes from vinyl LP to cassette to CD.Dean Biron, Writing and Music: Album Liner Notes, Portal: International Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies (Vol 8, No 1), 2011. These notes can be sources of information about the contents of the recording as well as broader cultural topics.BOOK, Borgerson, Janet, Designed for Hi-Fi LIving: The Vinyl LP in Midcentury America, Schroeder, Jonathan, MIT Press, 2017, 978-0262036238, Cambridge, MA,
Contents
Common material
Such notes often contained a mix of factual and anecdotal material, and occasionally a discography for the artist or the issuing record label. Liner notes were also an occasion for thoughtful signed essays on the artist by another party, often a sympathetic music journalist, a custom that has largely died out. However, the liner note essay has survived in reissues and retrospective compilations, particularly in box sets. It is also a tradition in Japan, especially for foreign artist releases. Liner notes often include complete song lyrics for the album.WEB, ReneÃ©, Tonia, 2020-04-30, Music Industry Innovation: Meta Data,weblink 2021-01-29, Medium, en,
Biographies
Liner notes now usually include information about the musician, lyrics, a personnel list, and other credits to people the musicians want to thank and people or companies involved in the production of the music.WEB, 2020-02-03, The sad death of liner note credits [op-ed],weblink 2021-01-29, The Music Network, They also can give details on the extent of each musical piece, and sometimes place them in historical or social context. Liner notes for classical music recordings often provide information in several languages; if the piece includes vocal parts, they will often include a libretto, possibly also translated into several languages.
Label Copy
The factual information in liner notes comes from the Label Copy. Label Copy is the record label's official info sheet for the published release.BOOK, Sheehan, Coreen,weblink Five Star Music Makeover: The Independent Artist's Guide for Singers, Songwriters, Bands, Producers, and Self-Publishers, Paris, Anika, Borg, Bobby, Corne, Eric, Eames, Michael, 2016-03-01, Hal Leonard Corporation, 978-1-4950-6359-6, 149, en, BOOK, Henslee, William D.,weblink Entertainment Law and Business, Henslee, Elizabeth, 2018-09-14, Wolters Kluwer Law & Business, 978-1-4548-8155-1, 815, en, It contains information that accompanies a musical work, including artist name, song title, song length, ISRC code, catalogue number, composer, publisher, rights holder, technical and artistic credits, A&R and producer credits, recording dates and locations. In digital music, the label copy is contained within whatâ€™s known as metadata.WEB, 2006-05-01, Credit Where Credit's Due,weblink 2021-01-29, Mixonline, en-US,
Metadata
Liner notes sometimes provide metadata that can help when cataloguing private or public collections of sound recordings.BOOK, Morris, Jeremy Wade,weblink Selling Digital Music, Formatting Culture, 2015-09-01, Univ of California Press, 978-0-520-28794-5, 91, en, However, the information provided on liner notes varies considerably depending on the studio or label which produced the record. It also varies how much of the metadata digital media services such as Spotify and iTunes make public. In 2018, Tidal launched official music credits supplied by distributors across their database of 90 million recordings.WEB, Tidal Credits,weblink In 2019 Australian company Jaxsta launched a database of official music credits and liner notes. The database is made up of content-owner supplied metadata rather than crowd-sourced data, making previous hidden metadata more widely available to the music industry as well as the public domain.WEB, Mayfield, Geoff, 2020-05-19, Jaxsta Aims to Bring Back Liner Notes, and Create an IMDB for Music,weblink 2021-01-29, Variety, en-US, WEB, 2019-06-13, Jaxsta has launched the public beta of its massive music credits database,weblink 2021-01-29, The Industry Observer, en-AU, In 2019, French company Qobuz launched official music credits and digital liner notes booklets appearing in the player.WEB, Forbes, Forbes,weblink Pandora also launched full credits within their player in 2019.WEB, Pandora introduces full song credits,weblink's%20details%20page., 2022-06-24, 2022-01-25,weblink's%20details%20page., dead, Metadata credits are sent from official sources to all databases and streaming services using the DDEX ERN standard, however not all services display this data to the consumer.WEB, Send Your Credits & Liner Notes To Streaming Services â€” Only With DistroKid, 20 February 2018,weblink WEB, Artist Roles and Display Credits,weblink 2022-06-24, 2022-12-04,weblink dead,
Digital liner notes
Increasingly and due to the rise of digital downloads, a digital booklet is being introduced to compensate for the lack of a physical booklet. Apple Inc. also introduced iTunes LP which features interactive menus instead of simple pages.NEWS, Bruno, Antony, 2009-08-01, Apple, labels stir up deluxe digital Cocktail, en, Reuters,weblink 2021-01-29, Spotify also has songwriter and producer credits available for individual tracks.WEB, Spotify Now Displays Songwriter Credits,weblink Spotify, 28 February 2021, 1 February 2018, Lyrics are also available on certain tracks, in collaboration with Genius.WEB, View lyrics,weblink Spotify, 28 February 2021, 28 January 2021, {{As of|2020}}, it was estimated that up to 94% of recordings are now supplying the official music credits feed direct from the owners of the data to streaming services such as Spotify, Amazon, Google, Tidal, Pandora, Qobuz and more,WEB, DDEX Current Members,weblink as well as databases such as Gracenote, but not all services are displaying the data they are sent at this stage.WEB, Syncblog,weblink
Awards
A Grammy Award for Best Album Notes has been given annually since the 6th Annual Grammy Awards, May 12, 1964.WEB, 2017-11-28, 6th Annual GRAMMY Awards,weblink 2021-01-29, GRAMMY.com, en,
See also

Book-and-record set

References
{{reflist}}
External links

Liner Notes in From Bach to Xenakis
AlbumLinerNotes.com

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